Systematic review on molecular detection of congenital and neonatal infections caused by TORCH and SARS-CoV-2 in newborns' cerebrospinal fluid / Revisáo sistemática sobre deteção molecular de infecções congênitas e neonatais causadas por TORCH e SARS-CoV-2 no líquido cefalorraquidiano de recém-nascidos

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the use and identify advantages of molecular methods for congenital infections diagnosis in cerebrospinal fluid of neonates. Data source: The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under CRD42021274210. The literature search was performed in databases: PubMed, Virtual Health Library/ Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (VHL/BIREME), Scopus, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost. The search was carried out from August to October 2021 and updated in December 2022, respecting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The selection sequence was: 1) Duplicate title removal; 2) Examination of titles and abstracts; 3) Full-text retrieval of potentially relevant reports; and 4) Evaluation of the full text according to eligibility criteria by two independent authors. Inclusion criteria considered randomized and non-randomized control trials, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and peer-reviewed studies in humans, published in English, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, with newborns up to 28 days old who had congenital neuroinfections by toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex (TORCH), and others such as Treponema pallidum, Zika, parvovirus B-19, varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, and SARS-CoV2, diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two evaluators extracted the following information: author, year of publication, nationality, subjects, study type, methods, results, and conclusion. Data synthesis: The most studied pathogen was herpes simplex. Several articles reported only nonspecific initial symptoms, motivating the collection of cerebrospinal fluid and performing PCR for etiological investigation. Conclusions: Molecular methods are effective to detect pathogen genomes in cerebrospinal fluid, which can impact clinical evolution and neurological prognosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a utilização e identificar as vantagens dos métodos moleculares para diagnóstico de infecções congênitas no líquido cefalorraquidiano de neonatos. Fontes de dados: A revisão foi registrada na base PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) sob CRD42021274210. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde/ Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (BVS/BIREME), Scopus, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane, ProQuest, e EBSCOhost. A busca foi feita no período de agosto a outubro de 2021 e atualizada em dezembro de 2022, respeitando as orientações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyises (PRISMA). A sequência da seleção dos estudos foi: 1) Remoção de duplicatas; 2) Exame de títulos e resumos; 3) Recuperação dos textos completos potencialmente relevantes; e 4) Avaliação do texto completo conforme critérios de elegibilidade por dois autores independentes. O critério de inclusão considerou ensaios clínicos randomizados e não randomizados, estudos longitudinais, transversais, revisados por pares, estudos em humanos, publicados em inglês, espanhol, italiano e português, com recém-nascidos de até 28 dias que sofreram neuroinfecções congênitas pelos agentes toxoplasmose, rubéola, citomegalovírus, herpes simples (TORCH), e outros como Treponema pallidum, Zika, parvovírus B-19, varicela zoster, Epstein-Barr, e SARS-CoV-2, diagnosticadas por reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Dois avaliadores extraíram as seguintes informações: autor, ano de publicação, nacionalidade, sujeitos, tipo de estudo, métodos, resultados e conclusão. Síntese dos dados: O patógeno mais estudado foi Herpes Simples. Muitos artigos relataram somente sintomas iniciais inespecíficos, motivando a coleta de líquido cefalorraquidiano e realização da PCR para investigação etiológica. Conclusões: Os métodos moleculares são eficazes para detectar o genoma do patógeno no líquido cefalorraquidiano, o que pode impactar na evolução clínica e no prognóstico neurológico.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas de la meningitis tuberculosa en pacientes internados en el Servicio de Clínica Médica del Centro Médico Nacional en el periodo 2015 ­ 2023 / Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of tuberculous meningitis in inpatients in the Servicio de Clínica Médica of the National Medical Center in the period 2015 ­ 2023

RESUMEN Introducción: la meningitis tuberculosa es la forma más grave de tuberculosis extrapulmonar, esto se debe a la gran mortalidad y morbilidad en los pacientes, con alta prevalencia en los países en desarrollo, lo que constituye un problema de salud pública. Su diagnóstico es difícil y la mayoría de casos se logran identificar a base de criterios clínicos y características del líquido cefalorraquídeo que la mayoría de veces son inespecíficos. Objetivo: determinar las características clínico-epidemiológicas en pacientes con tuberculosis meníngea de los pacientes internados en área de clínica médica en el Hospital Nacional en el periodo 2015-2023. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal de pacientes adultos con tuberculosis meníngea internados en el Centro Médico Nacional en el periodo 2015- 2023. Resultados: se incluyeron 32 pacientes entre 20 y 85 años (edad media: 39 años); varones 68,75 %, mujeres 32,25 %. Mayoría provenientes del interior del país. En la mayoría de los casos los pacientes presentaron un aumento de proteínas en el líquido cefalorraquídeo y celularidad predominio de mononucleares, la positividad de GeneXpert de Mycobacterium del líquido cefalorraquídeo fue 62,5 %, en ningún caso se aisló BAAR. Fueron seropositivos para VIH 37,5 % y tenían afección pulmonar concomitante a la meningitis 43,75 %. La mortalidad fue de 31,25 %. Conclusión: la meningitis tuberculosa en nuestra investigación afectó mayormente a hombres de mediana edad provenientes del interior, cuya clínica inicial es la fiebre en mayor porcentaje seguido de cefalea presentando una alta mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: tuberculous meningitis is the most serious form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, this is due to the high mortality and morbidity in patients, its diagnosis is difficult and the majority of cases can be identified based on clinical criteria and characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid that the majority Sometimes they are nonspecific. Objective: determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics in patients with meningeal tuberculosis of patients admitted to the medical clinic area at the National Hospital in the period 2015-2023. Methodology: retrospective descriptive observational cross-sectional study of adult patients with meningeal tuberculosis admitted to the National Hospital in the period 2015-2023. Results: 32 patients between 20 and 80 years old (mean age: 39 years) were included; men 68.75 %, women 32.25 %. Mostly coming from the interior of the country. In most cases, patients presented an increase in proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and predominantly mononuclear cellularity. The genxpert positivity of Mycobacterium from the cerebrospinal fluid was 62.5 %; in no case was AFB isolated. 37.5 % were seropositive for HIV and 43.75 % had pulmonary disease concomitant to meningitis. Mortality was 31.25 %. Conclusion: tuberculous meningitis in our research mainly affected middle-aged men from the interior, whose initial symptoms are fever in a higher percentage followed by headache, presenting a high mortality.

Pérdida de proteínas en líquido peritoneal de pacientes críticos con abdomen abierto / Protein loss in peritoneal fluid of critically ill patients with open abdomen

Introducción. Los pacientes con patología abdominal quirúrgica que requieren manejo con abdomen abierto son susceptibles a la pérdida de proteínas desde la cavidad expuesta. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la pérdida proteica a través de dos tipos de cierre temporal abdominal. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio decohorte prospectivo, con pacientes críticos manejados durante el año 2021 con abdomen abierto mediante dos tipos de cierre temporal: bolsa de Bogotá y ABThera™. Se recolectaron muestras intraoperatorias seriadas de líquido peritoneal (días 1, 3 y 5). Se calcularon frecuencias y promedios, y se compararon con las pruebas de Chi cuadrado y t de Student. Resultados. Se incluyeron 25 pacientes. El promedio de pérdida de proteínas en líquido peritoneal fue mayor con el sistema ABThera™ (44,38 g/L) comparado con la bolsa de Bogotá (25,18 g/L; p=0,0185). Durante el seguimiento se observó la tendencia a la disminución del promedio de proteínas perdidas por ambos sistemas, pero con ABThera™ se perdieron en promedio 15,47 gr/L más de proteínas, independientemente del estado nutricional y del aporte proteico recibido (p=0,042). No hubo diferencias según la etiología que llevó al manejo con abdomen abierto, los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados o el estado de infección por COVID-19. Conclusiones. El abdomen abierto representa una fuente importante de pérdida de proteínas, que es diferente según el tipo de cierre temporal usado. Estas pérdidas deberían considerarse en los cálculos de soporte nutricional en la unidad de cuidado intensivo.

Introduction. Patients with surgical abdominal pathology requiring management with an open abdomen are susceptible to protein loss from the exposed cavity. The objective of this study was to characterize protein loss through two types of temporary abdominal closure. Methods. A prospective cohort study was carried out with critically ill patients managed during 2021 with an open abdomen using two types of temporary closure: Bogota bag and ABThera™. Serial intraoperative peritoneal fluid samples were collected (days 1, 3, and 5). Frequencies and averages were calculated and compared with the Chi square and Student's t tests. Results. Twenty-five patients were included. The average protein loss in peritoneal fluid was higher with the ABThera™ system (44.38 g/L) compared to the Bogota bag (25.18 g/L; p-value=0.0185). During follow-up, a tendency to decrease the average protein lost by both systems was observed, but with ABThera™ an average of 15.47 gr/L more protein was lost, regardless of the nutritional status and protein intake received (p=0.042). There were no differences based on etiology leading to open abdomen management, surgical procedures performed, or Covid-19 infection status. Conclusions. The open abdomen represents an important source of protein loss, which is different depending on the type of temporary closure used. These losses should be considered in calculations of nutritional support in the intensive care unit.

Fluidoterapia reflexiva: desde la fisiología a la práctica clínica / Reflexive fluid therapy: From physiology to clinical practice

Introducción. La fluidoterapia es una intervención ampliamente usada en la práctica clínica. No obstante, su aplicación no está exenta de riesgos y demanda una evaluación cuidadosa de la tolerancia del paciente y su respuesta al volumen. La práctica empírica de la reanimación con líquidos puede ser potencialmente letal. El propósito de esta revisión fue proporcionar una visión general de los principios fisiológicos y terapéuticos para la administración de líquidos intravenosos en pacientes críticamente enfermos, abordando poblaciones especiales, como los pacientes quirúrgicos, sépticos y politraumatizados. Métodos. Se hizo una revisión narrativa a partir de artículos publicados en PUBMED, ScienceDirect y LILACS, entre 2001 y 2023. Para la búsqueda se emplearon los términos MESH fluid therapy, crystalloid solutions y colloids. Resultados. Se encontraron 371 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron los estudios clínicos aleatorizados, las revisiones narrativas, las revisiones sistemáticas y los metaanálisis que analizaron el rol de los cristaloides y coloides. Se incluyeron manuscritos publicados en fechas por fuera del rango de búsqueda, que se consideraron relevantes para la descripción de la fisiopatología y los fundamentos del uso de líquidos endovenosos. Conclusión. La reanimación reflexiva se fundamenta en un entendimiento holístico de la fisiología y la individualización de la fluidoterapia. El uso liberal de líquidos endovenosos tiene potenciales efectos nocivos y las estrategias de reanimación deben ser guiadas por medidas dinámicas y estáticas individuales, que proporcionan un panorama seguro para el manejo de los líquidos.

Introduction. Fluid therapy is an intervention widely used in clinical practice. However, its application is not without risks and requires a careful evaluation of patient's tolerance and response to volume. The empirical practice of fluid resuscitation can be potentially lethal. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the physiological and therapeutic principles for the administration of intravenous fluids in critically ill patients, addressing special populations, such as surgical, septic, and trauma patients. Methods. A narrative review was carried out based on articles published in PUBMED, ScienceDirect, and LILACS between 2001 and 2023. MESH terms fluid therapy, crystalloid solutions, and colloids were employed. Results. A total of 371 articles were found, of which randomized clinical trials studies, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that analyzed the role of crystalloids and colloids were selected. Manuscripts published on dates outside the search range, which were considered relevant for the description of the pathophysiology and the rationale for the use of intravenous fluids, were included. Conclusion. Reflective resuscitation is based on a holistic understanding of physiology and individualization of fluid therapy. The liberal use of intravenous fluids has potential harmful effects and resuscitation strategies should be guided by individual dynamic and static measures, which provide a safe framework for fluid management

Suprapiamadre: Análisis Etimológico y Propuesta Terminológica para la Cuarta Meninge en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica / Suprapiamadre: Etymological Analysis and Terminological Proposal for the Fourth Meninge in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica

A lo largo de la historia, el conocimiento sobre las meninges ha evolucionado desde los primeros registros en el papiro de Edwin Smith hasta la actualidad, donde se ha descrito SLYM, una cuarta meninge que separa el espacio subaracnoideo en un compartimiento superficial y otro profundo, a la que se le atribuyen funciones de barrera semipermeable y de nicho de células inmunes para la vigilancia y protección del sistema nerviosos central. La FIPAT contiene un grupo de terminologías que son mundialmente aceptadas para la descripción de las estructuras del cuerpo humano, sin embargo, en Terminologia Anatomica, Ter- minologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, aún no se encuentra incluido el término SLYM para representar una cuarta meninge, quizás porque sea un reciente descubrimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue sugerir un nuevo término que concuerde con los lineamientos de la FIPAT y con las reglas de Terminología Anatómica Regular (RAT) en reemplazo de SLYM, además de proponer su inclusión en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, previa revisión y aprobación por parte del comité respectivo de la FIPAT. Se revisó el acrónimo SLYM y los elementos que lo conforman (membrana subaracnoidea de tipo linfática), desde un enfoque etimológico, este análisis estuvo acompañado de una revisión a las reglas RAT aceptadas por la FIPAT, que fueron consideradas para examinar su cumplimiento por parte del acrónimo SLYM. Se encontró que SLYM, al igual que los términos que lo componen no cumplen totalmente con las reglas RAT. El acrónimo SLYM no proporciona una descripción adecuada de la estructura que representa, lo que contradice las reglas RAT. Se propone el término Suprapiamater como alternativa, para su inclusión en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, basado en elementos latinos que describen su ubicación y función, mejorando la precisión y claridad en la comunicación científica.

SUMMARY: Throughout history, knowledge about the meninges has evolved from the first records in the Edwin Smith papyrus to the present, where SLYM, a fourth meninge that separates the subarachnoid space into a superficial compartment and another, has been described deep, to which semipermeable barrier and immune cell niche functions are attributed for the surveillance and protection of the central nervous system. The FIPAT contains a group of terminologies that are globally accepted for the description of the structures of the human body, however, in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, the term SLYM to represent a fourth meninge is not yet included, perhaps because be a recent discovery. The objective of this study was to suggest a new term that agrees with the FIPAT guidelines and with the Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT) rules to replace SLYM, in addition to proposing its inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, previously review and approval by the respective FIPAT committee. The acronym SLYM and the elements that make it up (Subarachnoid Lymphatic-like Membrane) were reviewed from an etymological approach. This analysis was accompanied by a review of the RAT rules accepted by FIPAT, which were considered to examine their compliance by the acronym SLYM. It was found that SLYM, like the terms that compose it, do not fully comply with the RAT rules. The SLYM acronym does not provide an adequate description of the structure it represents, which contradicts the RAT rules. The term suprapiamater is proposed as an alternative, for inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, based on Latin elements that describe its location and function, improving precision and clarity in scientific communication.

Calibre e formato de agulhas e sua relação com a incidência de cefaleia pós-punção dural: uma revisão sistemática / Needles gauge and shape and its relation to post-dural puncture headache incidence: a systematic review

Introdução: A cefaleia pós punção dural (CPPD) é uma complicação da punção lombar, um procedimento que, apesar de bem tolerado, está sujeito a adversidades, ocorrendo devido a um vazamento persistente do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) do local da punção dural. A incidência de CPPD pode estar relacionada às características dos pacientes e dos procedimentos. Notou-se que em mulheres jovens até 30 anos, o risco de CPPD é maior quando comparado aos homens, não apresentando diferença a partir da quinta década de vida. Objetivo: investigar os diferentes sintomas e efeitos gerados pelos diferentes tipos de agulha, como calibre e modo de inserção, que visem reduzir a CPPD. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura realizada no período de 2 de agosto a 20 de novembro de 2023 por meio de pesquisas no PubMed. Foram utilizados os descritores: "Post-Dural Puncture Headache" e suas variações do MeSH, sendo submetidos aos critérios de inclusão: estudos em humanos, nos últimos 10 anos, ensaios clínicos e ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados. Para garantir a qualidade da revisão sistemática foi aplicada a lista de verificação PRISMA de 2020. Resultados: Após investigação estatística, observou-se que as agulhas 25W e 25S demandaram maior tempo médio para a coleta de LCR (15 e 7 min, respectivamente). Ao se comparar 25W com 20Q (3 min), 22S (5 min) e 25S quanto à esta variável, observouse diferença significativa em todas as comparações. Conclusão: As agulhas do tipo atraumática foram associadas com redução do risco de desenvolvimento de CPPD quando comparadas às convencionais. Foi constatado que, dentre as agulhas convencionais, a traumática de 25G é melhor para a prevenção de CPPD que a de 22G.

Introduction: Post-Dural Puncture Headache (PDPH) is a complication of lumbar puncture, a procedure that, despite being well-tolerated, is subject to adversities, occurring due to a persistent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the site of dural puncture. The incidence of PDPH may be related to patient and procedural characteristics. It has been noted that in young women up to 30 years old, the risk of CPPD is higher compared to men, with no difference between sexes from the fifth decade of life onward. Objective: To investigate the different symptoms and effects generated by different types of needles, such as gauge and insertion method, aiming to reduce CPPD. Methods: Is a systematic literature review conducted from August to October 2023 through searches on PubMed. The descriptors "Post-Dural Puncture Headache" and its MeSH variations were used. A total of 1,839 articles were found, which were then subjected to inclusion criteria: studies conducted in the last 10 years, controlled trials, and randomized clinical trials. Results: After statistical investigation, it was observed that the 25W and 25S needles required a longer average time for cerebrospinal fluid collection (15 and 7 minutes, respectively). When comparing 25W with 20Q (3 minutes), 22S (5 minutes), and 25S regarding this variable, a significant difference was observed in all comparisons. Conclusion: Atraumatic needles were associated with a reduction in the risk of developing CPPD compared to conventional needles. It was found that among conventional needles, the traumatic 25G needle is better for preventing CPPD than the 22G needle.

An update on the study of synovial fluid in the geriatric patient.

BACKGROUND: The characteristics of synovial fluid (SF) in geriatric patients differ from those in younger patients. In Mexico, epidemiologic data on the incidence of different rheumatic diseases in geriatric patients are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To describe the physical characteristics of geriatric SF and the prevalence of crystals in knee and other joint aspirates from patients with previously diagnosed joint disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed with a baseline of 517 SF samples between 2011 and 2023. White blood cell count was performed by Neubauer chamber and crystals were identified by polarized light microscopy. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and prevalence was reported as a percentage. RESULTS: The mean age of the adults was 73.5±5.0 years, 54.4% were women and 45.6% were men. The mean SF volume was 6.3±9.5mL in older adults and 15.3±24.9mL in those younger than 65 years. The mean viscosity in older adults was 9.5±4.5mm and the mean leukocyte count was 7352±16,402leukocytes/mm3. Seventy percent of the older adults' SFs were referred to the laboratory for osteoarthritis (OA), with lower proportions for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (14.6%) and gout (5.1%). Of the crystals observed in the geriatric population, 14.6% corresponded to monosodium urate crystals (CUM) and 18.9% to calcium pyrophosphate crystals (CPP). CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of LS in older adults were smaller volume, increased viscosity, and non-inflammatory. The main diagnoses were OA, RA, and gout. The crystal content of the SF of the geriatric population corresponded mainly to CPP.

Fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos en abordajes endonasales endoscópicos

Introducción: La medicina regenerativa y terapia celular representa una alternativa segura y eficaz en la regeneración hística. La fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos favorece la cicatrización de la base craneal, con una disminución significativa en las complicaciones, en especial la fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del empleo de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos como elemento accesorio en la reparación de la base craneal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en 250 pacientes en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, operados por procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos con diversos tumores de la base craneal, en los cuales se empleó la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos durante la fase de reconstrucción. Se realizó una evaluación de la barra de reparación y las complicaciones presentes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas como medidas resumen. Resultados: El 97,2 % de las barreras de reparación fue catalogada de óptima. Se reporta con el uso de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos 2,0 % de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo, 0,8 % de infección del sistema nervioso central, 4,0 % de costras nasales posoperatorias. Conclusiones: El presente estudio evidencia el efecto positivo del empleo de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos en la reparación del base craneal con gran impacto en el índice de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo y la calidad de vida nasosinusal.

Introduction: Regenerative medicine and cell therapy represents a safe and effective alternative in tissue regeneration. Fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes promotes healing of the cranial base, with a significant decrease in complications, especially cerebrospinal fluid leak. Objective: Describe the results of using fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes as an accessory element in the repair of the cranial base. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 250 patients at the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital operated by endoscopic endonasal procedures with various tumors of the cranial base, in which fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes was used during the reconstruction phase. An evaluation of the repair bar and the complications present was performed. For data analysis, absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: 97.2% of the repair barriers were classified as optimal. With the use of fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes, 2.0% of cerebrospinal fluid leak, 0.8% of central nervous system infection, 4.0% of postoperative nasal scabs are reported. Conclusions: The present study evidences the positive effect of the use of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin in the repair of the skull cranial base, with great impact on the rate of cerebrospinal fluid leak and sinonasal quality of life.

Caracterização bioquímica e verificação da atividade antibacteriana do líquido coxal do carrapato Ornithodoros rostratus

Os carrapatos, artrópodes hematófagos, são vetores de doenças tais como febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas ou do Mediterrâneo, doença de Lyme, encefalite transmitida por carrapatos, babesiose e etc. No entanto, os fluidos dos carrapatos (saliva e hemolinfa) são misturas ricas em moléculas que exercem interessantes atividades farmacológicas, por exemplo, anticoagulante, antitumoral, antimicrobiana, dentre outras. Assim, os fluidos dos carrapatos podem ser considerados como potenciais fontes para a descoberta de novos medicamentos. Os carrapatos moles, denominados Argasídeos, são ectoparasitas que possuem hábitos alimentares característicos, pois excretam o excesso de sangue ingerido através de suas glândulas coxais, produzindo assim um fluido conhecido como líquido coxal (LC), mistura que contém carboidratos, proteínas, lipídios e ácidos nucléicos. O Ornithodoros rostratus é um dos argasídeos encontrados na América do Sul, principalmente no Brasil, Argentina, Paraguai e Bolívia, entretanto, até o momento, o líquido coxal de O. rostratus ainda não foi bem caracterizado. Portanto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar uma caracterização bioquímica e verificar a atividade antibacteriana do LC do carrapato O. rostratus fracionado através de um protocolo otimizado. Para isto, aproximadamente 3,5 mL de LC foi coletado, esterilizado (membrana de 0,22 μm), liofilizado e reconstituído e, posteriormente, fracionado de acordo com sua massa molecular através de uma membrana de corte de 10 kDa (Amicon). Este procedimento resultou nas frações de Líquido Coxal de Alta Massa Molecular (LCAM) e Líquido Coxal de Baixa Massa Molecular (LCBM), as quais tiveram suas concentrações proteicas determinadas por BCA e por absorbância (em 214; 260 e 280 nm); além disso essas amostras foram submetidas aos ensaios bioquímicos por SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, análise proteômica, determinação de massas moleculares por MALDI-TOF e análise de atividade antibacteriana (inibição de crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli). Posteriormente as amostras LCAM e LCBM foram fracionadas por troca iônica utilizando membrana SDB-XC e as amostras obtidas foram analisadas por MALDI-TOF. A análise SDS-9 PAGE mostrou que as amostras LC e LCAM possuem três bandas proteicas principais (aproximadamente 60; 25 e 15 kDa) e como esperado, a amostra LCBM não apresentou bandas proteicas. A análise das amostras LCB, LCAM e LCBM por RP- HPLC resultou respectivamente em 26; 20 e 31 picos majoritários. A amostra LCBM (concentração proteica de 0,1μg/μL e sem alteração de pH) inibiu o crescimento de S. aureus, no entanto, nenhuma das amostras ensaiadas inibiram o crescimento de E. coli. A análise proteômica do LC resultou em 164 proteínas de artrópodes e 31 proteínas antimicrobianas quando comparados com seus respectivos banco de dados. Por sua vez, a análise proteômica de LCAM concentrado resultou em 500 proteínas de artrópodes e 264 proteínas antimicrobianas. Tendo em vista o elevado número de proteínas encontradas no LC, existe uma grande possibilidade de alguns desses compostos inibirem o crescimento de S. aureus.

Concordance rate between oligoclonal bands and the Kappa index in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (MS) / Concordância entre bandas oligoclonais e o índice Kappa em pacientes com suspeita de esclerose múltipla (EM)

Abstract Background Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) and Kappa free light chains (FLCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are sensitive markers of intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig)G synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Objective To evaluate the concordance rate between OCBCs and the Kappa index (KI) in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Patients with suspected MS were referred to a specialized CSF laboratory as part of their diagnostic investigation. Paired CSF and serum samples were collected and submitted to detection of OCBs and determination of the KI. Positive and negative results were determined with both methods, and the percentage of agreement between them was established. Results In total, 171 serum and CSF samples from 171 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age of the patients was of 40 ± 14.2 years; 18.9% of them were male, and 81.1% were female. The OCBs and KI presented concordant results in 161 (94.2%) samples: in 74 (43.3%), both were positive, and in 87 (50.9%), both were negative. In 10 cases, the results were discrepant: KI positive/OCB negative in 8 and OCB positive/KI negative in 2 cases. Conclusion The KI and OCBs presented high concordance level. Currently, the detection of OCBs in the CSF is the standard method for MS diagnosis, but it is time-consuming, and its visual interpretation can be difficult. The results suggest that the KI is a good alternative for the detection of intrathecal immunoproduction in cases of suspected MS.

Resumo Antecedentes Bandas oligoclonais (BOCs) e cadeias leves de imunoglobulina (free light chains, FLCs, em inglês) Kappa no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) são marcadores sensíveis da síntese intratecal de imunoglobulina (Ig)G em pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM). Objetivo Avaliar a taxa de concordância entre BOCs e o índice Kappa (IK) em pacientes com suspeita de EM. Métodos Pacientes com suspeita de EM foram encaminhados a um laboratório especializado em LCR como parte de sua investigação diagnóstica. Amostras pareadas de LCR e soro foram coletadas e investigadas quanto à presença de BOCs e submetidas à determinação do IK. Resultados positivos e negativos foram determinados com ambos os métodos, e estabeleceu-se o percentual de concordância entre eles. Resultados Ao todo, 171 amostras de soro e LCR de 171 pacientes foram incluídas na análise. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 40 ± 14,2 anos; 18,9% deles eram do sexo masculino, e 81,1%, do sexo feminino. Resultados concordantes entre as BOCs e o IK foram observados em 161 (94,2%) amostras: em 74 (43,3%), ambos foram positivos, e em 87 (50,9%), ambos foram negativos. Em 10 casos, os resultados foram discrepantes: IK positivo/BOC negativo em 8, e BOC positivo/IK negativo em 2. Conclusão Observou-se alto nível de concordância entre o IK e as BOCs. A detecção de BOCs no LCR é atualmente o método padrão para o diagnóstico de EM, mas é demorado, e sua interpretação visual pode ser difícil. Os resultados sugerem que o IK pode ser uma alternativa para a detecção de imunoprodução intratecal em casos de suspeita de EM.

Efeitos dos líquidos ativados com plasma atmosférico sobre Candida albicans / Application of plasma activated liquids on Candida albicans

O incremento no número de casos refratários aos tratamentos convencionais e a limitação de opções terapêuticas são alguns dos desafios encontrados no tratamento da candidose bucal, apontando para a necessidade de terapias alternativas. A utilização da tecnologia de plasma de forma indireta, pela exposição prévia de líquidos ex situ, tem mostrado resultados promissores, trazendo inúmeras vantagens para a aplicação clínica. Até o momento, pouco se conhece sobre a atividade antifúngica do líquido ativado com plasma (LAP) e não foram detectados relatos sobre sua aplicabilidade no tratamento da candidose bucal. Com base neste cenário, o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar a atividade do líquido ativado com plasma sobre Candida albicans, principal agente etiológico da candidose bucal. Para tanto, foram determinadas as condições de obtenção do LAP com maior efeito antifúngico frente a C. albicans. O LAP foi gerado em um reator de plasma tipo arco deslizante (gliding arc). Os gases empregados incluíram argônio, ar comprimido seco e suas misturas em diversas concentrações, ajustando-se o fluxo de gás e a potência conforme necessário. Avaliou-se a eficácia antifúngica de diferentes líquidos ativados contra C. albicans, tanto em estado planctônico quanto em biofilmes, visando identificar o mais efetivo. As espécies reativas dos LAP foram caracterizadas utilizando técnicas espectrofotométricas, juntamente com a avaliação dos parâmetros físico-químicos. Os resultados dos ensaios foram submetidos a análise estatística, estabelecendo-se um nível de significância de 5% para a interpretação dos dados. Observou-se que a solução salina 0,9% ativada com plasma de argônio (S1), água destilada ativada com plasma de argônio (D1) e água destilada ativado com a mistura dos gases argônio e ar comprimido (S2) apresentaram a maior atividade antifúngica sobre células planctônicas de C. albicans quando expostas por 30 minutos ao LAP. O grupo D1 apresentou maior ação frente aos biofilmes de 24 e 48 horas e o S1 frente a biofilmes de 48 horas apenas quando exposto por 30 minutos ao LAP. Ambos os LAPs apresentaram ação antifúngica após terem sido congelados e armazenados por 1 dia após a ativação. Os grupos D1 e S1 não apresentaram perfil citotóxico nos ensaios realizados. Pode-se concluir que os LAPs apresentaram ação inibitória sobre células planctônicas e sobre biofilmes de C. albicans, sem citotoxicidade para células de mamíferos, sugerindo seu potencial como adjuvante às terapias para o controle da candidose.(AU)

The increase in the number of cases refractory to conventional treatments and the limitation of therapeutic options is due to some two challenges encountered in the treatment of oral candidiasis, pointing to the need for alternative therapies. The use of plasma technology indirectly, for the exposition of liquids ex situ, has shown promising results, providing numerous advantages for clinical application. Currently, little is known about the antifungal activity of plasma-activated liquid (LAP) and there are no reports on its applicability in oral candidiasis treatment. Based on this scenario, the objective of this project is to validate the application of plasma-activated liquid as an adjuvant in the treatment of oral candidiasis. Therefore, certain conditions for obtaining LAP have greater antifungal effect against Candida albicans. The LAP was generated in a gliding arc type plasma reactor. The gases used include argon, dry compressed and their mixtures in various concentrations, adjusting the gas flow and power as necessary. The antifungal efficacy of different liquids activated against C. albicans is evaluated, both in the planktonic state and in biofilms, aiming to identify the most effective. The relative species of LAP were characterized using spectrophotometric techniques, together with the evaluation of two physical-chemical parameters. The results of two tests were submitted to statistical analysis, establishing a significance level of 5% for the interpretation of the data. It was observed that the groups that presented the greatest antifungal activity in planktonic cells of C. albicans were the groups of 0.9% saline solution activated with argonium plasma (S1), or of distilled water activated with argonium plasma (D1). e or distilled water activated with a mixture of two argon gases and compressed air (S2). The D1 group presented against biofilms of 24 and 48 hours and the S1 against biofilms of only 48 hours. Both LAPs are presented with antifungal coating and have been frozen and stored for 1 day after activation. The groups D1 and S1 do not present a cytotoxic profile in the tests carried out. It can be concluded that the LAPs have antifungal activity on planktonic cells and on biofilms and do not present a toxicity profile for human cells, being potent adjuvants in therapies for or controlling infections caused by C. albicans (AU)

Ventriculovesical Shunting in a Patient with Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis: An Alternative to VP Shunts. A Technique Report / Derivação ventriculovesical em paciente com Carcinomatose Leptomeníngea: Uma alternativa às DVPs. Relato de técnica

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) is a rare but serious complication when cancer cells infiltrate the meninges. It is most commonly associated with breast cancer, but only 5% of breast cancer patients develop it. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis typically presents with headaches, mainly due to hydrocephalus, and the diagnosis involves a cytological analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The treatment of LC consists of a combination of intra-CSF chemotherapy, systemic therapy, radiation therapy, and/or supportive care, including CSF drainage. In the case herein reported, a technique known as ventriculovesical shunting was performed on a female patient with LC and breast cancer who had hydrocephalus due to this condition. This procedure is not as common as ventriculoperitoneal shunts, which can lead, in this case, to serious complications such as peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Carcinomatose leptomeníngea (CL) é uma complicação infrequente, porém séria, que ocorre quando células cancerígenas infiltram as meninges. É mais comumente associada ao câncer de mama, mas apenas 5% dos pacientes com câncer de mama a desenvolvem. A CL apresenta-se tipicamente com dores de cabeça decorrentes principalmente da hidrocefalia, e o diagnóstico envolve uma análise citológica do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e/ou ressonância magnética (RM). O tratamento da CL envolve uma combinação de quimioterapia intra-LCR, terapia sistêmica, radioterapia e/ou cuidados de suporte, incluindo a drenagem do LCR. No caso aqui relatado, realizou-se uma técnica conhecida como derivação ventriculovesical em uma paciente feminina com CL e câncer de mama que tinha hidrocefalia em decorrência desta situação. Este procedimento não é tão comum em comparação com as derivações ventriculoperitoneais, as quais, nesse caso, podem levar à carcinomatose peritoneal.

Estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas malignas / Study of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with hematologic malignancies

Introducción: La infiltración del sistema nervioso central por células malignas constituye una complicación grave de algunas neoplasias hematológicas, principalmente leucemias agudas y linfomas agresivos. Objetivo: Resumir la base científica y la significación clínica de los métodos de estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la infiltración neuromeníngea en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas. Métodos: Se buscó información durante abril de 2021 en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y SciELO. Se seleccionaron las publicaciones en base a su tipología, actualidad, alcance y las limitaciones de los estudios. Conclusiones: El estudio citomorfológico del líquido cefalorraquídeo se considera el método estándar para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la infiltración neuromeníngea. La citometría de flujo resulta más sensible para la detección de infiltración oculta que la citología convencional; pero aún existen reservas sobre su significación clínica. Se investiga también la sensibilidad de otros estudios moleculares como el uso de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y la detección de biomarcadores(AU)

Introduction: Infiltration of the central nervous system by malignant cells constitutes a serious complication of some hematological malignancies, mainly acute leukemias and aggressive lymphomas. Objective: To summarize the scientific basis and clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid study methods for the diagnosis and follow-up of neuromeningeal infiltration in patients with hematologic malignancies. Methods: Information was searched during April 2021 in PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciELO databases. Publications were selected based on their typology, timeliness, scope, and study limitations. Conclusions: The cytomorphological study of cerebrospinal fluid is considered the standard method for the diagnosis and follow-up of neuromeningeal infiltration. Flow cytometry is more sensitive for the detection of occult infiltration than conventional cytology, but there are still reservations about its clinical significance. The sensitivity of other molecular studies such as the use of PCR and biomarker detection is also investigated(AU)

Review of dengue, zika and chikungunya infections in nervous system in endemic areas / Revisão da infecção por dengue, zika e chikungunya no sistema nervoso em áreas endêmicas

Abstract Dengue, zika, and chikungunya are arboviruses of great epidemiological relevance worldwide. The emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by mosquitoes constitute a serious human public health problem. The neurological manifestations caused by these viruses have a high potential for death or sequelae. The complications that occur in the nervous system associated with arboviruses can be a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. In endemic areas, suspected cases should include acute encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis, polyradiculoneuritis, and/or other syndromes of the central or peripheral nervous system, in the absence of a known explanation. The confirmation diagnosis is based on viral (isolation or RT-PCR) or antigens detection in tissues, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other body fluids, increase in IgG antibody titers between paired serum samples, specific IgM antibody in cerebrospinal fluid and serological conversion to IgM between paired serum samples (non-reactive in the acute phase and reactive in the convalescent). The cerebrospinal fluid examination can demonstrate: 1. etiological agent; 2. inflammatory reaction or protein-cytological dissociation depending on the neurological condition; 3. specific IgM, 4. intrathecal synthesis of specific IgG (dengue and chikungunya); 5. exclusion of other infectious agents. The treatment of neurological complications aims to improve the symptoms, while the vaccine represents the great hope for the control and prevention of neuroinvasive arboviruses. This narrative review summarizes the updated epidemiology, general features, neuropathogenesis, and neurological manifestations associated with dengue, zika, and chikungunya infection.

Resumo Dengue, zika e chikungunya são arboviroses de grande relevância epidemiológica em todo o mundo. A emergência e reemergência dessas infecções virais transmitidas por mosquitos constituem um grave problema de saúde pública humana. As manifestações neurológicas causadas por esses vírus têm alto potencial de morte ou sequelas. As complicações que ocorrem no sistema nervoso associadas às arboviroses podem representar um desafio diagnóstico e de tratamento. Em áreas endêmicas, casos suspeitos devem incluir encefalite, mielite, encefalomielite, polirradiculoneurite e/ou outras síndromes do sistema nervoso central ou periférico, na ausência de explicação conhecida. Caso confirmado de arbovirose neuroinvasivo é baseado na detecção viral (isolamento ou RT-PCR) ou de antígenos em tecidos, sangue, líquido cefalorraquidiano ou outros fluidos corporais, aumento dos títulos de anticorpos IgG entre amostras de soro pareadas, anticorpo IgM específico no líquido cefalorraquidiano e conversão sorológica para IgM entre amostras de soro pareadas. O exame do líquido cefalorraquidiano pode demonstrar: 1. agente etiológico; 2. reação inflamatória ou dissociação proteico-citológica, dependendo do quadro neurológico; 3. valor absoluto de IgM específica; 4. síntese intratecal de anticorpos IgG específicos (dengue e chikungunya); 5. exclusão de outros agentes infecciosos. O tratamento das complicações neurológicas visa melhorar os sintomas, enquanto a vacina representa a grande esperança para o controle e a prevenção das arboviroses neuroinvasivas. Esta revisão narrativa resume a atualização da epidemiologia, características gerais, neuropatogênese e manifestações neurológicas associadas à infecção pelos vírus da dengue, zika e chikungunya.

Barrera de reparación de la base craneal en los abordajes endonasales endoscópicos / Skull base reconstruction barrier in endoscopic endonasal approaches

Introducción: Los abordajes endonasales endoscópicos son los procedimientos de elección para tumores mediales en la base craneal por su seguridad y efectividad. La reparación de la base craneal constituye un elevado desafío. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la construcción de una barrera de reconstrucción de la base craneal en pacientes con tumores de la base craneal operados por procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que incluyó a 70 pacientes del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras operados de tumores de la base craneal por procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos. Se construyó una barrera de reparación de la base craneal para aislar el compartimiento nasosinusal del intracraneal. Se determinó la eficiencia de la barrera de reparación mediante aspectos clínicos y endoscópicos. Se definieron aspectos a evaluar en relación con la vitalidad de la barrera de reparación con el empleo de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos. Resultados: Se evidenció una barrera de reparación eficiente en el 98,6 por ciento. En relación con estado de vitalidad de la barrera se apreció una adherencia, granulación en el 98,6 por ciento de pacientes, mientras una angiogénesis de 97,1 por ciento. La incidencia de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo posoperatoria fue de solo 1,4 por ciento. Conclusiones: El presente estudio evidencia el efecto positivo de la construcción de una barrera de reparación eficiente de la base craneal por vía endonasal endoscópica con disminución significativa de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo y sus complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic endonasal approaches are the procedures of choice for medial tumors in the cranial base given their safety and effectiveness. Repair of the cranial base constitutes a high challenge. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of constructing a cranial base reconstruction barrier in patients with cranial base tumors operated on by endoscopic endonasal approaches. Method: A descriptive study was carried out, which included 70 patients from the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital operated on for cranial base tumors using endoscopic endonasal approaches. A cranial base repair barrier was constructed to isolate the sinonasal and intracranial compartments. The efficiency of the repair barrier was determined through clinical and endoscopic aspects. Aspects were defined to be evaluated in relation to the vitality of the repair barrier with the use of fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes. Results: An efficient repair barrier was evident in 98.6 percent. In relation to the state of vitality of the barrier, adhesion and granulation were observed in 98.6 percent of patients, while angiogenesis was observed in 97.1 percent. The incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak was only 1.4 percent. Conclusions: The present study shows the positive effect of the construction of an efficient repair barrier of the cranial base in endoscopic endonasal approaches with a significant reduction in cerebrospinal fluid leak and its complications(AU)

[Subtle and subclinical neurological findings in patients with SARS-CoV-2]. / Hallazgos sutiles y subclínicos neurológicos en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2.

Background: There are severe neurological conditions in patients with COVID-19, such as: cerebrovascular disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy and myelitis. Objective: We describe that the patient with SARS-CoV 2 with respiratory symptoms has subtle or subclinical neurological manifestations. Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study, which included patients aged 18-65 years with respiratory symptoms and a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Intubated patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases or pre-existing neurological compromise were excluded. Semiology of the headache and neurological examination were performed; Serum levels of glucose, protein, electrolytes, lactate, C-reactive protein, lactic dehydrogenase, and D-dimer were measured. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and electroencephalogram (EEG) were also performed in patients who accepted the risks. Results: A high prevalence of subtle neurological manifestations was found in patients with COVID-19 with only a respiratory clinical picture. Headache, anosmia, dysgeusia, and hypopalesthesia predominated in the early stages, with frequent abnormal findings in the CSF (>70%) and less frequently in the EEG (<20%). Conclusions: Headache, anosmia, dysgeusia and hypoesthesia were frequent at the beginning of the infection, together with abnormal findings in CSF and EEG, without other neurological symptoms or neurological disease.

Introducción: existen condiciones neurológicas severas en pacientes con COVID-19, como: enfermedad cerebrovascular, síndrome de Guillain-Barré, encefalitis, encefalopatía necrotizante hemorrágica aguda y mielitis. Objetivo: describimos que el paciente con SARS-CoV-2 con síntomas respiratorios tiene manifestaciones neurológicas sutiles o subclínicas. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, transversal, analítico, que incluyó pacientes de 18-65 años con síntomas respiratorios y diagnóstico de COVID-19 confirmado. Se excluyeron pacientes intubados, con enfermedades neurodegenerativas crónicas o compromiso neurológico preexistente. Se realizó semiología de la cefalea y exploración neurológica; Se midieron los niveles séricos de glucosa, proteínas, electrolitos, lactato, proteína C reactiva, deshidrogenasa láctica y dímero D. También se realizaron análisis de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y un electroencefalograma (EEG) en los pacientes que aceptaron los riesgos. Resultados: se encontró alta prevalencia de manifestaciones neurológicas sutiles en pacientes con COVID-19 con solo cuadro clínico respiratorio. Cefalea, anosmia, disgeusia e hipopalestesia predominaron en las primeras etapas, con hallazgos anormales frecuentes en el LCR (>70%) y con menos frecuencia en el EEG (<20%). Conclusiones: la cefalea, anosmia, disgeusia e hipoestesia fueron frecuentes al inicio de la infección, junto con hallazgos anormales en LCR y EEG, sin otros síntomas neurológicos ni enfermedad neurológica.

Predestinative role acidic cerebrospinal fluid on the destiny of central channel in spinal cord following subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: Acidosis is the most dangerous complication in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic cerebrospinal fluid on central canal structures after SAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight hybrid rabbits were studied. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid pH values were recorded before/during/after the experimental procedures. The structures related to the central canals at the level of C5 of the cervical spinal cord were then examined histopathologically. The relationship between pH values of ependymal cells and degenerated epithelial cell densities was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Mean blood pH values and degenerated ependymal cell density (n/mm2) were as follows: 7.351 ± 0.033/23 ± 7 in control, 7.322 ± 0.059/78 ± 13 in SHAM, and 7.261 ± 0.048/254 ± 62 in study animals. Gross examinations revealed swelling, edema, pia-arachnoid adhesions, ventral canal dilatation, arachnoiditis, central canal hemorrhage, occlusions, and dilatation in the spinal cord. CONCLUSION: Cerebrospinal fluid acidosis-induced central channel pathologies should be considered an important complication of SAH following SAH.

OBJETIVO: La acidosis es la complicación más peligrosa en la hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA). El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto del líquido cefalorraquídeo ácido en las estructuras del canal central tras la HSA. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 28 conejos híbridos. Se registraron los valores de pH de la sangre y del líquido cefalorraquídeo antes, durante y después de los procedimientos experimentales. A continuación se examinaron histopatológicamente las estructuras relacionadas con los canales centrales a nivel de C5 de la médula espinal cervical. Se analizó estadísticamente la relación entre los valores de pH de las células ependimarias y las densidades de células epiteliales degeneradas. RESULTADOS: Los valores medios de pH en sangre y la densidad de células ependimarias degeneradas (n/mm2) fueron los siguientes: 7.351 ± 0.033/23 ± 7 en el control, 7.322 ± 0.059/78 ± 13 en el SHAM, 7.261 ± 0.048/254 ± 62 en los animales del estudio. Los exámenes macroscópicos revelaron hinchazón, edema, adherencias pia-aracnoideas, dilatación del canal ventral, aracnoiditis, hemorragia del canal central, oclusiones y dilatación en la médula espinal. CONCLUSIONES: Las patologías del canal central inducidas por la acidosis del líquido cefalorraquídeo deben considerarse como una complicación importante de la HSA tras una hemorragia subaracnoidea.

Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico como presentación de neurosífilis meningovascular en pacientes inmunocompetentes / Ischemic stroke as a presentation of meningovascular neurosyphilis in immunocompetent patients, literature review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurosífilis representa la infección del sistema nervioso central por la bacteria Treponema pallidum. Se han descrito complicaciones parenquimatosas y meningovasculares. La enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica, puede ser la única manifestación de la neurosífilis y puede ocurrir en cualquier fase de la enfermedad. Un tratamiento oportuno lleva a una adecuada recuperación y prevención de complicaciones potencialmente mortales e incapacitantes. OBJETIVO: proporcionar una fuente de información actualizada como medio de consulta rápida para personal médico que trata a pacientes con neurosífilis. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio de revisión de 44 artículos y selección de 33 encontradas en la base de datos del motor PUBMED, Biblioteca Cochrane, portal BVS Ecuador, datos publicados en tesis de la Universidad Central del Ecuador y Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, cuyas fechas de publicación corresponden en su mayoría a los últimos 5 años, y pocos artículos de años previos que por su relevancia se mantuvieron, el criterio de búsqueda empleado consistió en documentos que contenían datos sobre epidemiología, fisiopatología, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica como presentación de neurosífilis. CONCLUSIÓN: La sospecha clínica de neurosífilis en pacientes jóvenes con antecedente epidemiológico orienta a un diagnóstico oportuno y disminuye la mortalidad y complicaciones secundarias a un infarto cerebral.

INTRODUCTION: Neurosyphilis represents the infection of the central nervous system by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Parenchymal and meningovascular complications have been described. Ischemic cerebrovascular disease can be the only manifestation of neurosyphilis and can occur at any stage of the disease. Timely treatment leads to adequate recovery and prevention of life-threatening and disabling complications. OBJECTIVE: To provide an up-to-date source information as a means of quick consultation for medical personnel treating patients with neurosyphilis. METHODOLOGY: Review study of 44 articles and selection of 33 found in the database of the PUBMED engine, Cochrane Library, BVS Ecuador portal, data published in theses of the Universidad Central del Ecuador and Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, whose publication dates they correspond mostly to the last 5 years, and few articles from previous years that due to their relevance remained, the search criteria used consisted of documents that contained data on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinic, diagnosis and treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease as a presentation of neurosyphilis. CONCLUSION: The clinical suspicion of neurosyphilis in young patients with an epidemiological history leads to a timely diagnosis and reduces mortality and complications secondary to a cerebral infarction.

Estudio de los pacientes con monoartritis aguda en un hospital de tercer nivel / Acute monoarthritis in a third level hospital

Resumen Introducción: La monoartritis aguda (MA) represen ta una causa relevante de morbilidad que requiere de atención médica oportuna: El estudio del líquido sino vial constituye un elemento clave para su diagnóstico. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia y características clínicas-analíticas de los episodios de MA y bursitis agudas valoradas en un hospital durante un período de 6 años. Métodos: Estudio analítico retrospectivo de corte transversal en un hospital de Córdoba, Argentina. Se identificaron todos los episodios de monoartritis y bur sitis agudas que ocurrieron en pacientes de ≥18 años entre 2012 y 2017. Se excluyeron los cuadros de MA en embarazadas y las monoartritis crónicas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 180 episodios de MA y 12 de bursitis aguda. Entre las MA, 120 (66.7%) ocurrieron en hombres, la edad promedio fue 62.1±16.9 años. La principal causa de MA fue séptica, identificándose 70 (36%) casos, seguida la secundaria a microcristales con 54 episodios (28%) que correspondieron 27 (14%) a MA por gota y 27 (14%) a MA por depósitos de pirofosfato de calcio dihidratado (CPPD). Se identificaron cristales de urato monosódico en 26 (14.3%) pacientes, CPPD en 28 (15.6%) y de colesterol en 1 (0.6%). Discusión: La principal causa de MA fue séptica, seguida de la secundaria a microcristales (gota y secun daria a CPPD). La principal articulación afectada fue la rodilla, seguida del hombro. El análisis del líquido sino vial fue un elemento clave a la hora de poder realizar el diagnóstico diferencial entre las distintas causas de monoartritis aguda y bursitis.

Abstract Introduction: Acute monoarthritis (AM) represents a relevant cause of morbidity that requires prompt medical care. The study of synovial fluid becomes re levant to allow a rapid diagnostic approach. The main objective of the study was to determine the frequency and clinical-analytical characteristics of episodes of AM and acute bursitis evaluated in a hospital during a period of 6 years. Methods: Cross-sectional retrospective analytical study in a hospital at Córdoba, Argentina. All episodes of acute monoarthritis and bursitis that occurred in patients aged 18 years or older between 2012 and 2017 were included. AM in pregnant women and chronic monoarthritis were excluded. Results: One hundred and eighty episodes of AM and 12 of acute bursitis were included. Among the AM, 120 (66.7%) occurred in male patients and the average age was 62.1±16.9 years. The main cause of AM was septic, identifying 70 (36%) cases, followed by microcrystalline AM identify 54 (28%) cases, which corresponded to gout and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) with 27 (14%) cases each one. Monosodium urate crystals were identified in 26 (14.3%) patients, CPPD in 28 (15.6%) and cholesterol in 1 (0.6%). Discussion: The main cause of AM was septic arthri tis, followed by microcrystalline AM (gout and secondary to CPPD). The main affected joint was the knee, followed by the shoulder. Synovial fluid analysis was a key ele ment when making the differential diagnosis between the different causes of acute monoarthritis and bursitis.

Frecuencia de agentes patógenos en meningitis neonatal en Lima, Perú, entre los años 2001 y 2021 / Frequency of pathogens in neonatal meningitis in Lima, Perú, between 2001 and 2021

RESUMEN Objetivo : Describir los agentes patógenos más frecuentes de la meningitis neonatal en el Perú. Material y métodos : Estudio descriptivo, comparativo y de corte transversal. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos de PubMed y SciELO con las palabras clave «meningitis¼, «neonatal¼ y «Perú¼, y en los repositorios virtuales de las facultades de Medicina del Perú con las palabras clave «meningitis¼ y «neonatal¼, entre los años 2001 y 2021. Asimismo, dos revisores independientes evaluaron los títulos y abstracts de los artículos para su inclusión. Resultados : Se encontraron 477 artículos, de los cuales cinco fueron incluidos. De estos últimos, dos fueron excluidos por falta de datos descriptivos de los gérmenes, quedando tres elegidos. Conclusiones : Los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus coagulasa-negativo y Escherichia coli, con predominio de bacterias grampositivas. La etiología viral fue poco frecuente y de presentación tardía. Solo se registró un caso por Candida albicans. No se encontraron registros de vigilancia epidemiológica de meningitis neonatal.

ABSTRACT Objective : To describe the most frequent pathogenic agents identified in neonatal meningitis in Peru. Material and methods : Descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional study based on data bases from PubMed and SciELO, using the key words "Neonatal", "Meningitis" and "Perú", and from virtual repositories of medical schools in Peru, with the key words "Neonatal" and "Meningitis", between 2001 and 2021. Two independent reviewers assessed the articles' titles and abstracts to be included. Results : 477 articles were found from which only 5 were included; 2 studies were excluded due to lack of descriptive identification of the microorganisms, so that only 3 studies were finally selected. Conclusions : The most frequently found microorganisms were Listeria monocytogenes, coagulada-negative Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli, predominantly grampositive bacterias. The viral etiology was uncommon, and all cases had a late onset. There was only 1 case due to Candida albicans. An epidemiologic monitoring of neonatal meningitis is not established in Peru.