Assessing the reclamation of a contaminated site affected by the Fundão dam tailings trough phytoremediation and bioremediation.

The rupture of the Fundão dam (Brazil) spread tailings contaminated with sodium and ether-amine into the Doce River Basin. Aiming at rehabilitating a contaminated riparian site, phytoremediation with native species of the Atlantic Forest was performed under four treatments: ES-1: physical remediation (sediment scraping) + chemical remediation (organic matter) + bioremediation (double inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis and the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis); ES-2: chemical remediation + bioremediation; ES-3: physical remediation + chemical remediation; ES-4: chemical remediation. Ether-amine and sodium contents, plant growth and, soil quality parameters were compared among treatments and relative to preserved and degraded sites. Two years after planting, the outstanding plant growth was attributed to the phytoremediation of ether-amine and ammonium, followed by a significant increase in soil microbial biomass (Phospholipid fatty acids-PLFAs), particularly the Gram+ bacteria and total fungi but not AMF, whose response was independent of the inoculation. While sodium and ether-amine declined, soil K, P, NO3- contents, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil aggregation increased, especially in ES-1. Thus, such remediation procedures are recommended for the restoration of riparian areas affected by the Fundão tailings, ultimately improving sediment fertility, aggregation and stabilization.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the only successful example of fragment of riparian Atlantic Forest successfully rehabilitated using native trees from the Atlantic Forest in the riparian zone affected by the contaminated Fundão dam tailings. For that, phytoremediation and bioremediation procedures were adopted to alleviate etheramine and sodium toxicity, resulting in the amelioration of soil fertility and particularly the stabilization of such highly disaggregated sediments, ultimately protecting the Doce river basin against these contaminants.

From desertification to restoration in the Brazilian semiarid region: Unveiling the potential of land restoration on soil microbial properties.

Land desertification poses a significant challenge in the Brazilian semiarid region, encompassing a substantial portion of the country. Within this region, the detrimental effects of human activities, particularly unsuitable anthropic actions, have resulted in diminished vegetation cover and an accelerated rate of soil erosion. Notably, practices such as overgrazing and the conversion of native forests into pasturelands have played a pivotal role in exacerbating the process of land desertification. Ultimately, land desertification results in significant losses of soil organic matter and microbial diversity. To address this pressing issue and contribute to the existing literature, various land restoration practices, such as grazing exclusion, cover crops, and terracing, have been implemented in the Brazilian semiarid. These practices have shown promising results in terms of enhancing soil fertility and restoring microbial properties. Nonetheless, their effectiveness in improving soil microbial properties in the Brazilian semiarid region remains a subject of ongoing study. Recent advances in molecular techniques have improved our understanding of microbial communities in lands undergoing desertification and restoration. In this review, we focus on assessing the effectiveness of these restoration practices in revitalizing soil microbial properties, with a particular emphasis on the soil microbiome and its functions. Through a critical assessment of the impact of these practices on soil microbial properties, our research aims to provide valuable insights that can help mitigate the adverse effects of desertification and promote sustainable development in this ecologically sensitive region.

Acquiring Iron-Reducing Enrichment Cultures: Environments, Methods and Quality Assessments.

Lateritic duricrusts cover iron ore deposits and form spatially restricted, unique canga ecosystems endangered by mining. Iron cycling, i.e., the dissolution and subsequent precipitation of iron, is able to restitute canga duricrusts, generating new habitats for endangered biota in post-mining landscapes. As iron-reducing bacteria can accelerate this iron cycling, we aim to retrieve microbial enrichment cultures suitable to mediate the large-scale restoration of cangas. For that, we collected water and sediment samples from the Carajás National Forest and cultivated the iron-reducing microorganisms therein using a specific medium. We measured the potential to reduce iron using ferrozine assays, growth rate and metabolic activity. Six out of seven enrichment cultures effectively reduced iron, showing that different environments harbor iron-reducing bacteria. The most promising enrichment cultures were obtained from environments with repeated flooding and drying cycles, i.e., periodically inundated grasslands and a plateau of an iron mining waste pile characterized by frequent soaking. Selected enrichment cultures contained iron-reducing and fermenting bacteria, such as Serratia and Enterobacter. We found higher iron-reducing potential in enrichment cultures with a higher cell density and microorganism diversity. The obtained enrichment cultures should be tested for canga restoration to generate benefits for biodiversity and contribute to more sustainable iron mining in the region.

Growth and survival over ten years of Brazil-nut trees planted in three anthropogenic habitats in northern Amazonia / Crescimento e sobrevivência da castanheira do Brasil em três habitats antropogênicos após dez anos de plantação

We examined the growth and survival of Brazil-nut trees, Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) under different environmental conditions and levels of canopy openness within experimental plantations in the Trombetas River valley, in northern Brazil. We planted 144 seedlings in three anthropogenic habitats with different levels of sunlight exposition: crop field (100% canopy opening), shrub fallow (20-80% canopy opening) and Brazil-nut forest ( 10% canopy opening). We measured plant height and diameter annually and recorded mortality and resprouting over ten years. The performance of B. excelsa differed significantly among habitats, with the highest growth rate observed at the highest level of canopy openness (crop field). Survival was highest in crop field (85%) and shrub fallow (63%) and lowest in Brazil-nut forest (17%). Resprouting capacity was higher in the crop field, as Brazil-nut plants recovered after fire episodes, with most plants resprouting more than one shoot. Some trees in the crop field began to produce flowers and fruits at 9-10 years. We showed that B. excelsa juveniles are light-demanding, with higher survival and growth under conditions of high light exposure. We suggest the use of Brazil-nut trees for reforestation, restoration of degraded lands and enrichment of secondary vegetation, as long as an adequate management is adopted (e.g., maintaining plants exposed to direct sunlight and control of competing pioneer species).(AU)

No presente estudo analisamos o crescimento e a sobrevivência da castanheira, Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) em diferentes condições ambientais e níveis de abertura de dossel em plantações experimentais localizadas na bacia do Rio Trombetas, na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Plantamos 144 mudas em habitats antrópicos com diferentes intensidades de luz: roçados recentemente abandonados (100% de abertura de dossel), capoeira de 2-3 anos (20-80% de abertura de dossel) e castanhal maduro ( 10% de abertura de dossel). Anualmente, durante dez anos, medimos a altura e diâmetro das plantas, e registramos mortalidade e rebrotação. A performance de B. excelsa variou significativamente entre os habitats, tendo a taxa de crescimento mais alta sido observada no roçado. A sobrevivência foi mais alta no roçado (85%) e na capoeira (63%) e mais baixa no castanhal (17%). A capacidade de rebrotação das plantas de castanheira foi maior no roçado, onde as plantas de castanheira se recuperaram após episódios de fogo, a maioria com rebrotação de mais de um caule. Algumas plantas do roçado começaram a produzir flores e frutos aos 9-10 anos do plantio. Nós mostramos que plantas jovens de B. excelsa são heliófilas (com alta demanda de luz), com maior crescimento e sobrevivência em condições de alta luminosidade. Sugerimos a utilização da castanheira em programas de reflorestamento, restauração de áreas degradadas e enriquecimento de floresta secundária, sempre que se adotem medidas adequadas de manejo (e.g., manutenção das condições de exposição direta à luz solar e controle de espécies pioneiras competidoras).(AU)