[Analysis on combination regularities of Houxi (SI3) in ancient times of China based on latent structure model].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and application value of combination regularities of acupoint Houxi (SI3) in Chinese ancient times based on latent structure model. METHODS: Relevant articles about SI3 for treating various diseases with acupuncture, moxibustion, acupoint application, etc. were mainly searched from book Chinese Medical Classics (5th edition), followed by establishment of a Database of Houxi Acupoint Recipes. The Lantern 5.0 software was used to construct and analyze the latent structure model of high-frequently-used acupoints. RESULTS: A total of 46 high frequently-used acupoints contained in 240 articles of 26 medical books were collected. The top 7 acupoints are Shenmai (BL62), Hegu (LI4), Qiangu (SI2), Fengchi (GB20), Jianshi (PC5), Wangu (SI4) and Quchi (LI11) in sequence. After modeling the 46 high-frequently used adjunct acupoints, 12 latent variables (Y0-Y11) and 24 latent classes were obtained by setting the cumulative coverage threshold ratio to be 95%. According to the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) measure, the model score was -2 170.68 points. Seven comprehensive clustering models were summarized up according to the latent structure. Compared with the yin meridians, the yang meridians played a more significant role. The multiple combinations of SI3 with specific acupoints provided a reference for clinical practice. The supplementary acupoints mainly distribute in the upper and lower limbs, head, face, neck, etc. and the SI3 acupoint recipes function mainly in dredging and activating meridians and collaterals, clearing away pathologic heat and wind, improving eyesight, and relieving swelling and pain. CONCLUSION: The latent structure model is applicable in analysis of the regularities of SI3 acupoint combination for treating some diseases. Comprehensive clustering is employed to determine the primary acupoint SI3 and adjunct acupoint matching, revealing the common regularity and logical progressive relationship between the primary and secondary points, which may be helpful for teaching, clinical and scientific research.

Common Syndromes of Cerebral Infarction Patients in Rural Areas of Eastern Henan Based on Latent Structure Model and Factor Analysis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the common syndromes of patients with cerebral infarction in rural areas of eastern Henan based on latent structure model and factor analysis，and provide reference for clinical differentiation of cerebral infarction. MethodThe data samples of patients with cerebral infarction in rural areas in eastern Henan were preprocessed. With Lantern 5.0 of latent structure method and LTM-EAST algorithm of two-step latent tree analysis， the manifest variable latent structure model of related symptoms was built to interpret different latent nodes， and common syndromes of cerebral infarction were obtained via comprehensive cluster analysis. SPSS 20.0 was used for factor analysis and cluster analysis of related symptoms to infer the distribution of syndrome types. ResultThe data of 888 patients with cerebral infarction were included， involving symptoms， tongue and pulse （88 in total）. The 65 symptoms with a frequency of ≥5% were constructed into a latent structure model， and 31 latent variables were obtained. The Bayesian information criterion （BIC） score was -15 367.17. Based on professional knowledge， s6 common syndrome types were found， namely， syndrome of upward disturbance of wind-fire， Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome， syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals， syndrome of phlegm-heat and fu-organ excess， syndrome of wind phlegm obstructing collaterals， and syndrome of stirring wind due to yin deficiency. In factor analysis， the symptoms with a frequency of >10% were selected， and 13 common factors were obtained and used for systematic cluster analysis. And 5 syndrome types were inferred： syndrome of wind phlegm obstructing collaterals， syndrome of phlegm-heat and fu-organ excess， Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome， syndrome of combined phlegm and blood stasis， and syndrome of yin deficiency and internal heat. According to the determination criteria of syndrome types in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， 6 common syndrome types of cerebral infarction were finally determined. ConclusionAccording to the severity of the disease， the common syndromes of patients with cerebral infarction in rural areas of Eastern Henan were divided into the following categories： apoplexy involving channel and collateral： syndrome of upward disturbance of wind fire， syndrome of wind phlegm obstructing collaterals， and syndrome of stirring wind due to yin deficiency. Apoplexy involving zang and fu-viscera： syndrome of phlegm-heat and fu-organ excess， and syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals. Recovery period： Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. This study was basically consistent with the syndrome law in TCM theory， and provided reference for further establishing syndrome diagnostic criteria of cerebral infarction.

Syndrome Distribution of 9 323 Cough Cases in Ancient Chinese Medical Books Based on Latent Structure Model and Logistic Regression Analysis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the syndrome distribution of cough cases in ancient Chinese medical books. Method:A total of 9 323 cough cases in the database of lung diseases in ancient Chinese medical books were extracted. Lantern 5.0 was used to construct the latent structure model for the 100 manifest variables based on the first 50 symptoms and 50 Chinese herbal medicines， and different latent nodes were interpreted. The syndrome differentiation patterns of syndromes with symptoms and Chinese herbal medicine （formula） were quantitatively revealed by the comprehensive clustering weights of latent structure. The correlation of diseases with syndromes was fitted through the binary Logistic regression analysis. Result:There were 204 syndromes involved in 9 323 cough cases with 18 syndromes showing a frequency higher than 100. As demonstrated by the model established on the first 50 symptoms and 50 Chinese herbal medicines， 35 latent variables， 98 latent classes， and 10 comprehensive clustering models were obtained， where <italic>Z</italic>5<italic> </italic>was the highest in the threshold value （6.7）， <italic>Z</italic>6 in the information coverage of productive cough （52%）， and <italic>Z</italic>7 in the score （19）. The binary Logistic regression model fitted the correlation between different disease types and five syndromes， where the dominance ratio of external wind to the syndrome of wind-heat invading lung reaching up to 88.919， those of syndrome of phlegm-heat accumulating in lung to diseased heat and sputum 51.594 and 15.861， and those of the syndrome of phlegm-dampness obstructing lung to dampness， phlegm， and fluid retention 31.415， 34.370， and 4.936， respectively. Conclusion:The newly discovered cough syndromes included lung heat and yin deficiency， external cold and internal fluid retention， weakness of spleen and stomach， and phlegm and blood stasis in lung. In most cases， multiple syndromes were observed clinically， such as syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin in lung combined with yin deficiency in lung and kidney. Since differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome is subjective， the weight can indicate the difference in the contributions of different symptoms to the syndrome， which is of guiding significance for syndrome inference. The latent structure model combined with Logistic regression analysis can solve the problem of quantification in TCM syndrome differentiation and can be used to explore the syndrome distribution of diseases.

[Study on syndrome differentiation of ancient arthralgia syndrome and drug use rules based on latent structure model].

In this study, the ancient doctors' concentrated prescriptions for arthralgia syndrome were collected and Lantern 3.2 software was used to construct and analyze the latent structure model of ancient arthralgia syndrome. A total of 10 syndrome types of ancient arthralgia syndrome were obtained, namely, cold-coagulation meridian syndrome(partial Yang deficiency), cold-dampness obstruction syndrome(cold weight), damp-heat obstruction syndrome, liver and kidney deficiency syndrome, essence deficiency syndrome, phlegm and blood stasis syndrome, spleen and stomach Qi deficiency syndrome, dampness evil accumulation syndrome, arthralgia meridian syndrome, cold-dampness binding lung syndrome, meridian obstruction syndrome, and wind-cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome(both wind-cold and dampness). This syndrome differentiation method further strengthened the thought on eight-class syndrome differentiation, and showed the characteristics of different syndrome differentiation types of the core drugs in the latent structure model, which was mainly reflected in paying attention to removing blood stasis and eliminating phlegm with use of pungent taste products having dispersing effect, emphasizing the effect of nourishing Yin and generating marrow to supplement congenital deficiency, invigorating spleen and replenishing Qi to regulate the spleen and stomach functions, nourishing vital energy and expelling evil. In addition, Python 3.7 software was used to mine the frequent item sets and association rules for the frequently used drugs for ancient arthralgia syndrome. The drug compatibility law is characterized by making good use of blood-nourishing drugs. Blood-activating drugs are often compatible with cold-dispelling drugs, liver and kidney tonifying drugs, and wind-dampness-dispelling drugs, following the compatibility principle of dispelling wind and dispelling cold as well as tonifying liver and kidney. The induction of syndrome differentiation types of ancient arthralgia syndrome and the discussion on the characteristics of drug use and compatibility law provide a new way for clinical syndrome differentiation and treatment, with certain reference value for the research and development of new Chinese patent medicines.

[Study on medication regularity of chronic atrophic gastritis in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on latent structure model].

To explore the etiology, pathogenesis, distribution of syndromes and the rule of medication of chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on the latent structure model. Chronic atrophic gastritis of 279 cases in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were extracted from the established database of spleen and stomach diseases of famous veteran Chinese medicine experts. The latent structure models of symptoms and drugs of chronic atrophic gastritis were constructed by using Lantern 3.1.2 software, and the latent structure models were interpreted. SAS 10.0 software was used to mine association rules of drugs and symptoms. The constitutional characteristics of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were "turbid toxin and damaging Yin". The common syndromes were turbid toxin, deficiency of stomach Yin, stagnation of liver and stomach, stagnation of liver and stomach Qi, obstruction of stomach collaterals and blood stasis, and weakness of spleen and stomach. Common medicines are Lobeliae Chinensis Herba, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Amomi Fructus Rotundus, Amomi Fructus, Poria, Isatidis Radix, Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Scorpio, Coptidis Rhizoma, Lilii Bulbus, Linderae Radix, Phragmitis Rhizoma, Ophiopogonis Radix, Pogostemonis Herba, Eupatorii Herba, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. Common prescriptions are Baihe Wuyao Powder, Danggui Shaoyao Powder, Xiaoyao Pills, Xiangsu Powder, Dachengqi Decoction, Zuojin Pills, Qingzhong Decoction, Zhishi Daozhi Pills, etc. The application of latent structure model and correlation analysis in the empirical study of famous and veteran Chinese medicine experts is in line with the research direction of modern Chinese medicine "traditional Chinese medicine + X". The conclusions obtained effectively tap the experience of famous and veteran TCM experts, and provide a data and visual clinical reference and prescription compatibility for young TCM physicians in the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis based on syndrome differentiation.

Prescriptions and Syndromes of 9 323 Cough Cases in Ancient Chinese Medical Books Based on Rules of Latent Structure Differentiation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore cough cases recorded in ancient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) books based on the Rules of Latent Structure Differentiation. Method:The 9 323 cough cases in the database of ancient TCM books and pulmonary diseases were extracted. At first, Lantern 5.0 software was used to construct the top 120 TCM hidden structure model with the frequency>100. Then, the obtained hidden variables were comprehensively clustered and interpreted. Result:The 46 hidden variables and 114 hidden classes were obtained through the modeling of 120 traditional Chinese medicines. According to the bayesian information measure (BIC) score, the model score was -161 242.92. The model diagram was formed with Y0, Y5, Y7, Y13, Y35 and Y38 as the cores, and Y36, Y38, Y24, Y19 and Y17 involved 4 hidden classes. Ten comprehensive clustering models were summarized according to the hidden structure flow chart, among which the highest score of Z5 external cold and internal decoction syndrome was 8.4, indicating that the result of syndrome differentiation rules of Z5 had a high degree of support, and the highest mutual information degree and information coverage of Pinellia sinensis were 0.31 and 63%. Z2 had a low score for the syndrome of deficiency of lung qi and Yin, which was -2， and Schisandra had the lowest score of -15, indicating that the syndrome differentiation rules of Z2 was less supportive. Forsythia and Notopterygium both had the highest score of Z6 wind-heat attack lung syndrome and Z10 phlegm and blood-stasis pulmonary syndrome, which was 19.1, indicating that these two TCMs had a great contribution to it. According to the test, the common syndromes of cough were cold and dryness attacking the lung, kidney-Yin deficiency, kidney-Yin deficiency of the lung, cold and internal decoction, wind heat invading the lung, liver fire invading the lung, lung heat burning, phlegm-dampness blocking the lung, phlegm-stasis blocking the lung. The newly discovered cough syndromes were external cold and internal rheum syndrome and phlegm-stasis blocking the lung syndrome. Conclusion:Based on the syndrome differentiation rules of hidden structure, the improved classification of cough syndromes provides ideas for the demonstration of tacit knowledge of TCM and methodological reference for the improvement of syndromes of other diseases, and is conducive to the development of valuable new prescriptions.

[Acupoint selection pattern of chronic atrophic gastritis based on data mining methods of latent structure model and frequency item set].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the acupoint selection pattern of chronic atrophic gastritis and provide reference for clinical treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis. METHODS: The literature regarding acupuncture for chronic atrophic gastritis published before September 5th of 2016 was searched in the databases of CNKI, CBM, PubMed, etc. The information of symptoms and acupoint selection was extracted to establish medical database of chronic atrophic gastritis. The data mining methods of latent structure model and frequency item set were applied to analyze the acupoint selection pattern of chronic atrophic gastritis. RESULTS: A total of 42 papers were collected in preliminary screening, and 32 papers were included, involving 604 medical cases. The data mining indicated 215 symptoms were involved in medical cases, including 16 high-frequency symptoms (stomach pain, stomach distension and hiccup, etc.), and the latent structure model of chronic atrophic gastritis symptoms was established. Fifty-two acupoints were identified, and high-frequency acupoints included Zusanli (ST 36), Zhongwan (CV 12), Neiguan (PC 6) and Weishu (BL 21), etc. Five frequency item sets of symptom-acupoint were identified, including stomach pain+stomach distension+Zusanli (ST 36)+Zhongwan (CV 12), etc. Six frequency item sets of symptom-syndrome-acupoint were identified, including stomach distension+dry mouth+dry defecation+insufficiency of stomach yin+Sanyinjiao (SP 6). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture for chronic atrophic gastritis selected Zusanli (ST 36), Zhongwan (CV 12) and Neiguan (PC 6) as main acupoints, and selected other acupoints based on clinical symptoms. This could provide reference for clinical treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis.

Acupoint selection pattern of chronic atrophic gastritis based on data mining methods of latent structure model and frequency item set / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the acupoint selection pattern of chronic atrophic gastritis and provide reference for clinical treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The literature regarding acupuncture for chronic atrophic gastritis published before September 5th of 2016 was searched in the databases of CNKI, CBM, PubMed, etc. The information of symptoms and acupoint selection was extracted to establish medical database of chronic atrophic gastritis. The data mining methods of latent structure model and frequency item set were applied to analyze the acupoint selection pattern of chronic atrophic gastritis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 42 papers were collected in preliminary screening, and 32 papers were included, involving 604 medical cases. The data mining indicated 215 symptoms were involved in medical cases, including 16 high-frequency symptoms (stomach pain, stomach distension and hiccup, etc.), and the latent structure model of chronic atrophic gastritis symptoms was established. Fifty-two acupoints were identified, and high-frequency acupoints included Zusanli (ST 36), Zhongwan (CV 12), Neiguan (PC 6) and Weishu (BL 21), etc. Five frequency item sets of symptom-acupoint were identified, including stomach pain+stomach distension+Zusanli (ST 36)+Zhongwan (CV 12), etc. Six frequency item sets of symptom-syndrome-acupoint were identified, including stomach distension+dry mouth+dry defecation+insufficiency of stomach +Sanyinjiao (SP 6).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Acupuncture for chronic atrophic gastritis selected Zusanli (ST 36), Zhongwan (CV 12) and Neiguan (PC 6) as main acupoints, and selected other acupoints based on clinical symptoms. This could provide reference for clinical treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis.</p>

Bayesian latent structure models with space-time-dependent covariates.

Spatial-temporal data requires flexible regression models which can model the dependence of responses on space- and time-dependent covariates. In this paper, we describe a semiparametric space-time model from a Bayesian perspective. Nonlinear time dependence of covariates and the interactions among the covariates are constructed by local linear and piecewise linear models, allowing for more flexible orientation and position of the covariate plane by using time-varying basis functions. Space-varying covariate linkage coefficients are also incorporated to allow for the variation of space structures across the geographical location. The formulation accommodates uncertainty in the number and locations of the piecewise basis functions to characterize the global effects, spatially structured and unstructured random effects in relation to covariates. The proposed approach relies on variable selection-type mixture priors for uncertainty in the number and locations of basis functions and in the space-varying linkage coefficients. A simulation example is presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach with the competing models. A real data example is used for illustration.