My path to primatology: some stories from the field.

In this paper, I summarize the major facets of my 50-year career as a primatologist. I briefly describe the aspects of my upbringing and early education that led me to the study of primate behavior, first in captive settings and, later, in the wild. My research on the Arashiyama West Japanese macaques and my interactions with Japanese primatologists was a formative stage in my career, and I present the background of this international project and how it led to my growing focus on female life history studies. After a couple of failed attempts to establish a long-term study of primates in their native habitats, I began the Santa Rosa Primate Project in Costa Rica in 1983, which focuses mainly on white-faced capuchins, and to some extent on howlers and spider monkeys. The Santa Rosa project has expanded over the past four decades and continues to this day, with the participation of a large team of colleagues, local field assistants and students. I present some of the major findings of our Santa Rosa monkey research in the areas of female reproduction, sexual conflict and conservation of primates in a regenerating tropical dry forest. I also briefly describe how and why I came to develop a sideline of research on gender and science.

Representaciones sociales del trabajo textil en bolivianos migrantes en Buenos Aires / Social representations of textile work in migrant bolivians in Buenos Aires / Representações sociais do trabalho têxtil em bolivianos migrantes em Buenos Aires

Este artículo describe las representaciones sociales del "trabajo textil" en bolivianos que viven y trabajan en Buenos Aires - Argentina. La migración boliviana tiene larga data en el país vecino, y el trabajo textil se ha constituido en la principal ocupación, por encima de la horticultura y el trabajo en construcción. En este artículo se presenta al "trabajo textil" como una ocupación atravesada por la clandestinidad, ilegalidad, explotación laboral, trata y tráfico de personas, precarización laboral y trabajo esclavo. Los resultados indican que los bolivianos trabajadores construyen su identidad sin desapegarse a sus costumbres, experimentando el fatalismo y el conformismo como consecuencias sociales de la explotación y precarización laboral. Los patrones en común indican que el trabajo textil es una forma de vida que implica el abandono de la idea de retorno y la consecución de un duelo perpetuo, teniendo como objeto de duelo al propio país (Bolivia). Estas construcciones recaen en una serie de conflictos internos, sociales y sanitarios. El trabajo textil se convierte en un fenómeno que explica la cadena de valor de la explotación por trabajo en situación de explotación, pero en los bolivianos cobra otra dimensión a partir de sus representaciones sociales que se ven articuladas y a la vez dicotómicas.

This article describes the social representations of "textile work" in Bolivians who live and work in Buenos Aires - Argentina. Bolivian migration has a long history in the neighboring country, and textile work has become the main occupation, above horticulture and construction work. In this article, "textile work" is presented as an occupation traversed by secrecy, illegality, labor exploitation, human trafficking and smuggling, job insecurity and slave labor. The results indicate that working Bolivians build their identity without detaching themselves from their customs, experiencing fatalism and conformism as social consequences of exploitation and job insecurity. The common patterns indicate that textile work is a way of life that implies the abandonment of the idea of ​​return and the achievement of a perpetual mourning, having the country itself (Bolivia) as the object of mourning. These constructions fall into a series of internal, social and health conflicts. Textile work becomes a phenomenon that explains the value chain of exploitation by work in a situation of exploitation, but in Bolivians it takes on another dimension from their social representations that are articulated and at the same time dichotomous.

Este artigo descreve as representações sociais do "trabalho têxtil" em bolivianos que vivem e trabalham em Buenos Aires - Argentina. A migração boliviana tem uma longa história no país vizinho, e o trabalho têxtil tornou-se a principal ocupação, acima da horticultura e da construção civil. Neste artigo, o "trabalho têxtil" é apresentado como uma ocupação atravessada pelo sigilo, ilegalidade, exploração laboral, tráfico e contrabando de pessoas, precarização do emprego e trabalho escravo. Os resultados indicam que os trabalhadores bolivianos constroem sua identidade sem se desvincular de seus costumes, vivenciando o fatalismo e o conformismo como consequências sociais da exploração e da precarização do trabalho. Os padrões comuns indicam que o trabalho têxtil é um modo de vida que implica o abandono da ideia de retorno e a conquista de um luto perpétuo, tendo o próprio país (Bolívia) como objeto de luto. Essas construções se enquadram em uma série de conflitos internos, sociais e de saúde. O trabalho têxtil torna-se um fenômeno que explica a cadeia de valor da exploração pelo trabalho em situação de exploração, mas nos bolivianos assume outra dimensão a partir de suas representações sociais que são articuladas e ao mesmo tempo dicotômicas.

Indicadores socioculturais e histórias de vida de idosos longevos: heterogeneidade e ressignificações de hábitos na velhice / Sociocultural indicators and life histories of longlived elderly: heterogeneity and resignification of habits in old age / Indicadores socioculturales e historias de vida de las personas mayores: heterogeneidad y resignificación de hábitos en la vejez

Ao conceber o envelhecimento como um fenômeno complexo caracterizado por múltiplos dilemas e desafios, justifica-se o objetivo deste estudo: Delinear o perfil de um grupo de idosos longevos da cidade de São Paulo, SP, e evidenciar as articulações de suas trajetórias e hábitos de vida com indicadores socioculturais que caracterizam o contexto dos ambientes de sua convivência, na perspectiva de promover o envelhecimento com qualidade de vida. O estudo foi realizado por meio de abordagem qualitativa, utilização de entrevistas com idosos de idade igual ou superior a oitenta anos. As análises pautaram-se em categorias previamente definidas e permitiram evidenciar a heterogeneidade de percepções e condutas motivadas por estímulos socioculturais, o que instiga a constante ressignificação do envelhecimento, da velhice e do ser idoso, tendo em vista a desejável qualidade de vida.

When conceiving aging as a complex phenomenon characterized by multiple dilemmas and challenges, the aim of this study is justified: to outline the profile of a long-lived elderly sample living in São Paulo, SP, and highlight the articulations of their trajectories and life habits with sociocultural indicators which characterize the context of the coexistence environments, in the perspective of promoting aging with quality of life. The study was carried out by a qualitative approach, using interviews with elderly aged eighty years old and over. The analyses were based on previously defined categories and made it possible to highlight the heterogeneity of perceptions and behaviors motivated by sociocultural stimuli, which instigates the constant remeaning of aging, of old age and of the elderly, considering the quality of life expected.

Al diseñar el envejecimiento como un fenómeno complejo caracterizado por múltiples dilemas y desafíos, el propósito de este estudio se justifica: delinear el perfil de un grupo de personas mayores que viven en la ciudad de São Paulo, estado de São Paulo, y destacar las articulaciones de sus trayectorias y hábitos de vida con indicadores socioculturales que caracterizan el contexto de los entornos de convivencia, en la perspectiva de promover el envejecimiento con calidad de vida. El estudio se llevó a cabo a través de un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando entrevistas con personas mayores de 80 años o más. Los análisis se basaron en categorías previamente definidas y permitieron mostrar la heterogeneidad de las percepciones y comportamientos motivados por estímulos socioculturales, lo que fomenta la constante significación del envejecimiento, la vejez y los ancianos, en vista de la calidad de vida deseable.

Embryonal life histories: Desiccation plasticity and diapause in the Argentinean pearlfish Austrolebias bellottii.

Embryos of annual killifish diapause in soil egg banks while ponds are dry. Their rates of development and survival in different developmental stages determine the numbers and stages of embryos at rewetting. In the Argentinean pearlfish Austrolebias bellottii, we investigated plasticity for desiccation in such embryonal life history components across phases of mild desiccation and rewetting and also effects of life history on hatching. In comparison with nonannuals, our data suggest that incidences of diapause have become relatively independent of the occurrence of desiccation, as if they have become genetically assimilated. We found limited survival effects of desiccation, limited developmental delays, and an acceleration of development into the prehatching stage. This response can be adaptive when desiccation informs that an opportunity to hatch approaches. Embryos arrest development in the prehatching stage (diapause DIII) or in the dispersed-cell phase (diapause DI). Parental pair variation in rates of development and survival in the earliest developmental stages affects the fraction of embryos that are in DI at rewetting and the number surviving. Given such effects on life history fitness components, rates during embryonal development seem "visible" to selection and the developmental system can thus adapt when pair variation contains a heritable component. In agreement with expectations for the presence of diversified bet-hedging, some embryos hatched and others not in over half of the clutches with several developed embryos at the moment of rewetting. Hatching probabilities increased for eggs produced later in the experiment, and they increased when embryos were rewetted a second time after two months. This response is opposite of what is expected when age-dependent hatching would be adapted to exploit opportunities for completing another generation before the dry season.

Thorson's rule, life-history evolution, and diversification of benthic octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodoidea).

Here, we evaluate the so-called Thorson's rule, which posits that direct-development and larger eggs are favored toward the poles in marine organisms and whose validity been the subject of considerable debate in the literature, combining an expanded phenotypic dataset encompassing 60 species of benthic octopuses with a new molecular phylogeny. Phylogenetic reconstruction shows two clades: clade 1 including species of the families Eledonidae, Megaleledonidae, Bathypolypodidae, and Enteroctopodidae, and clade 2 including species of Octopodidae. Egg size, development mode, and all environmental variables exhibited phylogenetic signal, partly due to differences between the two clades: whereas most species in clade 1 inhabit cold and deep waters, exhibit large eggs and hatchling with holobenthic development, species from clade 2 inhabit tropical-temperate and shallow waters, evolved small eggs, and generally exhibit merobenthic development. Phylogenetic regressions show that egg size exhibits a conspicuous latitudinal cline, and that both egg size and development mode vary with water temperature. Additionally, analyses suggest that egg size is constrained by body size in lineages with holobenthic development. Taken together, results suggest that the variation in egg size and development mode across benthic octopuses is adaptive and associated with water temperature, supporting Thorson's rule in these organisms.

Drivers of Diversification in Individual Life Courses.

Heterogeneity in life courses among individuals of a population influences the speed of adaptive evolutionary processes, but it is less clear how biotic and abiotic environmental fluctuations influence such heterogeneity. We investigate principal drivers of variability in sequence of stages during an individual's life in a stage-structured population. We quantify heterogeneity by measuring population entropy of a Markov chain, which computes the rate of diversification of individual life courses. Using individual data of a primate population, we show that density regulates the stage composition of the population but that its entropy and the generating moments of heterogeneity are independent of density. This lack of influence of density on heterogeneity is due to neither low year-to-year variation in entropy nor differences in survival among stages but is rather due to differences in stage transitions. Our analysis thus shows that well-known classical ecological selective forces, such as density regulation, are not linked to potential selective forces governing heterogeneity through underlying stage dynamics. Despite evolution acting heavily on individual variability in fitness components, our understanding is poor whether observed heterogeneity is adaptive and how it evolves and is maintained. Our analysis illustrates how entropy represents a more integrated measure of diversity compared to the population structural composition, giving us new insights about the underlying drivers of individual heterogeneity within populations and potential evolutionary mechanisms.

Implicaciones de la precipitación sobre la evolución del tamaño corporal y distancia interaxilar en el complejo Aspidoscelis gularis (Squamata: Teiidae) / Rainfall implications on body size evolution of Aspidoscelis gularis (Squamata: Teiidae)

ResumenLas historias de vida son atributos altamente variables que maximizan la adecuación de los organismos. Se ha documentado la relación del peso y el tamaño corporal sobre estos atributos, los cuales además estan influidos por variaciones ambientales y la heterogeneidad del hábitat. El tamaño y forma corporal son considerados atributos de historia de vida, los cuales estan principalmente asociados a la precipitación que promueve la cantidad de recursos disponibles en el ambiente. En el género Aspidoscelis el tamaño y masa relativa de la nidada estan asociados principalmente a la latitud y altitud. En Aspidoscelis gularis la precipitación de invierno favorece dos temporadas reproductoras, lo que determina que el tamaño de nidada sea variable en cada puesta. Las muestras fueron tomadas de mayo-julio 2013 y mayo-septiembre 2015. Se obtuvieron un total de 65 individuos de los cuales se tomaron medidas de longitud del cuerpo y distancia interaxilar, así como muestras de tejido hepático para la extracción de ADN y obtener las relaciones filogenéticas con respecto a un análisis de Inferencia Bayesiana para posteriormente aplicar los Métodos Comparados Filogenéticos como señal filogenética, contrastes filogenéticamente independientes y la reconstrucción del carácter ancestral. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados muestran que en el tamaño y forma del cuerpo existe poca señal filogenética, en tanto que los contrastes filogenéticamente independientes y la reconstrucción del carácter ancestral sugieren que los tamaños corporales pequeños están asociadas a localidades con mayor cantidad de precipitación, lo que puede estar relacionado con un establecimiento de la madurez sexual temprana lo cual es el reflejo de la talla máxima de los adultos. Además, de acuerdo a un ANOVA y un ANCOVA hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tamaño y forma corporal respectivamente, lo que promueve un sistema para la competencia sexual para machos y un sistema para la fecundidad en hembras. Estos resultados son importantes para determinar el efecto de la precipitación sobre algunas características de historia de vida, lo que indica que las lagartijas del complejo sureste del complejo A. gularis son capaces de enfrentar diferentes presiones de selección, impuestas por el ambiente.

AbstractLife history traits are highly variable attributes that maximize organisms's fitness. The relationship of weight and body size with environmental changes and habitat heterogeneity has been documented in previous reports; and size and body shapes are both considered life history attributes that are associated with rainfall, that boost available resources in the environment. While in Aspidoscelis genus, clutch size and relative mass are mainly associated with latitude and altitude, in Aspidoscelis gularis, winter rainfall favors two reproductive seasons, which may determine season variable clutch size. With the aim to study this, samplings were undertaken from May-July 2013, and May-September 2015. A total of 65 individuals lizards of the Southeast clade were obtained, and body length and interaxilar distance measurements were taken; furthermore, hepatic tissue samples were taken for DNA extraction, which allowed us to analyze phylogenetic relationships through a Bayesian Inference analysis, and subsequently, to apply Phylogenetic Comparative Methods (like phylogenetic signal, phylogenetically independent contrasts and reconstruction of ancestral character). Our results showed that there is a low phylogenetic signal regarding body size and shape, while the phylogenetically independent contrasts and reconstruction of ancestral characters suggest that small body sizes are associated to locations with highest rainfall. This can be associated to an establishment of an early sexual maturity, which reflects the maximum size of adults. Furthermore, according to an ANOVA and ANCOVA, there were statistically significant differences in body size and shape respectively, which promote a system for sexual competition for males and a system for fertility in females. These results were important to determine the effect of rainfall on some life history traits, pointing out that lizards of the Southeast clade, belonging to the A. gularis complex were able to face different selection pressures, determined by the environment.

Intrapopulation variability in the timing of ontogenetic habitat shifts in sea turtles revealed using δ15 N values from bone growth rings.

Determining location and timing of ontogenetic shifts in the habitat use of highly migratory species, along with possible intrapopulation variation in these shifts, is essential for understanding mechanisms driving alternate life histories and assessing overall population trends. Measuring variations in multi-year habitat-use patterns is especially difficult for remote oceanic species. To investigate the potential for differential habitat use among migratory marine vertebrates, we measured the naturally occurring stable nitrogen isotope (δ15 N) patterns that differentiate distinct ocean regions to create a 'regional isotope characterization', analysed the δ15 N values from annual bone growth layer rings from dead-stranded animals, and then combined the bone and regional isotope data to track individual animal movement patterns over multiple years. We used humeri from juvenile North Pacific loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), animals that undergo long migrations across the North Pacific Ocean (NPO), using multiple discrete regions as they develop to adulthood. Typical of many migratory marine species, ontogenetic changes in habitat use throughout their decades-long juvenile stage is poorly understood, but each potential habitat has unique foraging opportunities and spatially explicit natural and anthropogenic threats that could affect key life-history parameters. We found a bimodal size/age distribution in the timing that juveniles underwent an ontogenetic habitat shift from the oceanic central North Pacific (CNP) to the neritic east Pacific region near the Baja California Peninsula (BCP) (42·7 ± 7·2 vs. 68·3 ± 3·4 cm carapace length, 7·5 ± 2·7 vs. 15·6 ± 1·7 years). Important to the survival of this population, these disparate habitats differ considerably in their food availability, energy requirements and threats, and these differences can influence life-history parameters such as growth, survival and future fecundity. This is the first evidence of alternative ontogenetic shifts and habitat-use patterns for juveniles foraging in the eastern NPO. We combine two techniques, skeletochronology and stable isotope analysis, to reconstruct multi-year habitat-use patterns of a remote migratory species, linked to estimated ages and body sizes of individuals, to reveal variable ontogeny during the juvenile life stage that could drive alternate life histories and that has the potential to illuminate the migration patterns for other species with accretionary tissues.

Superfetation in live-bearing fishes is not always the result of a morphological constraint.

Superfetation is an unusual reproductive strategy that consists of the presence of multiple broods at different developmental stages within a single female. One hypothesis that was proposed to explain its adaptive significance suggests that, in fishes, superfetation is a response to selective pressures that promote a thin and streamlined body shape, such as high-velocity water systems. Superfetation may allow for reduction in ovary size and hence improve streamlining because superfetating females carry few large, full-term embryos at any given time. We tested this morphological constraint hypothesis using reproductive and morphological data from several populations of two viviparous fishes of the family Poeciliidae (Poeciliopsis gracilis and Poeciliopsis infans). We found no evidence to support the morphological constraint hypothesis. In both species the degree of superfetation varied as a function of a complex interaction between source population and female size, and this interpopulation variation was not associated with the velocity of the water current. Contrary to what we expected, females of P. gracilis with more streamlined bodies were observed in rivers where water velocity is slow or moderate. In P. infans the velocity of the water current did not predict variation in body shape. Our results are noteworthy because a previous study which focused on a congeneric species (Poeciliopsis turrubarensis) demonstrated strong support for this hypothesis. However, based on our evidence we conclude that the association among increased superfetation, streamlined morphologies, and fast-flowing environments is not a general rule and that the adaptive value of superfetation may differ among species.

Histórias de vida, homeopatia e educação permanente: construindo o cuidado compartilhado / Life stories, homeopathy and permanent education: construction of shared healthcare

Inspirando-se no método homeopático de coleta de dados, e sob a perspectiva da educação permanente em saúde, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as possibilidades, para o cuidado em saúde, que a construção de histórias de vida podem oferecer, em encontros organizados para a elaboração coletiva de projetos terapêuticos compartilhados. São discutidas algumas mudanças que decorreram do emprego dessa estratégia, seja no reposicionamento mútuo de trabalhadores e usuários, seja em uma nova abordagem dos casos pelas equipes, mudanças essas que parecem ter fortalecido o estabelecimento de encontros produtores do cuidado. Conclui-se que, no âmbito deste estudo, as histórias de vida, ao intensificarem a operação coletiva de tecnologias leves em um convite ao projeto terapêutico compartilhado, propiciaram a ampliação da porosidade das equipes e o reconhecimento do usuário como interlocutor válido, favorecendo a reorientação dos demais planos tecnológicos do trabalho em saúde, operando assim como potentes dispositivos para a produção do cuidado em saúde.

Taking its inspiration from the homeopathic method of collecting data, and acting in a context of permanent education in health, this study aimed to analyze the possibilities that can be offered for healthcare by construction of Life Histories, in organized encounters for collective elaboration of shared therapeutic projects. Some changes that arose from the use of this strategy are discussed: health workers and users changed their stances in relation to each other; teams looked at cases with a new approach; and both these developments appeared to have created stronger and more effective encounters to produce care. It is concluded that, in the ambit of this study, Life Histories, by intensifying the collective operation of soft technologies, in an invitation to the shared therapeutic project, increased the porosity of the teams, and the recognition of the user as a valid interlocutor. The conclusion favors reorientation of approach to the other technological levels in health work, and recognition of Life Histories as powerful elements for production of effective healthcare.

Disentangling trait-based mortality in species with decoupled size and age.

1. Size and age are fundamental organismal traits, and typically, both are good predictors of mortality. For many species, however, size and age predict mortality in ontogenetically opposing directions. Specifically, mortality due to predation is often more intense on smaller individuals whereas mortality due to senescence impacts, by definition, on older individuals. 2. When size-based and age-based mortality are independent in this manner, modelling mortality in both traits is often necessary. Classical approaches, such as Leslie or Lefkovitch matrices, usually require the model to infer the state of one trait from the state of the other, for example by assuming that explicitly modelled age (or stage) class structure provides implicit information on underlying size-class structure, as is the case in many species. 3. However, the assumption that one trait informs on the other is challenged when size and age are decoupled, as often occurs in invertebrates, amphibians, fish, reptiles and plants. In these cases, age-structured models may perform poorly at capturing size-based mortality, and vice versa. 4. We offer a solution to this dilemma, relaxing the assumption that class structure in one trait is inferable from class structure in another trait. Using empirical data from a reef fish, Sparisoma viride (Scaridae), we demonstrate how an individual-based model (IBM) can be implemented to model mortality as explicit, independent and simultaneous functions of individual size and age - an approach that mimics the effects of mortality in many wild populations. By validating this 'multitrait IBM' against three independent lines of empirical data, we determine that the approach produces more convincing predictions of size-class structure, longevity and post-settlement mortality for S. viride than do the trait-independent or single-trait mortality models tested. 5. Multitrait IBMs also allow trait-based mortality to be modelled either additively or multiplicatively, and individual variability in growth rates can be accommodated. Consequently, we propose that the approach may be useful in fields that may benefit from disentangling, or investigating interactions among, size-based and age-based demographic processes, including comparative demography (e.g. life-history consequences of resource patchiness) and conservation biology (e.g. impacts of invasive predators on size structure but not life span of natives).

Palavras náufragas: relatos de vida de uma moradora de rua em Brasília / Castaway words: life histories of a homeless in Brasília

Este artigo busca apresentar a construção de um planejamento metodológico de uma pesquisa realizada com população em situação de rua em Brasília (Brasil), partindo da ideia de que um processo de pesquisa, mais do que ações instrumentais visando objetivos claros e percursos pré-definidos, também é uma forma de encontro, que envolve tanto situações concretas como fatores subjetivos e emocionais. A partir do relato de vida de uma moradora de rua busca-se discutir e analisar aquilo que chamamos de "palavras náufragas", indicadoras tanto da sua condição social e estrutural, como de suas vivências psíquicas e construções simbólicas. Nesse sentido, este artigo tenta construir um diálogo entre o material teórico e de campo e uma perspectiva psicanalítica acerca, principalmente, do trabalho analítico a partir da relação da dupla.

This article intends to present the elaboration of a methodological planning of a survey about the homeless population in Brasilia (Brazil). It starts from the idea that a research process rather than instrumental actions searching clear and pre-defined pathways, it is also a way of meeting, that involves both concrete situations and subjective and emotional factors. From the life history of a homeless, we pretend to discuss and analyze what we call 'castaway words', that indicates both social and structural condition and psychic and symbolic constructions. This article attempts to build a dialogue between theoretical and field material and a psychoanalytic perspective based on the relationship of the analitical pair.

When Sex Work Becomes Your Everything: The Complex Linkages Between Economy and Affection Among Male Sex Workers in Peru.

In Peru, there are few studies on male sex workers (MSWs), and existing studies explore limited subgroups or offer limited information about MSWs' perspectives. This study provides in-depth perspectives from 40 MSWs who work in downtown Lima (Cercado) and in surrounding urban neighborhoods (non-Cercado) through interviews on their identities, lives, and HIV/STI (sexually transmitted infection) risks and vulnerabilities. Findings are that entry into sex work links economy and affection, particularly among Cercado MSWs. Continued sex work cements this link, making it difficult to exit sex work and establish goals. Ties between economics and affections influence MSWs' perceived HIV/STI risks, vulnerabilities, and prevention practices. Although Cercado MSWs report higher HIV/STI risks and vulnerabilities than non-Cercado peers, they report fewer prevention practices given inability to buy condoms and acceptance of client offers of higher payment, especially clients they feel affection for. MSWs need support to strengthen their self-perceptions and define and pursue their goals in order to improve their HIV/STI prevention practices, health, and well-being.

Beyond lifetime reproductive success: the posthumous reproductive dynamics of male Trinidadian guppies.

In semelparous populations, dormant germ banks (e.g. seeds) have been proposed as important in maintaining genotypes that are adaptive at different times in fluctuating environments. Such hidden storage of genetic diversity need not be exclusive to dormant banks. Genotype diversity may be preserved in many iteroparous animals through sperm-storage mechanisms in females. This allows males to reproduce posthumously and increase the effective sizes of seemingly female-biased populations. Although long-term sperm storage has been demonstrated in many organisms, the understanding of its importance in the wild is very poor. We here show the prevalence of male posthumous reproduction in wild Trinidadian guppies, through the combination of mark-recapture and pedigree analyses of a multigenerational individual-based dataset. A significant proportion of the reproductive population consisted of dead males, who could conceive up to 10 months after death (the maximum allowed by the length of the dataset), which is more than twice the estimated generation time. Demographic analysis shows that the fecundity of dead males can play an important role in population growth and selection.

Trajetórias de vida: desafios da pesquisa sociourbanística e contribuição para a gestão pública / Life trajectories: challenges to the socio-urbanistic research and contribution to administration

Apoiando-se em trabalhos que utilizaram as técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa de história de vida e análise de trajetórias em diferentes campos disciplinares, o texto procura refletir sobre as possibilidades e limitações da aplicação destas técnicas na incorporação da dimensão relacional do território na definição de políticas públicas e no campo da pesquisa sociourbanística. Aqui, o (re)conhecimento sobre as trajetórias de vida dos chamados "usuários" das políticas públicas poderia representar uma chave importante para processos da gestão pública onde os cidadãos encontrem-se na centralidade do interesse e prevaleça a conexão indivisível entre os campos urbano e social.

Drawing on studies that used qualitative research techniques of life history and trajectory analysis in different disciplines, the text attempts to reflect on the possibilities and limitations of these techniques in the incorporation of the relational dimension of territory in the definition of public policies and in what we called "sociourbanistic" research. Here, the knowledge about the ways of life of so-called "users" of public policy could represent an important key to locate the citizens on the centrality of the processes in public administration, creating conditions to the prevalence of the inseparable connection between the urban and social fields.

Precariedade do trabalho e da vida de catadores de recicláveis em Fortaleza, CE / Precariousness work and life conditions of recyclable materials street pickers of Fortaleza, CE

O artigo discute condições de vida e trabalho de jovens, adultos na meia-idade e idosos que trabalham como catadores de recicláveis nas ruas de Fortaleza, CE. Foram oito entrevistados com idades entre 20 a 85 anos, homens e mulheres. As entrevistas indicam que: todos têm baixa escolaridade; tiveram infância e adolescência marcadas por carências material e afetiva e inserção precoce em trabalhos precários; o trabalho atual dá continuidade a vivências anteriores de precariedade de vida e surge da dificuldade de inserção no mercado formal; os jovens revelam desalento, fracasso e falta de perspectivas; os trabalhadores de meia-idade e os idosos construíram uma rede de proteção através de associações de catadores; todos sentem preconceito no olhar dos outros, que veem um catador como lixeiro, mendigo, urubu, ou um possível ladrão. Enfim, consideram que a cata de recicláveis é fundamental para a própria sobrevivência e a da família e é, sobretudo, um trabalho direito.

The article discusses life and work conditions of young, middle-aged and elderly street pickers, focusing on experiences of childhood, adolescence and actual job. Eight workers, between 20 and 85 years of age, men and women, were interviewed. The data indicates that: all had a childhood and adolescence marked by lack of resources and emotional support, early insertion in precarious work and low education; the current work maintains the previous experiences of precarious living and working conditions and lack of prospects of inclusion in the formal work market; young workers express feelings of hopelessness and failure; middle-aged and older workers managed to build a safety net through associations of recyclable collectors; all participants reported they have to deal with bigotry revealed in the eyes of others for whom a collector is garbage, beggar, vulture, a possible thief. Finally, all believe the work is critical to their and their families' survival and is a right job.

Precariedade do trabalho e da vida de catadores de recicláveis em Fortaleza, CE / Precariousness work and life conditions of recyclable materials street pickers of Fortaleza, CE

O artigo discute condições de vida e trabalho de jovens, adultos na meia-idade e idosos que trabalham como catadores de recicláveis nas ruas de Fortaleza, CE. Foram oito entrevistados com idades entre 20 a 85 anos, homens e mulheres. As entrevistas indicam que: todos têm baixa escolaridade; tiveram infância e adolescência marcadas por carências material e afetiva e inserção precoce em trabalhos precários; o trabalho atual dá continuidade a vivências anteriores de precariedade de vida e surge da dificuldade de inserção no mercado formal; os jovens revelam desalento, fracasso e falta de perspectivas; os trabalhadores de meia-idade e os idosos construíram uma rede de proteção através de associações de catadores; todos sentem preconceito no olhar dos outros, que veem um catador como lixeiro, mendigo, urubu, ou um possível ladrão. Enfim, consideram que a cata de recicláveis é fundamental para a própria sobrevivência e a da família e é, sobretudo, um trabalho direito

The article discusses life and work conditions of young, middle-aged and elderly street pickers, focusing on experiences of childhood, adolescence and actual job. Eight workers, between 20 and 85 years of age, men and women, were interviewed. The data indicates that: all had a childhood and adolescence marked by lack of resources and emotional support, early insertion in precarious work and low education; the current work maintains the previous experiences of precarious living and working conditions and lack of prospects of inclusion in the formal work market; young workers express feelings of hopelessness and failure; middle-aged and older workers managed to build a safety net through associations of recyclable collectors; all participants reported they have to deal with bigotry revealed in the eyes of others for whom a collector is garbage, beggar, vulture, a possible thief. Finally, all believe the work is critical to their and their families' survival and is a right job

Histórias de vida de moradores de rua, situações de exclusão social e encontros transformadores / Life histories stories of homeless people, social exclusion situations and transforming encounters

Este trabalho apresenta, a partir de histórias de vida, características do processo de "encontro transformador" entre dois moradores de rua e uma professora, que foi "ponto de apoio" positivo em suas vidas. O "encontro transformador" é interação entre os seres humanos que possibilita a transformação dos envolvidos, no sentido de despertar suas potencialidades, a retomada do sentido da vida, promovendo-lhes a resiliência, que é a capacidade humana de fazer frente às adversidades da vida, superá-las e sair delas fortalecidos e, inclusive, transformados. O estudo longitudinal realizado envolveu o resgate de histórias de vida, através de entrevistas abertas, fotografias, registros em Diário de Campo e desenhos feitos pelos sujeitos de observação. Na interpretação dos dados contemplou-se o emprego de conceitos de determinadas teorias de: Psicologia, Geografia, Sociologia, Direito, Ciências da Educação, Complexidade e Sistêmica, em diálogo entre diferentes disciplinas. A análise do fenômeno - em que o morar na rua surgiu como situação existencial excludente - revelou nova configuração nas psiques dos moradores de rua, em movimento de transformação. No fenômeno observado - complexo - desvelou-se a dificuldade dos moradores de rua estudados de se manterem no processo resiliente sem o apoio efetivo da Sociedade Civil e do Estado, a partir de políticas públicas voltadas para esse tipo de população. Conclui-se pela importância dos resultados deste trabalho como contribuição para a ampliação de processos de formação, não só de profissionais que atuam com moradores de rua como de integrantes da sociedade em geral, norteados por uma visão solidária de busca de cidadania para todos.

This work presents, based on life histories Stories, characteristics of a "transforming encounter" that took place between two homeless people and oneA teacher. and that was It was a positive "point of support" in their lives. "Transforming encounter" is an interaction between human beings that enables the transformation of the people involved, in the sense that their potentialities are awoken, they recover their direction of life, and their resilience is promoted. Resilience is the human capacity to deal with life's adversities, overcome them;so, and become stronger and even transformed. The longitudinal study that was conducted involved the obtention of life histories stories through open interviews, photographs, registers in a Field Diary and drawings made by the observation subjects. In the data interpretation, concepts from certain theories were used, p.from the following areas (e.g.: Psychology, Geography, Sociology, Law, Education Sciences, Complexity and Systemic Theory), in a dialog among different disciplines. The analysis of the phenomenon analysis - in which living on the street emerged as an excluding existential situation - revealed a new configuration in the homeless' psyches, which were undergoing a transformation movement. The observed phenomenon - awhich was complex one - showed the difficulty that the studied homeless individuals have into maintaining themselves in the resilient process without the effective support of the CCivil Society's and of the State's support, through public policies targeted at this kind of population. The conclusion is that the results of this work are important as a contribution to the amplification of education processes amplification, not only of professionals who work with the homeless people, but also of members of society in general, guided by solidarity and by the will to search - for citizenship - conditions for all.

Violências e alcoolismo: abordagem biográfica em alcoologia e hermenêutica do sujeito / Violence and alcoholism: biographical approach in alcoholicity and hermeneutics of the individual

Meu propósito aqui será de mostrar como os fenômenos de violência, por vezes associados às condutas de alcoolização e aos problemas de álcool-dependência, não podem ser estudados fora do contexto sócio-histórico no qual eles se inserem. A abordagem aqui será centrada sobre a co-emergência e o reforço mútuo dos fenômenos intrapsíquicos e sociais nos quais as pessoas alcoólicas se encontram ao mesmo tempo tomadas e engajadas. Veremos, através do estudo de um exemplo biográfico com final dramático, que estes fenômenos de violência não são evidentemente reduzíveis aos fenômenos bioquímicos à que levam ao consumo patogênico de álcool. Em certo número de casos, a existência de enlaces sociopsiquicos se encontram na origem dos fenômenos de violência freqüentemente encontrados entre as pessoas alcoólicas. O método das histórias de vida em grupo constitui aqui uma abordagem privilegiada para tentar levar em conta e estudar estes fenômenos.

Contrasting demography of two Patagonian shrubs under different conditions of sheep grazing and resource supply.

Two shrub species, dominant in western Patagonia, Argentina, exhibited different demographic behaviors under the effect of sheep grazing and of manipulated resource levels. Senecio filaginoides showed an increase in cover under increasing grazing pressures; the rise was explained by an increasing number of individuals and not by larger plants; this trend was reversed when no grazing took place. Mulinum spinosum showed a slight decrease in cover and density at increasing grazing pressures, and no change in plant size. In a field experiment in which water was added (30 mm in early summer) and the dominant grasses removed, both factors substantially augmented the number of 1-year-old seedlings of Senecio recruited; the only noticeable response of Mulinum was an increase in seedling emergence because of grass removal. Six years after this last treatment, Senecio exhibited a ten fold increase in density, and its population structure showed a peak in younger classes; Mulinum remained unaffected. In seedling surveys conducted within an exclsure and in its surroundings, the emergence of Senecio was similar in these areas in the two years of the study, whereas the emergence of Mulinum was higher inside the exclosure for one of the years. The emergence of Senecio in the wetter year was 3 times larger than in the drier one. Grazing did not affect first-year survival of any species; the major source of seedlign death in this case, as well as in the manipulative experiment, was desiccation during summer drought. We conclude that the contrasting responses of the two species to grazing are mostly due to the greater ability of Senecio to benefit from any increase in resources, including those not used by grazed plants. The difference might also be due to a reduction in the seed availability of Mulinum caused by sheep preference for its fruits. The dissimilar abilities of the two shrubs to employ the resources freed by grazing would derive more from their contrasting demographic potential (i.e. the ability to rapidly increase biomass/m2) than from a difference in their niche overlap with palatable species.