AC-ASPECTS, ACh-ASPECTS, and H-ASPECTS: new imaging scales to assess territorial and total cerebral hemispheric ischemic injury.

Background: The extent of ischemic injury in acute stroke is assessed in clinical practice using the Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score (ASPECTS) rating system. However, current ASPECTS semi-quantitative topographic scales assess only the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (original ASPECTS) and posterior cerebral (PC-ASPECTS) territories. For treatment decision-making in patients with anterior cerebral artery (ACA) occlusions and internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions with large ischemic cores, measures of all hemispheric regions are desirable. Methods: In this cohort study, anatomic rating systems were developed for the anterior cerebral (AC-ASPECTS, 3 points) and anterior choroidal artery (ACh-ASPECTS, 1 point) territories. In addition, a total supratentorial hemisphere (H-ASPECTS, 16 points) score was calculated as the sum of the MCA ASPECTS (10 regions), supratentorial PC-ASPECTS (2 regions), AC-ASPECTS (3 regions), and ACh-ASPECTS (1 region). Three raters applied these scales to initial and 24 h CT and MR images in consecutive patients with ischemic stroke (IS) due to ICA, M1-MCA, and ACA occlusions. Results: Imaging ratings were obtained for 96 scans in 50 consecutive patients with age 74.8 (±14.0), 60% female, NIHSS 15.5 (9.25-20), and occlusion locations ICA 34%; M1-MCA 58%; and ACA 8%. Treatments included endovascular thrombectomy +/- thrombolysis in 72%, thrombolysis alone in 8%, and hemicraniectomy in 4%. Among experienced clinicians, inter-rater reliability for AC-, ACh-, and H-ASPECTS scores was substantial (kappa values 0.61-0.80). AC-ASPECTS abnormality was present in 14% of patients, and ACh-ASPECTS abnormality in 2%. Among patients with ACA and ICA occlusions, H-ASPECTS scores compared with original ASPECTS scores were more strongly associated with disability level at discharge, ambulatory status at discharge, discharge destination, and combined inpatient mortality and hospice discharge. Conclusion: AC-ASPECTS, ACh-ASPECTS, and H-ASPECTS expand the scope of acute IS imaging scores and increase correlation with functional outcomes. This additional information may enhance prognostication and decision-making, including endovascular thrombectomy and hemicraniectomy.

Limited usefulness of the IS6110 touchdown-PCR in blood for tuberculin skin test false-negative cattle with serological response to Mycobacterium bovis.

Ante-mortem diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is based mainly on the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the ɣ-IFN release assay (IGRA). Some infected animals escape screening tests, thus, limit herd sanitation. Previous reports have suggested a predominant pattern of multi-organ lesions attributable to Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bTB) bacteraemia. A case-control study was conducted to investigate blood PCR as an alternative tool for improving ante-mortem detection of TST false-negative bovines. Cases comprised 70 TST false-negative bovines (cases), which were serology positive, and controls included 81 TST positive bovines; all of them confirmed as infected with M. bovis. Detection of the IS6110 target through touchdown blood-PCR (IS6110 TD-PCR) was performed. The positivity of the blood-PCR was 27.2% in the control group. This performance was similar to the 15% obtained among cases (p = 0.134). Most cases identified by the IS6110 TD-PCR exhibited focalized lesions (p = 0.002). Results demonstrated that blood-PCR could detect TST false-negative cattle, even if they are negative for IGRA. Considering that cases exhibited humoral response to M. bovis, further studies conducted in a pre-serological stage could provide evidence about the real contribution of the technique in herds.

Development and evaluation of a single-tube nested PCR with colorimetric assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection.

Molecular techniques have revolutionized tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by offering a faster and more sensitive approach, detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DNA directly from samples. Single-tube nested PCR (STNPCR) combines two PCR reactions with separate oligonucleotide sets in a single tube. Moreover, colorimetric methods in PCR products have been studied for pathogen detection. Thus, this study aimed to establish a novel system based on colorimetric STNPCR for Mtb detection using microtiter plates with IS6110-amplified fragments. The results showed a general colorimetric STNPCR detection limit of 1 pg/µl. Its general sensitivity and specificity were 76.62 and 60.53%, respectively, with kappa index agreement of 0.166.

A total of 318 biological samples (urine, plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, pleural fluid and sputum) from pulmonary/extrapulmonary TB and non-TB patients were used in this study. The colorimetric STNPCR assay using IS6110 as the target gene was developed and optimized for Mtb detection based on similar validated systems. Cut-off values based on receiver operator characteristic curve analysis were defined to determine the sensitivity and specificity for each sample type. The technique's performance was assessed according to kappa index calculations and interpretation.

Curricular and pedagogical approaches for physical activity prescription training: a mixed-methods study of the "Exercise is Medicine" workshops in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: The physical activity (PA) prescription workshop for physicians, through the global health initiative "Exercise is Medicine" (EIM), has trained more than 4000 health care professionals (HCPs) in Latin America. It has shown to be effective in increasing PA prescription knowledge and awareness among HCPs. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the curricular and pedagogical approach used by EIM Colombia at the PA prescription workshops implemented between 2014 and 2015. METHODS: A mixed methods study, with a sequential explanatory design was implemented among a convenience sample of HCPs attending twenty-six PA prescription workshops. HCPs health status, PA personal habits, and medical practices were collected using a questionnaire at baseline among 795 participants (pre-test measurement), and subsequently quantitatively analyzed. A workshop satisfaction survey was administered after the completion of the workshop among 602 HCPs. The curricular and pedagogical approach of the workshop, the designers' and students' contextual factors, and perceptions about the workshop were measured using qualitative methods (analysis of the procedures manual, two workshop observations, three semi-structured interviews, and one focus group including 8 HCPs). RESULTS: The workshop is student-centered and guided by an expert with an academic and clinical background. Learning was achieved with theoretical and practical components using authentic performance and collaborative learning. An active teaching and learning approach was used with strategies such as interactive lectures, hands-on elements, and role-playing (patient-counselor). The workshop emphasized an individual approach when prescribing PA integrating in clinical practice not only health benefits but also patient´s beliefs, motivations, needs, and barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based practices and authentic performance were the most salient pedagogical elements used by EIM Colombia at the PA prescription workshop. A knowledge assessment that includes the practical aspect is suggested for future workshops. The curricular and pedagogical approach of the PA prescription workshop implemented in Colombia is well received by the medical community and a useful continuing medical education intervention with a potential contribution to current, and future health promotion needs.

IS26 drives the dissemination of bla CTX-M genes in an Ecuadorian community.

IMPORTANCE: The horizontal gene transfer events are the major contributors to the current spread of CTX-M-encoding genes, the most common extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL), and many clinically crucial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. This study presents evidence of the critical role of IS26 transposable element for the mobility of bla CTX-M gene among Escherichia coli isolates from children and domestic animals in the community. We suggest that the nucleotide sequences of IS26-bla CTX-M could be used to study bla CTX-M transmission between humans, domestic animals, and the environment, because understanding of the dissemination patterns of AMR genes is critical to implement effective measures to slow down the dissemination of these clinically important genes.

Genotyping methods and their contributions to the study of tuberculosis dynamic in Latin America.

INTRODUCTION: Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping has impacted evolutionary studies worldwide. Nonetheless, its application and the knowledge generated depend on the genetic marker evaluated and the detection technologies that have evolved over the years. Here we describe the timeline of main genotypic methods related to M. tuberculosis in Latin America and the main findings obtained. METHODOLOGY: Systematic searches through the PubMed database were performed from 1993 to May 2021. A total of 345 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected. RESULTS: Spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) was the most widely used method in Latin America, with decreasing use in parallel with increasing use of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Among the countries, Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina had the most publications, and a considerable part of the articles were in collaboration with Latin American or non-Latin American institutions; a small proportion of studies needed partnerships to perform the genotypic methods. The genotypic methods allowed the identification of M. tuberculosis genotypes with greater capacity for clonal expansion and revealed the predominance of the Euro-American lineage in Latin America. There was a notable presence of the Beijing family in Peru and Colombia. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained demonstrated the importance of expanding collaborative networks of tuberculosis (TB) research groups to countries with low productivity in this area, the commitment of the few Latin American countries to advance TB research, as well as the inestimable value of building a Latin America database, considering ease of population mobility between countries.

Maternal transmission of bacterial microbiota during embryonic development in a viviparous lizard.

IMPORTANCE: We investigated the presence and diversity of bacteria in the embryos of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus grammicus and their amniotic environment. We compared this diversity to that found in the maternal intestine, mouth, and cloaca. We detected bacterial DNA in the embryos, albeit with a lower bacterial species diversity than found in maternal tissues. Most of the bacterial species detected in the embryos were also found in the mother, although not all of them. Interestingly, we detected a high similarity in the composition of bacterial species among embryos from different mothers. These findings suggest that there may be a mechanism controlling the transmission of bacteria from the mother to the embryo. Our results highlight the possibility that the interaction between maternal bacteria and the embryo may affect the development of the lizards.

Recombinant Antibody Fragments for Neurological Disorders: An Update.

Recombinant antibody fragments are promising alternatives to full-length immunoglobulins, creating big opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. Nowadays, antibody fragments such as antigen-binding fragments (Fab), single-chain fragment variable (scFv), single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are being evaluated as diagnostics or therapeutics in pre-clinical models and in clinical trials. Immunotherapy approaches, including passive transfer of protective antibodies, have shown therapeutic efficacy in several animal models of Alzheimer ́s disease(AD), Parkinson ́s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Huntington ́s disease (HD), transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and multiple sclerosis (MS). There are various antibodies approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating multiple sclerosis and two amyloid beta-specific humanized antibodies, Aducanumab and Lecanemab, for AD. Our previous review summarized data on recombinant antibodies evaluated in pre-clinical models for immunotherapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explore recent studies in this fascinating research field, give an update on new preventive and therapeutic applications of recombinant antibody fragments for neurological disorders and discuss the potential of antibody fragments for developing novel approaches for crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and targeting cells and molecules of interest in the brain.

Judicialização de medicamentos para tratamento da hepatite C no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Judicialization of drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

O artigo tem por objetivo identificar os motivos que levaram as pessoas a buscarem o Poder Judiciário visando obter medicamentos para tratamento da hepatite C. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal, de natureza quantitativa, no qual foram analisados 235 acórdãos e decisões monocráticas proferidas pelo Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul entre 2010 e 2020. Os resultados evidenciaram que a razão principal é insuficiência de renda. Também apontou-se que a judicialização da saúde não é um fenômeno adstrito às pessoas de baixa renda; que os medicamentos mais requeridos são Ribavirina, Interferon, Sofosbuvir e Daclatasvir; e que o percentual de concessão judicial de medicamentos é de 93,6%. Conclui-se que há necessidade de reavaliação do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Hepatite C e Coinfecções, do Plano Nacional de Hepatites Virais e do Plano para Eliminação da Hepatite C.

This article aims to identify which reasons lead people to seek the Judiciary in order to obtain medication for the treatment of hepatitis C. This is a quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study where 235 judgements and lower court decisions rendered by the state of Rio Grande do Sul Court of Justice between the years of 2010 and 2020 were analyzed. The results showed that the main reason why people turn to the Judiciary is low-income. It was also pointed that the health judicialization is not a phenomenon connected to low-income; the most required drugs are Ribavirina, Interferon, Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir; and the percentage of judicial medicine concession is 93.6%. The data obtained lead to the conclusion that there is a need to reassess the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Hepatitis C and Coinfections, the National Plan for Viral Hepatitis and the Plan for the Elimination of Hepatitis C.

O Estado pode ser responsabilizado pelas mortes decorrentes da pandemia de coronavírus? / Can the State be held responsible for deaths resulting from the coronavirus pandemic? / ¿Se puede responsabilizar al Estado por las muertes derivadas de la pandemia del coronavirus?

Objetivo: verificar se o Estado pode ser responsabilizado pelas mortes havidas por coronavírus. Metodologia: foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória por meio de sites oficiais do Governo Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça; utilizou-se o método técnico-jurídico e dedutivo, com a análise conceitual dos fundamentos e requisitos legais encontrados em estudos científicos e na doutrina, além da observação jurisprudencial análoga, visando elucidar e confrontar ações e omissões governamentais a respeito da emergência em saúde iniciada em 2020. Resultados: a imprevisibilidade é causa excludente de indenização, entretanto, sob o ângulo da precaução, a forma adotada pelo Governo em certas medidas e políticas no enfrentamento à pandemia é capaz de gerar responsabilização de obrigação indenizatória. Conclusão: eventos pandêmicos, em regra, seriam causas excludentes de responsabilização por sua imprevisibilidade, contudo, podem adequar-se dentro de uma previsibilidade que permita ações preventivas para dirimir riscos por meio de governança pública da saúde.

Objective: to examine whether the state can be held responsible for deaths caused by coronavirus. Methods: An exploratory study was carried out using the websites of the Federal Government and the Superior Court of Justice toclarify and address government acts and omissions surrounding the health emergency of pandemics. The fundamentals and legal requirements identified in scientific investigations and in the doctrine were conceptually analyzed along with similar jurisprudential observation and the technical-legal and deductive approaches. Results: unpredictability is a foundation that precludes indemnification, but from a cautious standpoint, the formin which the government responded to the pandemic with specific measures and policies may result in culpability for indemnification obligations. Conclusion: Pandemic events generally preclude liability because of their unpredictability. However, they could take place within a framework of predictability that enables risk reduction through public health policy.

Objetivo: determinar siel Estado puede ser responsable de las muertes causadas por el coronavirus. Metodología: se realizó una investigación exploratoria a través de sitios web oficiales del Gobierno Federal y del Superior Tribunal de Justiciabrasileños; Se empleó un método técnico-legal y deductivo, que incluyó un análisis conceptual de los fundamentos y requisitos legales encontrados en los estudios científicos y en la doctrina, así como observaciones jurisprudenciales similares. Resultados: la imprevisibilidad es una causa excluyente de indemnización, sin embargo, desde el punto de vista precautorio, la forma adoptada por el Gobierno en determinadas medidas y políticas frente a la pandemia es susceptible de generar responsabilidad por obligaciones indemnizatorias. Conclusión: los eventos pandémicos, por regla general, excluirían la responsabilidad por su imprevisibilidad, sin embargo, pueden encuadrarse dentro de una predictibilidad que permita acciones preventivas para resolver los riesgos a través de la gobernanza de la salud pública.

Temperature adaptation and its impact on the shape of performance curves in Drosophila populations.

Understanding how species adapt to different temperatures is crucial to predict their response to global warming, and thermal performance curves (TPCs) have been employed recurrently to study this topic. Nevertheless, fundamental questions regarding how thermodynamic constraints and evolution interact to shape TPCs in lineages inhabiting different environments remain unanswered. Here, we study Drosophila simulans along a latitudinal gradient spanning 3000 km to test opposing hypotheses based on thermodynamic constrains (hotter-is-better) versus biochemical adaptation (jack-of-all-temperatures) as primary determinants of TPCs variation across populations. We compare thermal responses in metabolic rate and the egg-to-adult survival as descriptors of organismal performance and fitness, respectively, and show that different descriptors of TPCs vary in tandem with mean environmental temperatures, providing strong support to hotter-is-better. Thermodynamic constraints also resulted in a strong negative association between maximum performance and thermal breadth. Lastly, we show that descriptors of TPCs for metabolism and egg-to-adult survival are highly correlated, providing evidence of co-adaptation, and that curves for egg-to-adult survival are systematically narrower and displaced toward lower temperatures. Taken together, our results support the pervasive role of thermodynamics constraining thermal responses in Drosophila populations along a latitudinal gradient, that are only partly compensated by evolutionary adaptation.

Analysis of drying kinetic of brewer ́s spent grains: effect of the temperature on the physical properties and the content of bioactive compounds / Análisis de la cinética de secado del bagazo residual de malta: efecto de la temperatura sobre las propiedades físicas y el contenido de compuestos bioactivos

Background: Brewer ́s spent grain (BSG) is a biomass by-product generated in large volumes during industrial beer production. BSG has become a growing environmental problem, as most breweries discard it inappropriately, negatively impacting the environment. Alternatives for the exploitation of this by-product have consisted of elaborating food supplements for farm animals, obtaining biofuels, developing adsorbents, and obtaining substances for the food industry. However, the high moisture content in BSG (approximately 70%), poses a significant challenge in exploring various reuse alternatives. Therefore, the implementation of a pre-drying process becomes essential. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the BSG drying kinetics at different temperatures and the effect of the drying temperature on the physical properties and the content of bioactive compounds. Methods: BSG samples were dried at different temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 105°C) and analyzed for their moisture ratio, water activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging activity. Also, four kinetics models were fitted to the drying data. Results:It was determined that the effective diffusivity was between 5.23x10

Antecedentes: El Bagazo residual de malta (BSG por sus siglas en inglés) es un subproducto biomásico generado en grandes volúmenes durante la producción industrial de cerveza. El BSG se ha convertido en un creciente problema para el medio ambiente, debido a que la mayoría de las cervecerías descartan inapropiadamente este residuo generando un impacto negativo al ambiente. Las alternativas para el aprovechamiento de este subproducto han consistido especialmente en la elaboración de suplementos alimenticios para animales de granja, obtención de biocombustibles, desarrollo de adsorbentes y obtención de productos para la industria alimentaria. Sin embargo, el alto contenido de humedad (~70%) del BSG representa un reto para el desarrollo de diferentes alternativas de reutilización, por lo que se hace necesario un proceso de secado previo. Objetivos: En este estudio se analizó la cinética de secado del BSG a diferentes temperaturas y el efecto de la temperatura de secado sobre sus propiedades físicas y contenido de compuestos bioactivos. Métodos: Las muestras de BSG fueron secadas a diferentes temperaturas (50, 60, 70, 80, 90 y 105°C) y analizadas en términos de razón de humedad, actividad acuosa, contenido de polifenoles totales (TPC) y actividad secuestradora del radical DPPH. Además, se ajustaron 4 modelos cinéticos a los datos de secado. Resultados: Se determinó que la difusividad efectiva del BSG varió entre 5.23x10

Comparative Genomics Identifies Novel Genetic Changes Associated with Oxacillin, Vancomycin and Daptomycin Susceptibility in ST100 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Infections due to vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) represent a serious concern due to their association with vancomycin treatment failure. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the hVISA/VISA phenotype is complex and not yet fully understood. We have previously characterized two ST100-MRSA-hVISA clinical isolates recovered before and after 40 days of vancomycin treatment (D1 and D2, respectively) and two in vitro VISA derivatives (D23C9 and D2P11), selected independently from D2 in the presence of vancomycin. This follow-up study was aimed at further characterizing these isogenic strains and obtaining their whole genome sequences to unravel changes associated with antibiotic resistance. It is interesting to note that none of these isogenic strains carry SNPs in the regulatory operons vraUTSR, walKR and/or graXRS. Nonetheless, genetic changes including SNPs, INDELs and IS256 genomic insertions/rearrangements were found both in in vivo and in vitro vancomycin-selected strains. Some were found in the downstream target genes of the aforementioned regulatory operons, which are involved in cell wall and phosphate metabolism, staphylococcal growth and biofilm formation. Some of the genetic changes reported herein have not been previously associated with vancomycin, daptomycin and/or oxacillin resistance in S. aureus.

The effects of three different low-volume aerobic training protocols on cardiometabolic parameters of type 2 diabetes patients: A randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To compare the effects of different aerobic training protocols on cardiometabolic variables in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This study was a parallel clinical trial. Fifty-two men and women with T2DM (>40 years) were randomly allocated into three groups, and 44 (22 males/22 females) were included in the final analysis. Exercise intensity was based on the speed corresponding to the maximum oxygen consumption (v V ˙ O2max). Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) involved 14 minutes at 70% of v V ˙ O2max; short interval high-intensity interval training (S-HIIT) consisted of 20 bouts of 30 seconds at 100% of V˙O2max with 30 seconds passive recovery; long interval high-intensity training (L-HIIT) consisted of 5 bouts of 2 minutes at 100% of v V ˙ O2max with 2 minutes passive recovery. Training protocols were performed on a motorized treadmill two times per week for eight weeks. Glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac), total cholesterol, triglycerides, resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate (resting HR) and maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) were measured before and after the exercise intervention. The study was registered on the Brazilian clinical trial records (ID: RBR45 4RJGC3). Results: There was a significant difference between groups for changes on V ˙ O2max. Greater increases on V ˙ O2max were achieved for L-HIIT (p = 0.04) and S-HIIT (p = 0.01) in comparison to MICT group, with no significant difference between L-HIIT and S-HIIT (p = 0.9). Regarding comparison within groups, there were significant reductions on HbA1c and triglycerides levels only for L-HIIT (p< 0.05). V ˙ O2max significantly increased for both L-HIIT (MD = 3.2 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min, p< 0.001) and S-HIIT (MD = 3.4 ± 1.7, p< 0.001). There was a significant reduction on resting SBP for L-HIIT group (MD = -12.07 ± 15.3 mmHg, p< 0.01), but not for S-HIIT and MICT. There were no significant changes from pre- to post-training on fasting glycemia, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, resting HR and resting DBP for any group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Low-volume HIIT promoted greater improvements in cardiorespiratory capacity in comparison with low-volume MICT, independent of the protocols used. There were no other differences between groups. All protocols improved at least one of the variables analyzed; however, the most evident benefits were after the high-intensity protocols, especially L-HIIT.

Men's health care: concept analysis / Cuidado de la salud de los hombres: análisis de concepto / Cuidado da saúde de homens: análise de conceito

Objective. To analyze the concept of men's health care and identify its essential, antecedent and consequent attributes in the health context. Methods. This is a concept analysis structured in the theoretical-methodological framework of the Walker and Avant Model. An integrative review was carried out between May and July 2020, using keywords and descriptors: Men's Care and Health. Results. The concept of men's health care is structured by 240 attributes, 14 categories, 82 antecedents and 159 consequents, from the selection of 26 published manuscripts. The design was evidenced from the dimensions: Intrapersonal, psychological and behavioral related to masculinities, interpersonal, organizational and structural, ecological, ethnoracial, cross-cultural and transpersonal. Conclusion. The concept of men's health care revealed the male specificities regarding the recognition of the place of health care and the daily exercise in the lived experience.

Objetivo. Analizar el concepto de cuidado de la salud de los hombres e identificar sus atributos esenciales, antecedentes y consecuencias en el contexto sanitario. Métodos. Se trata de un análisis conceptual estructurado en el marco teórico y metodológico del Modelo Walker y Avant. Se realizó una revisión integradora, mediante la utilización de palabras clave y descriptoras: Cuidado y Salud del Hombre. Resultados. El concepto de cuidado de la salud de los hombres está estructurado por 240 atributos, 14 categorías, 82 antecedentes y 159 consecuencias, originados en los 26 manuscritos publicados seleccionados. Se evidenció el delineamiento a partir de las dimensiones: Intrapersonal, psicológicas y conductuales relacionadas con las masculinidades, interpersonal, organizacional y estructural, ecológica, étnico-racial, transcultural y transpesonales. Conclusión. El concepto de cuidado de la salud de los hombres reveló las especificidades masculinas en cuanto al reconocimiento del lugar del cuidado de la salud y a su ejercicio cotidiano en la experiencia vivida.

Objetivo. Analisar o conceito do cuidado de saúde de homens e identificar respectivos atributos essenciais, antecedentes e consequentes no contexto sanitário. Métodos.Se trata de uma análise de conceito estruturado no referencial teórico-metodológico do Modelo de Walker e Avant. Se realizou uma revisão integrativa entre o mês de maio a julho de 2020, mediante a utilização de palavras chaves e descritores: Cuidado e Saúde do Homem. Resultados. O conceito de cuidado de saúde de homens está estruturado por 240 atributos, 14 categorias, 82 antecedentes e 159 consequentes, oriundos da seleção de 26 manuscritos publicados. Se evidenciou o delineamento a partir das dimensões: Intrapessoais, psicológicas e comportamentais relativas às masculinidades, interpessoais, organizacionais e estruturais, ecológicas, etnicoraciais, transculturais e transpessoais. Conclusão. O conceito de cuidado de saúde de homens revelou as especificidades masculinas quanto ao reconhecimento do lugar do cuidado de saúde e o seu exercício cotidiano na experiência vivida.

Schrödinger and the Possible Existence of Different Types of Life.

Eighty years ago, Nobel Prize-winner physicist Erwin Schrödinger gave three lectures in Dublin's Trinity College, titled What is Life? The physical aspect of the living cell to explain life in terms of the chemistry and physics laws. Life definitions rely on the cellular theory, which poses in the first place that life is made up of cells. The recent discovery of giant viruses, along with the development of synthetic cells at the beginning of century 21st, has challenged the current idea of what life is. Thus, rather than having arrived at a close answer to Schrödinger's question, modern biology has touched down at a novel scenario in which several types of life-as opposed to only one-actually might exist on Earth and possibly the Universe. Eighty years after the Dublin lectures, the Schrödinger question could be: "What are lives"?

First identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild ruminants in a zoo in Mexico.

Background and Aim: Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease that induces chronic enteritis in ruminants. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In this study, we evaluated the presence of MAP using bacteriological, molecular, and anatomopathological studies, based on the clinical suspicion of PTB in a zoo, in an area housing 10 scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), five giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), and three blue wildebeests (Connochaetes taurinus). Materials and Methods: From November 2016 to June 2017, fecal samples were collected from individuals of the three species on four occasions, resulting in a total of 56 fecal samples. In addition, five small intestine samples were collected from the necropsies of three adult scimitar-horned oryx females and two oryx calves. MAP identification was performed through isolation in Herrold's medium with egg yolk, mycobactin, and sodium pyruvate, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, IS900 polymerase chain reaction (IS900 PCR), and anatomopathological examination of intestine samples. Results: Diffuse granulomatous enteritis with abundant acid-fast bacilli was found in two out of five intestine samples from adult scimitar-horned oryx females. MAP was isolated in 7/56 (12.5%) of the fecal samples from four scimitar-horned oryx, one giraffe, and two wildebeest samples. Two out of 5 (40%) samples obtained from scimitar-horned oryx tested positive. IS900 PCR yielded five positive samples (two fecal samples and three small intestine samples). MAP isolates were classified as Type C (Cattle) using type-specific PCR. Conclusion: These results demonstrated the presence of MAP in the area evaluated and indicated the importance of both sampling live animals and conducting postmortem examinations. The use of bacteriological and histopathological diagnostic techniques demonstrated in this study will provide insight into the health status and prevalence of paratuberculosis in wild ruminants under human care.

Exactitud y precisión de los métodos dentales para estimar la edad basados en la transparencia de la dentina radicular / Accuracy and Precision o Dental Methods to Estimate Age Based Transparenc o Root Dentin / Exatidão e precisão dos métodos odontológicos para estimar a idade com base na transparência da dentina radicular

Introducción: este trabajo buscó determinar la exactitud y precisión de los métodos dentales para estimar la edad, basados en la transparencia de la dentina radicular. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal de tipo comparativo en el que se evaluaron 90 dientes unirradiculares de una muestra peruana de 90 cadáveres adultos masculinos. En cada diente se midió la altura de la periodontosis, altura radicular y longitud de la transparencia de la dentina radicular. Con estas medidas se hallaron las edades dentales de acuerdo con los métodos de Prince-Ubelaker, Ubelaker-Parra y Vilcapoma, y se compararon los resultados entre sí y con la edad cronológica (edad real). Debido a la normalidad de los datos y a su homocedasticidad, se utilizó la prueba de Pearson, el Anova de un factor para muestras relacionadas y la prueba de Tukey. La exactitud se evaluó mediante las diferencias entre las edades cronológicas y las estimadas por cada método, y la precisión se obtuvo del análisis de confiabilidad y repetibilidad, mediante diagramas de Bland-Altman. El nivel de significancia fue 0.05. Resultados: las exactitudes y precisiones fueron de 0.15-0.14, 2.18-2.07, 3.5-3.11 y 9.92-9.82 para los métodos de Vilcapoma, Ubelaker-Parra, Prince-Ubelaker para masculinos blancos y Prince-Ubelaker para para masculinos negros, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el método de Vilcapoma tuvo mayor exactitud y precisión para estimar la edad.

Objective: To determine the accuracy and precision of dental methods for age estimation based on transparency of root dentin. Materials and Methods: Transversal study of comparative type where 90 uniradicular teeth of a Peruvian sample of 90 male adult corpses were evaluated. In each tooth was mea-sured: height of periodontosis, root height and height of transparency of root dentin. With these mea-surements the dental ages were found according to the methods of Prince-Ubelaker, Ubelaker-Parra and Vilcapoma, comparing the results with each other and with the chronological age (real age). Due to the normality of the data and its homocedasticity, the Pearson test, the one-factor Anova for related samples and the Tukey test were used. Accuracy was evaluated by differences between chronological and esti-mated ages for each method and accuracy was obtained from reliability and repeatability analysis using Bland-Altman diagrams. The significance level was 0.05. Results: Accuracy and precision were 0.15-0.14, 2.18-2.07, 3.5-3.11 and 9.92-9.82 for the Vilcapoma, Ubelaker-Parra, Prince-Ubelaker for white males and Prince-Ubelaker for black males, respectively. Conclusions: The Vilcapoma method had greater accuracy and precision in estimating age.

Objetivo: determinar a precisão e a exatidão dos métodos odontológicos para a estimativa da idade com base na transparência da dentina radicular. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal comparativo onde foram avaliados 90 dentes uniradiculares de uma amostra peruana de 90 cadáveres masculinos adultos. Cada dente foi medido para: altura da periodontose, altura da raiz e comprimento da transparência da dentina radicular. Com estas medidas foram encontradas as idades dentárias de acordo com os métodos de Prince-Ubelaker, Ubelaker-Parra e Vilcapoma, comparando os resultados entre si e com a idade cro-nológica (idade real). Devido à normalidade dos dados e sua homocedasticidade, foram utilizados o teste Pearson, a anova de um fator para amostras relacionadas e o teste Tukey. A exatidão foi avaliada pelas diferenças entre as idades cronológicas e as estimadas por cada método e a exatidão foi obtida a partir da análise de confiabilidade e repetibilidade usando diagramas de Bland-Altman. O nível de significância foi de 0,05. Resultados: precisão e exatidão foram 0,15-0,14, 2,18-2,07, 3,5-3,11 e 9,92-9,82 para os métodos Vilcapoma, Ubelaker-Parra, Prince-Ubelaker para os homens brancos e Prince-Ubelaker para os homens negros, respectivamente. Conclusões: o método Vilcapoma foi mais preciso e exato na estimativa da idade.

O-Linked ß-N-Acetylglucosamine Modification: Linking Hypertension and the Immune System.

The O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins dynamically regulates protein function, localization, stability, and interactions. This post-translational modification is intimately linked to cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. An increasing number of studies suggest that components of innate and adaptive immunity, active players in the pathophysiology of hypertension, are targets for O-GlcNAcylation. In this review, we highlight the potential roles of O-GlcNAcylation in the immune system and discuss how those immune targets of O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to arterial hypertension.

Estilos de aprendizaje utilizados por estudiantes de primer año de licenciaturas en Ciencias Médicas. Cienfuegos, 2019-2020

RESUMEN Fundamento: el estilo de aprendizaje está directamente relacionado con las estrategias que utiliza un estudiante para aprender algo. Una manera de entenderlo sería pensar en el estilo de aprendizaje como la media estadística de todas las estrategias que utiliza. Se corresponden, por tanto, las grandes tendencias con las estrategias más usadas. Objetivo: determinar las estrategias y estilos de aprendizaje que utilizaron los estudiantes de primer año de las licenciaturas en Ciencias Médicas, durante el proceso docente-educativo del curso 2019-2020. Métodos: estudio descriptivo acerca de la relación entre estrategias, estilos de aprendizaje y la calidad de la enseñanza. Del universo constituido por 152 estudiantes de primer año de las carreras seleccionadas, se determinó una muestra de 121, que representan el 80,6 %. Se empleó la observación del proceso, el análisis documental, la aplicación de encuestas y el test del aprendizaje de Kolb. Los resultados fueron procesados estadísticamente, aplicando la hoja de cálculo Microsoft Excel y el paquete profesional SPSS para Windows versión 11.0. Resultados: se identificaron las estrategias y estilos de aprendizaje que utilizan los estudiantes, relacionándolos con los resultados académicos del primer año de la carrera. Predominó la estrategia de recirculación de la información y el estilo de aprendizaje visual. Al aplicar la rueda del aprendizaje de Kolb prevaleció el tipo de alumno teórico o convergente. Conclusiones: la calidad de la promoción alcanzada por los estudiantes puede considerarse satisfactoria, porque la mayoría de los resultados evaluativos se ubican en las categorías excelente y bien.

ABSTRACT Background: the learning style is directly related to the strategies that a student uses to learn something. One way to understand it would be to think of the learning style as the statistical mean of all the strategies used. Therefore, the major trends correspond to the most used strategies. Objective: to determine the strategies and learning styles used by first-year students of medical science degrees, during the teaching-educational process of the 2019-2020 academic year. Methods: descriptive and retrospective study about the relationship between strategies, learning styles and the quality of teaching. From the universe of 152 first-year students from the selected careers, a sample of 121 was determined, representing 80.6%. The observation of the process, the documentary analysis, the application of surveys and the Kolb learning test were used. The results were statistically processed, applying the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the SPSS professional package for Windows version 11.0. Results: the learning strategies and styles used by the students were identified, relating them to the academic results of the first year of the degree. The information recirculation strategy and the visual learning style predominated. When applying Kolb's wheel of learning, the theoretical or convergent type of student prevailed. Conclusions: the quality of the promotion achieved by the students can be considered satisfactory, because most of the evaluative results are located in the excellent and good categories.