A case of intra-abdominal gossypiboma diagnosed preoperatively by endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle-aspiration.

Gossypiboma is an extremely rare adverse event occurring post-surgery, where surgical gauze is left within the body. If aseptically retained, it can lead to the formation of granulation tissue through chronic inflammation and adhesion with surrounding tissues, potentially persisting asymptomatically for many years. While diagnosis of this condition has been reported through various imaging modalities such as abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography, cases not presenting with typical findings are difficult for preoperative diagnosis, and instances where it is discovered postoperatively exist. Particularly when in contact with the gastrointestinal tract within the abdominal cavity, differentiation from submucosal tumors of the digestive tract becomes problematic. This report describes the imaging characteristics of endoscopic ultrasound and the usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle-aspiration for tissue diagnosis in the preoperative diagnosis of intra-abdominal gossypiboma.

Microstructural architecture of the bony scutes, spine, and rays of the bony fins in the common pleco (Hypostomus plecostomus).

Studying scute and fin morphology are advantageous approaches for phylogenetic identification and provide information on biological linkages and evolutionary history that are essential for deciphering the fossil record. Despite this, no prior research has precisely characterized the histological structures of scutes in the common pleco. Therefore, this research investigated the microstructure and organization of bone tissue within the dermal skeleton, including the scutes and fins, in the common pleco, using light microscopy, stereomicroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The dermal scutes were organized in a pentagonal shape with denticular coverage and were obliquely aligned with the caudal portion pointing dorsally. The dermal scutes consisted of three distinct portions: the central, preterminal, and terminal portions. Each portion comprised three layers: a superficial bony plate, a basal bony plate, and a mid-plate. Both the superficial and basal bony plates were composed of lamellar bone and lamellar zonal bone, whilst the mid-plate consisted of secondary osteons and woven bone. In the terminal portion, the superficial and basal bony plates became thinner. The pectoral fin consists of spines and rays composed of lepidotrichium (two symmetrical hemi-rays). The spine contained centrifugal and centripetal lamellar and trabecular bones. A centripetal fibrous bone was implanted between the lamellar bones. Besides being oriented in a V shape, the hemi-rays were also composed of thin centrifugal and centripetal lamellar bones and trabecular bones. A fibrous bone was identified between the centrifugal and centripetal bones. The trabecular bone and lamellar bone were made up of bone spicules.

Comparative evaluation of the remineralizing potential of Salvadora persica and probiotic yogurt on incipient enamel lesions: An ex-vivo study.

BACKGROUND: Salvadora persica (miswak) is known to exert antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticariogenic effects by elevating the pH of plaque after the consumption of sucrose. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of S. persica and probiotic yogurt in the remineralization of tooth enamel on artificially produced enamel lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 40 intact human premolars were collected and each tooth was sectioned longitudinally into 2 identical halves in a buccolingual direction. The buccal halves were selected for inclusion in this study, and standardized windows (5 mm × 3 mm) were isolated on the buccal surface of the enamel. The samples were incubated in a demineralizing solution at 37°C for 96 h. Subsequently, they were randomly selected for treatment with one of the experimental remineralizing solutions (S. persica or probiotic yogurt). After treatment, the samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and polarized light microscopy at baseline, after demineralization and after remineralization. RESULTS: The remineralizing effect of S. persica was found to be greater than that of probiotic yogurt. With regard to mineral content, S. persica exhibited the highest calcium and phosphorus levels among all groups. No significant differences were observed between the samples treated with S. persica and normal enamel. CONCLUSIONS: Salvadora persica extract has been demonstrated to effectively reduce the demineralization of enamel in experimental conditions. Furthermore, it has the potential to restore the mineral content to its original level.

Serial section histopathology image dataset of colon and pancreas tissue captured through light microscope.

Till date, histopathological examination of concerned tissue by light microscopy is considered to be the gold standard and most acceptable method for the final diagnosis of disease processes. Sometimes, examination of serial sections, i.e., consecutive sections obtained from a histopathologically processed tissue specimen using a microtome, plays a very vital role in comprehensive understanding of the tissue details, aiding in treatment planning, prognosis, and final diagnosis. In this study, the histopathological dataset showcased, focuses on images of serial sections from colonic and pancreatic tissues, captured through light microscopy. These sequential images might serve as a valuable resource for generating a three-dimensional representation of histological tissue samples. The resulting 3D reconstructed data obtained from the serial sections will provide detailed structural information at a high resolution. Although whole-slide imaging is considered a better option to get images of all sections on one slide at multiple desired magnifications and is obviously a more wanted option for 3D reconstruction of an entire tissue, its high cost poses a significant barrier. In this study, the dataset is prepared and collected from the histopathology division of the Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College, near Siliguri. It consisted of 168 serial section images of colon and pancreatic tissue captured at different magnifications. This comprehensive dataset will aid biomedical researchers in the field of histopathology analysis, an area that still holds potential for recent advancements, particularly in 3D reconstruction.

Understanding the Molecular Arrangement and Orientation Characteristics of Mesophase Pitch and Its Fibers via a Polarized Light Microscope.

A polarized light microscope (PLM) was utilized to examine the optical textures of mesophase pitch (MP) and MP-derived fibers, which aimed to reveal the arrangement and orientation characteristics of pitch molecules and to clarify the evolution and transformation mechanism of carbonaceous microcrystalline from pitch fibers to graphitized fibers. The results found that there were distinct optical textures in MP, where one side exhibited a transition from a flattening plane to a mountain-like undulating plane. This transition corresponded to the arrangement of pitch molecules, resembling stacked lamellar structures reminiscent of curved paper. Meanwhile, the optical textures of fibers revealed that the blue substance was wrapped around the red grain-like domains in the longitudinal section and confirmed that the red part belonged to the pyridine insoluble fraction of MP and the blue part belonged to its pyridine-soluble fraction. After graphitization, the red part was transformed into graphite sheets and the blue part was transformed into an amorphous carbon layer which was wrapped around the graphite sheets, forming a carbonaceous microcrystalline package-like bag. Therefore, this study provided a comprehensive interpretation of the structural evolution mechanism of MP and MP-derived fibers based on their macro-optical textures and micro-nanostructures.

A novel room concept for shared resource laboratories.

Shared resource laboratories/core facilities (SRLs) are centralized platforms that house and provide access to complex and expensive research equipment. Due to the highly complex nature of the instrumentation they support, SRLs have special environmental requirements for their laboratory space. Here, we describe the planning and establishment of a large light microscopy SRL, with a special focus on room layout, custom-designed air conditioning and vibration, which can also be adapted to proteomics, genomics, and flow or mass cytometry SRLs.

Pollen variability in Quercus L. species and relative systematic implications.

This study aims to address one of the challenges related to the complexity of the Quercus L. genus, that is the identification of structural elements favouring the systematic identification of the oak pollen. Thus, in this contribution, we explored the variation of morphometric and chemical parameters in pollen samples collected from 47 different Quercus species and hybrids. Several qualitative (e.g., outline in polar view, class, aperture structures) and quantitative (e.g., diameter, exine and sporoderm thickness, autofluorescence, content in proteins and plant metabolites) features were evaluated by optic microscopy and spectrophotometric assays. Statistical analyses were also carried out to assess significant correlations and clustering effects among the studied taxa, based on phenotypical and biochemical data, to identify the parameters which could be useful for taxonomic discrimination at inter- and intra-specific level. Only few morphological traits showed the potentiality to be diagnostic, such as pollen diameter and outline in polar view. The intensity of pollen autofluorescence varied among the samples but it did not seem to correlate with protein, carotenoid, phenolic and flavonoid content. However, differences in protein and carotenoid levels were detected, suggesting them as possible taxonomic discriminants for oak pollen. Thus, our work represents a step forward in understanding morphology and biochemistry of oak pollen, constitutes an experimental set-up applicable in future systematic studies on other genera, and opens new perspectives for further molecular investigations on Quercus species.

Mechanisms of the In Vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyalthia longifolia Leaf Extract Against HeLa Cell Xenograft Tumor: A Microscopic-Based Histological and Immunohistochemical Microanalyses.

The present study investigated the effects of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract against the growth of HeLa cell xenograft tumor in nude mice and its underlying mechanism. The nude mice xenografted with HeLa cells were treated with 5% DMSO (vehicle control), 20 mg/kg/body weight of etoposide (positive control), and 500 and 1000 mg/kg/body weight of leaf extract, respectively. Antitumor activity was evaluated with apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis using microscopic-based histological and immunohistochemical microanalyses. The tumor tissue histological and immunohistochemical analyses showed that the HeLa tumor cell death was associated with apoptosis and decreased (p < 0.05) expression of Ki-67 in tumor tissues. The extract also inhibits tumor angiogenesis by downregulating (p < 0.05) the expression of VEGF and CD31 in tumor tissues after treatment for 35 days. Conclusively, the P. longifolia leaf extract effectively inhibited HeLa cell xenograft growth in nude mice. The possible mechanism was related to induction of apoptosis, inhibition of tumor HeLa cell proliferation by decreasing the Ki-67 protein expression, and prevention of tumor angiogenesis by reducing VEGF and CD31 protein expression in HeLa cells.

The impact of busulfan on the testicular structure in prepubertal rats: A histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study.

Busulfan is a widely used cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Temporary or permanent sterility in male patients is one of the most common side effects of this drug. The present study was performed to evaluate the changes in the microscopic structure of the testes of prepubertal rats, as well as the changes in PCNA and caspase-3 immune expression, at different durations after busulfan administration. The rats were 5 weeks old and were divided into two main groups. Control group and busulfan treated group. Busulfan treated group received a single dose of busulfan (40 mg/kg), then animals were subdivided to three subgroups; IIa, IIb, IIc which were sacrificed after four, ten and twenty weeks, respectively, from the beginning of the experiment. Light and electron microscopic studies were done. Serum testosterone level and relative testes weight were assessed. Immunohistochemical staining for anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and anti-caspase-3 antigen was also done. Morphometric and statistical studies were carried out. Group II revealed histological and ultrastructural degenerative changes including congested blood vessels and degenerated spermatogenic epithelium, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. These changes were more evident after 10 weeks of busulfan administration and were accompanied by absence of mature sperms in the lumen of seminiferous tubules. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in relative testes weight, testosterone level, germinal epithelial height and seminiferous tubule diameter. Moreover, PCNA and caspase-3 immune expression was significantly altered in busulfan treated group. Mild improvement in testicular structure was observed 20 weeks after busulfan treatment.

Comparative evaluation of prevention of demineralization of artificial enamel caries treated with two fluoride varnishes and 38% SDF in primary teeth: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the effect of Clinpro™ White varnish containing 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) and functionalized tricalcium phosphate, MI varnish containing 5% NaF and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and 38% Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in preventing demineralization of treated white spot lesions (WSLs) in enamel of primary teeth. METHODS: Forty-eight primary molars with artificial WSLs were allocated into four groups as follows: Group 1: Clinpro white varnish, Group 2: MI varnish, Group 3: SDF, and Group 4: control (no treatment). The three surface treatments were applied for 24 h and then enamel specimens were subjected to pH cycling. Thereafter, the mineral content of specimens was evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer and the lesion depth was assessed via Polarized Light Microscope. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used at p ≤ 0.05 to identify significant differences. RESULTS: Insignificant difference in mineral content was observed among treatment groups. Treatment groups exhibited significantly higher mineral content compared to control except for Fluoride (F). MI varnish showed the highest mean calcium (Ca) ion content (66.57 ± 0.63), and Ca/P (2.19 ± 0.11), followed by Clinpro white varnish, and SDF. MI varnish also displayed the highest phosphate (P) ion content (31.46 ± 0.56), followed by SDF (30.93 ± 1.02), and Clinpro white varnish (30.53 ± 2.19). Fluoride content was highest in SDF (0.93 ± 1.18), followed by MI (0.89 ± 0.34) and Clinpro (0.66 ± 0.68) varnishes. Significant difference in lesion depth was observed among all groups (p < 0.001). The lowest mean lesion depth (µm) was found in MI varnish (226.23 ± 44.25) which was significantly lower than Clinpro white varnish (285.43 ± 44.70), SDF (293.32 ± 46.82), and control (576.69 ± 42.66). Insignificant difference in lesion depth was found between SDF and Clinpro varnish. CONCLUSIONS: In primary teeth, WSLs treated with MI varnish displayed better resistance to demineralization compared to WSLs treated with Clinpro white varnish and SDF.

Asymmetric, biraphid diatoms from the Laurentian Great Lakes.

This taxonomic account of light micrographs from the coastal Laurentian Great lakes contains taxa from the diatom genera Amphora, Halamphora, Cymbella, Cymbopleura, Delicatophycus, Encyonema, Encyonopsis, Reimeria, Gomphonema, Gomphosphenia, Gomphonella, Gomphosinica, and Gomphoneis. A total of 207 samples of surface sediment and periphyton collected from 106 wetland, high-energy, embayment, and deeper nearshore locales are represented. Light micrographs of 154 taxa are presented. Of these, 76 could not be fully identified as known taxa from the existing literature and so are given tentative names, numbers or conferred assignments. Lake and habitat specificity, modeled autecological optima for phosphorus and chloride, and tolerance to anthropogenic stressors are described for 39 of the more common taxa.

Comparison of Gold Biosensor Combined with Light Microscope Imaging System with ELISA for Detecting Salmonella in Chicken after Exposure to Simulated Chilling Condition.

In this study, the performance of a gold biosensor combined with light microscope imaging system (GB-LMIS) was comparatively evaluated against enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting Salmonella under simulated chilling condition. The optimum concentration of anti-Salmonella polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) was determined to be 12.5 and 100 µg/ml for ELISA and GB-LMIS, respectively. GB-LMIS exhibited a sufficient and competitive specificity toward three tested Salmonella among only. To mimic a real-world situation, chicken was inoculated with Salmonella cocktail and stored under chilling condition for 48 h. The overall growth of Salmonella under chilling condition was significantly lower than that under non-exposure to the chilling condition (p < 0.05). No significant differences in bacterial growth were observed between brain heart infusion and brilliant green broth during the enrichment period (p > 0.05). Finally, both GB-LMIS and ELISA were employed to detect Salmonella at every 2-h interval. GB-LMIS detected Salmonella with a competitive specificity by the direct observation of bacteria on the sensor using a charge-coupled device camera within a detection time of ~2.5 h. GB-LMIS is a feasible, novel, and rapid method for detecting Salmonella in poultry facilities.

Study of the functional relationships between the buccinator muscle and the connective tissue of the cheek in humans.

BACKGROUND: The buccinator muscle derives from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch. In adults, it has a quadrilateral shape, occupying the deepest part of the cheek region. Its function is complex, being active during swallowing, chewing, and sucking. To our knowledge, there are no studies that have specifically analyzed the relationship of the buccinator muscle fibers and neighboring connective tissue of the cheek in humans, neither during development nor in adults. Such relationships are fundamental to understand its function. Thus, in this study the relations of the buccinator muscle with associated connective tissue were investigated. METHODS: The buccinator muscle region was investigated bilaterally in 41 human specimens of 8-17 weeks of development. Moreover, four complete adult tissue blocks from human cadavers (including mucosa and skin) were obtained from the cheek region (between the anterior border of the masseter muscle and the nasolabial fold). All samples were processed with standard histological techniques. In addition, subsets of sections were stained with picrosirius red (PSR). Furthermore, immunoreactivity against type I and III collagen was also studied in adult tissues. RESULTS: The buccinator muscle showed direct relationships with its connective tissue from 8 to 17 weeks of development. Collagen fibers were arranged in septa from the submucosa to the skin through the muscle. These septa were positive for type I collagen and presented elastic fibers. Fibrous septa that were positive for type III collagen were arranged from the lateral side of the muscle to the skin. CONCLUSIONS: The intimate relationship between buccinator muscle fibers and cheek connective tissue may explain the complex functions of this muscle.

Trichoscopic Diagnosis of Structural Hair Defects in a Clinical Setting: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study.

BACKGROUND: Trichoscopy is a simple, noninvasive procedure practiced in the diagnosis of a multitude of scalp and hair disorders. Hair shaft abnormalities usually represent a diagnostic challenge to dermatologists. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the practicality, versatility, and value of using the handheld dermoscope in the assessment of hair shaft abnormalities and the diagnosis of different hair/scalp disorders. METHODS: Eight hundred and seven patients of both sexes, aged from 1 to 76 years, with complaints pertaining to scalp and hair, were the subjects of the study. All patients were examined by the handheld dermoscope, and 400 were additionally examined by the folliscope, digital dermoscope, or their hairs mounted for light microscopy. RESULTS: Based on trichoscopic findings, more than half the patients demonstrated thinned terminal hairs and a predominance of single-haired scalp pilosebaceous units (57% and 55.5%, respectively). Over a quarter of the patients showed hair diameter heterogeneity, upright regrowing hairs, and increased vellus hairs (37%, 31%, and 25%, respectively). Other trichoscopic findings included scalp scaling (19%), hair weathering (12%), thinned wavy hairs (10.5%), brush-like hair fractures (9%), exclamation mark hairs (9%), and longitudinal cleavage (trichoptilosis) (8%). The clinical diagnostic spectrum was topped by the following diagnoses in order of frequency: female pattern hair loss, telogen effluvium, traction alopecia, and trichotillomania. Trichodynia appeared to be significantly associated with numerous hair shaft abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Most hair shaft abnormalities can be reliably diagnosed with high accuracy using a handheld dermoscope in an office setting. Skillful knowledge of dermoscopy is an important aid in the diagnosis of hair and scalp disorders.

Detection of microplastics in domestic and fetal pigs' lung tissue in natural environment: A preliminary study.

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment. However, it is unclear whether MPs are present in mammalian lungs through inhalation, and if so, could be possibly found in fetal tissues. In this study, we aim to determine the presence and characteristics of particles in domestic and fetal pig lung tissue in the natural environment. Specimens from the lungs of domestic pigs (n = 10) and fetal pigs that already died in matrix during vaginal birth from the non-contaminated area (n = 10) were obtained from farmers' nearby sludge treatment plant. These specimens were compressed between two glass microscope slides, which were examined under polarized light microscopy. In addition, Agilent 8700 LDIR Chemical imaging system (LDIR) was used to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of MPs. According to the polarized light microscope survey of domestic pig lungs, we observed an average of 12 particles/g, which was more than the 6 particles/g observed in fetal pig lungs, which ranged in size from 115.14 µm to 1370.43 µm. All the observed MP particles were fiber in shape. LDIR indicated an average of 180 particles/g of domestic pig lungs, ranging in size from 20.34 µm to 916.36 µm, which was twice as many MPs observed in fetal pig lungs. Furthermore, the compositions of MPs were different between them. LDIR indicated that polyamide (PA) was the most common polymer identified in domestic pig lungs (46.11%), while polycarbonate (PC) was the most common polymer in fetal pig lungs (32.99%). These findings confirmed the presence of MPs in the lung tissue of both domestic and fetal pigs in the natural environment, but the main characteristics differed. This fact indicated the increasing risk of MPs to human respiratory tract is increasing. Further research should be conducted to entirely estimate the specific exposure level on humans and offspring.

Morphology of lingual papillae in the Javan mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.

There are variations in the tongue papillae among species, including the size, number and type of papillae. There have been no studies describing the detailed tongue morphology of Javan mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). Therefore, we analysed the tongue and lingual structures of Javan mongoose (H. javanicus), using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The tongue was covered by papillae and rough in appearance. We divided the tongue into three regions: the apex, corpus and radix of the tongue. The medioventral section of the tongue was characterized by the presence of a frenulum. We identified four types of papillae: filiform, fungiform, conical and vallate papillae. There were two subtypes of filiform papillae: leaf-like and conical. Both were seen on the apex, although leaf-like filiform papillae also extended to the corpus. Fungiform papillae had taste buds on their dorsal surfaces and were observed from the apex to the radix. Vallate papillae, three in numbers only occurred on the radix. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining showed minor lingual glands on the textus muscularis striatus syncytialis of the corpus and lateral radix, which we identified as Weber glands; we also observed von Ebner glands on this layer of the tongue. These anatomical features of the Javan mongoose tongue are broadly similar to those seen in other carnivores, with some specific differences, such as the number of vallate papillae.

Comparison of the efficacy of Icon resin infiltration and Clinpro XT varnish on remineralization of white spot lesions: An in-vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of Icon resin infiltration and Clinpro XT varnish on remineralization of white spot lesions using a polarized light microscope (PLM). MATERIALS & METHODS: Artificial white spot lesions were created on a sample of 40 extracted human premolar teeth by immersing in a demineralizing solution. All samples were randomly allocated to two groups of 20 each; Group A: Icon resin infiltration and Group B: Clinpro XT varnish. Teeth were sectioned along the buccolingual plane using a diamond disc. Specimens were observed under the PLM (4× magnification) at three deepest measurements and their averages were calculated to obtain the mean penetration depth. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0). Independent samples t-test and group statistics were used to compare the two groups. In all statistical tests, the significance level was set at 5% (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Both Icon resin infiltration and Clinpro XT groups showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.00) in the penetration depth. Icon resin infiltration group showed a significantly higher penetration depth (24.46 µm) compared to the Clinpro XT group (12.34 µm). Group A showed a greater mean penetration depth (17.07 ± 4.35 µm) when compared to group B (7.68 ± 1.81 µm). CONCLUSION: Icon resin infiltration showed a significantly higher penetration depth and is more effective on remineralization of white spot lesions when compared to Clinpro XT varnish.

Biofilm formation of panresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Introduction: The authors aimed to investigate the biofilm-forming features of panresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (PRKp). Material & methods: The biofilm formations were shown under light microscope and laser scanning confocal microscopy. The optical densities of the wells were measured and classified according to biofilm-forming capacities. Results: The ratio of biofilm-forming K. pneumoniae was established to be 100%. All isolates were found to form high-level biofilms in classification compared with positive and negative controls. No significant difference was detected in the biofilm-forming capacities of K. pneumoniae strains isolated from different sample types. Conclusion: No previous study associated with PRKp isolates was identified in the literature search. There is a need for different approaches characterizing the biofilm-forming features of PRKp.

Leaf epidermal morphology of Asparagaceae of Taiwan and its systematic significance.

The current study analyzed the epidermal morphology of Asparagaceae in detail and assessed its systematic importance. At the familial level, no consistent characteristics were found, but anticlinal wall and stomata morphology provided systematic information of different tribes, especially Ophiopogoneae and Polygonateae. In Ophiopogoneae, Liriope and Ophiopogon had similar epidermis, which implying a close relationship between them, and was also supported by related studies. The leaves of Polygonateae exhibited rounded and undulate anticlinal wall. Polygonatum arisanense var. formosanum had a rounded anticlinal wall, whereas other species exhibited undulate anticlinal walls. Different epidemis of Po. arisanense var. formosanum supported the variety treatment of Po. arisanense. The intergeneric relationship was also interpreted based on the anticlinal wall and stomata. Therefore, the epidermis could provide the systematic value of Asparagaceae. The present study also revealed the linkage of stomata and habitat types, though the adaptative significance of epidermal traits needs further study. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Anticlinal wall and stomatal morphology had systematic potential on tribal or generic levels of Asparagaceae. Stomatal types of Asparagaceae might be linked to environmental factors.

Evaluation of In Situ Antiaging Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY611 Yeast Cells Treated with Polyalthia longifolia Leaf Methanolic Extract (PLME) Using Different Microscopic Approaches: A Morphology-Based Evaluation.

Polyalthia longifolia is known for its anti-oxidative properties, which might contribute to the antiaging action. Hence, the current research was conducted to evaluate the antiaging activity of P. longifolia leaf methanolic extract (PLME) in a yeast model based on morphology using microscopic approaches. Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY611 strain yeast cells were treated with 1.00 mg/mL of PLME. The antiaging activity was assessed by determining the replicative lifespan, total lifespan, vacuole morphology by light microscopy, extra-morphology by scanning (SEM), and intra-morphology by transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The findings demonstrated that PLME treatment significantly accelerated the replicative and total lifespan of the yeast cells. PLME treatment also delays the formation of large apoptotic-like type 3 yeast cell vacuoles. The untreated yeast cells demonstrated aging morphology via SEM analysis, such as shrinking, regional invaginations, and wrinkled cell surface. The TEM analysis revealed the quintessential aging intracellular morphology such as swollen, wrinkled, or damaged vacuole formation of the circular endoplasmic reticulum, a rupture in the nuclear membrane, fragmentation of the nucleus, and complete damaged cytoplasm. Decisively, the present study revealed the vital role of PLME in the induction of antiaging activity in a yeast model using three microscopic approaches­SEM, TEM, and bright-field light microscope.