A task-dependent analysis of closed vs. open and fine vs. gross motor skills in handedness.

The traditional classifications of motor skills nature (open vs closed; fine vs gross) have not been considered in handedness investigations. Instead, previous research focused on comparing complex vs less complex motor behaviour, leaving a gap in the literature. We compared manual preference between different motor skill characteristics, namely: fine and closed (FC), gross and closed (GC) and gross and open (GO) tasks. The hand preference was assessed with the Global Lateral Preference Inventory in four hundred and forty participants (244 women) aged from 18 to 59 years old. By assessing the degree and direction of handedness in different motor skills, our results showed a stronger lateralization pattern for FC motor skills as compared to GC and GO, with GO also being less lateralized than GC. Our results expand those of previous investigations that used the motor skill complexity definitions by showing how handedness can also be modulated by the interaction between classic motor skills classifications. Future research should consider fine vs. gross and open vs. closed classifications when selecting tasks for analysis of asymmetries of preference.

Forearm Posture Affects the Corticospinal Excitability of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Hand Muscles in Dominant and Nondominant Sides.

Different forearm postures can modulate corticospinal excitability. However, there is no consensus on whether handedness plays a role in such a mechanism. This study investigated the effects of 3 forearm postures (pronation, neutral, and supination) on the corticospinal excitability of muscles from the dominant and nondominant upper limbs. Surface electromyography was recorded from the abductor digiti minimi, flexor pollicis brevis, and flexor carpi radialis from both sides of 12 right-handed volunteers. Transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses were applied to each muscle's hotspot in both cerebral hemispheres. Motor-evoked potential peak-to-peak amplitude and latency and resting motor threshold were measured. The data were evaluated by analysis of variance. The level of significance was set at 5%. The resting motor threshold was similar for the 3 muscles and both sides. Motor-evoked potential peak-to-peak amplitude from flexor pollicis brevis was lower during supination, and the dominant upper limb latency was longer. The flexor carpi radialis presented lower motor-evoked potential peak-to-peak amplitudes for neutral and shorter latencies during supination. Abductor digiti minimi seemed not to be affected by posture or side. Different muscles from dominant and nondominant sides may undergo corticospinal modulation, even distally localized from a particular joint and under rest.

Beyond handedness: assessing younger adults and older people lateral preference in six laterality dimensions.

Lateral preference is influenced by many different factors. Although studies that assessed handedness contributed greatly to our understanding of the phenomenon, looking to other dimensions of motor laterality, such as lower limbs, trunk, visual and hearing preference, may be an interesting strategy to further advance in the field. Comparing different age groups with a complete inventory also contributes to understanding the ageing impact on these variables. Our aim, therefore, was to assess six motor laterality dimensions in younger adults and older people. Two hundred subjects participated in this study (102 adults, 30.6 ± 11.2 years old, and 98 elders, 70.4 ± 7.22 years old) and lateral preference was assessed by the Global Lateral Preference Inventory. We verified significant differences between groups in all dimensions, except the visual one, with proportionally stronger right preference in the older group. Compared to other dimensions, higher frequency of ambidexterity was observed in trunk, hearing and visual preference for both groups. These results might indicate that lateral preference is, indeed, multifactorial, being affected by ageing, task complexity and other possible related aspects.

Preferência lateral percebida e diagnosticada em adolescentes / Lateral perceived and diagnosed preference in teenagers / Preferencia lateral percibida en adolescentes diagnosticados

Resumo O estudo analisou a percepção e a preferência lateral global de adolescentes (11-15 anos). Para tal, 153 adolescentes foram submetidos ao inventário de preferência lateral global (Iplag). Os participantes foram classificados como "moderadamente destros" na preferência lateral global percebida. A preferência lateral diagnosticada classificou os participantes como fortemente destros para membros superiores, membros inferiores, audição e visão e como moderadamente destros para tronco. Portanto, os adolescentes apresentaram-se como fortemente destros para preferência lateral global. Os escores de coerência entre a preferência lateral percebida e a preferência lateral diagnosticada demonstraram que os participantes têm grande conhecimento sobre sua preferência lateral.

Abstract The study analyzed the global lateral perception and preference of teenagers (11-15 years old). Within this scope, the study involved 153 teenagers, which were submitted to answer the Global Lateral Preference Inventory (Iplag). The participants were classified as "moderate right-handed" for perceived global lateral preference. In relation to lateral preference, they were classified as "strong right-handed" for the upper limbs, lower limbs, hearing and vision, and "moderate right-handed" for the trunk. Thus, the teenagers were classified as "strong right-handed" for the global lateral preference. The scores of consistency between lateral preference and perceived lateral preference showed that participants had great knowledge about their lateral preference.

Resumen El estudio analizó la percepción global lateral y la preferencia de los adolescentes (11-15 años). En este ámbito, en el estudio participaron 153 adolescentes, los cuales respondieron el Inventario Global de Preferencia Lateral (IPLAG). Los participantes se clasificaron como "moderadamente diestros" en la preferencia global lateral percibida. En relación con la preferencia lateral, se los clasificó como "fuertemente diestros" de los miembros superiores, miembros inferiores, audición y visión, y "moderado diestros" del tronco. Por lo tanto, a los adolescentes se los clasificó como "fuertemente diestros" de la preferencia lateral global. Las puntuaciones de la coherencia entre la preferencia lateral y la preferencia lateral percibida mostró que los participantes conocían muy bien su preferencia lateral.

Efeito da restrição espacial do ambiente na preferência manual em tarefa de alcance em adultos jovens / Effect of spatial constraint of the environment on the hand preference in reaching task in young adults / Efecto de la restricción espacial del entorno en la preferencia manual en una tarea de alcance en adultos jóvenes

Resumo A preferência manual (direção e magnitude) na tarefa de alcançar em adultos foi analisada em função da localização espacial de um objeto no ambiente. Trinta participantes fizeram a tarefa de alcançar um cilindro, devendo-se escolher apenas uma das mãos para fazer a tarefa, a 50 cm de distância em cinco posições diferentes em relação ao plano sagital do participante. Duas condições foram cumpridas: conforto (sem restrição da velocidade) e velocidade (movimento feito o mais rapidamente possível). Anova de Friedman apontou diferença (X230,9 = 122,17; p < 0,001) e o teste de Wilcoxon apontou maiores escores nas posições de 90°, 120° e 150° em comparação com 30° e 60° para ambas as condições (p < 0,01) demonstrando alcances ipsilaterais. Tais resultados foram explicados pela restrição biomecânica para fazer a tarefa, modulando a preferência manual, de acordo com a localização espacial dos objetos no ambiente.

Abstract The manual preference in a reaching task in adults was analyzed according to the spatial location of an object in the environment. Thirty participants performed the task of reaching a cylinder, with one hand, at 50 cm distance in five different positions in relation to the sagittal plane of the participant. Two conditions were performed: comfort and speed. Friedman' s ANOVA showed difference (X230,9 = 122.17; p < 0.001) and the Wilcoxon' s test showed higher scores at positions 90°, 120° and 150° in comparison 30° and 60°, for both conditions (p < 0.01) showing ipsilateral reaches. These results were explained by the biomechanics restriction to perform the task, modulating the manual preference, according to the spatial location of objects in the environment.

Resumen Se analizó la preferencia manual en una tarea de alcance en adultos en función de la ubicación espacial de un objeto en el entorno. Treinta participantes realizaron la tarea de alcanzar un cilindro, con una sola mano, a una distancia de 50 cm en cinco posiciones diferentes en relación con el plano sagital del participante. Dos condiciones se cumplieron: comodidad y velocidad. La prueba ANOVA de Friedman mostró una diferencia (χ230,9 = 122,17; p < 0,001) y la prueba de Wilcoxon mostró puntuaciones más altas en las posiciones de 90̊, 120̊ y 150̊ en comparación con las de 30̊ y 60̊, en ambas condiciones (p < 0,01), lo que demostró alcances ipsilaterales. Estos resultados se debieron a la biomecánica de restricción para realizar la tarea mediante la modulación de la preferencia manual, de acuerdo con la ubicación espacial de los objetos en el entorno.