Electrolitos, frecuencia cardiaca y variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en el periparto de vacas Holstein / Electrolytes, heart rate, and heart rate variability during the peripartum period in Holstein cows / Eletrólitos, frequência cardíaca e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca no periparto de vacas Holstein

Resumen No existen estudios que correlacionen electrolitos con la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) en el periparto de vacas. En teoría las concentraciones de electrolitos en suero pueden afectar la VFC directamente al influir sobre la excitabilidad del músculo cardiaco. Se estudiaron 23 vacas de la raza holstein. Los índices de VFC se analizaron en seis momentos mediante la electrocardiografía. Se evaluaron los índices en el método del dominio del tiempo y frecuencia, desviación estándar de las diferencias entre latidos consecutivos (SDNN), raíz cuadrada del promedio de las diferencias entre intervalos sucesivos elevadas al cuadrado (RMSSD), baja frecuencia (LF) y alta frecuencia (HF), así como la relación LF/HF. Se midieron las concentraciones de Ca2+, Mg2+ y Pi por medio de espectrofotómetria y Na+ y K+ mediante fotometría. La FC aumentó en el día antes del parto y luego disminuyó después del parto. Los índices parasimpáticos de RMSSD y HF aumentaron. El índice simpatovagal de relación LF/HF disminuyó significativamente. Las concentraciones de los electrolitos Ca2+ y Pi disminuyeron después del parto mientras el Na+ aumentó. El día antes del parto el índice LF aumentó, mientras que la HF disminuyó, lo que indica la modulación de la FC y la ventilación por el nervio vago. El K+ un día antes del parto mostró una fuerte asociación con el índice de HF. El día después del parto la correlación entre el K y la FC, HF y LF mostró una fuerte asociación.

Abstract There are no studies that correlate electrolytes with heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during the peripartum period in cows. In theory, electrolyte concentrations in serum can directly affect HRV by influencing the excitability of the heart muscle. Twenty-three cows of the Holstein breed were studied. HRV indexes were analyzed in six moments by electrocardiography. The indices were evaluated in the time domain and frequency, standard deviation of successive intervals (SDNN), root mean square of the average difference of successive intervals (RMSSD), low frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF), as well as the LF/HF ratio. Ca2+, Mg2+, and Pi concentrations were measured by means of spectrophotometry, as well as concentrations of Na+ and K+ by means of photometry. HR increased on the day before delivery and then decreased after delivery. The parasympathetic indices of RMSSD and HF increased. The sympathovagal balance between LF/HF decreased significantly. Concentrations of the electrolytes Ca2+ and Pi decreased after delivery, while Na+ concentration increased. The day before delivery, the LF index increased, while HF decreased, indicating HR modulation and ventilation via the vagus nerve. One day before delivery, K+ showed a strong association with the HF index. The day after delivery, the correlation between K+ and HR, HF, and LF showed a strong association.

Resumo Não há estudos que correlacionem eletrólitos com frequência cardíaca (FC) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) no periparto de vacas. Em teoria, as concentrações de eletrólitos em soro podem afetar a VFC diretamente ao influenciar a excitabilidade do músculo cardíaco. Estudaram-se 23 vacas da raça holstein. Os índices de VFC foram analisados em seis momentos mediante a eletrocardiografia. Avaliaram-se os índices no método de domínio do tempo e frequência, desvio padrão das diferenças entre batimentos consecutivos (SDNN), raiz quadrada da média das diferenças entre intervalos sucessivos elevadas ao quadrado (RMSSD), baixa frequência (LF) e alta frequência (HF), bem como a relação LF/HF. As concentrações de Ca2+, Mg2+ e Pi foram medidas por espectrofotometria, e Na+ e K+ por fotometria. A FC aumentou no dia antes do parto e logo diminuiu após o parto. Os índices parassimpáticos de RMSSD e HF aumentaram. O índice simpatovagal de relação LF/HF diminuiu significativamente. As concentrações dos eletrólitos Ca2+ e Pi diminuíram após o parto entanto o Na+ aumentou. O dia antes do parto o índice LF aumentou, enquanto que a HF diminuiu, o que indica a modulação da FC e a ventilação pelo nervo vago. O K+ um dia antes do parto mostrou forte associação com o índice de HF. O dia após o parto a correlação entre o K e a FC, HF e LF mostrou forte associação.

Deficiência de fósforo em caprinos no semiárido de Pernambuco / Phosphorus deficiency in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e patológicos da deficiência de fósforo em caprinos no semiárido de Pernambuco. Para isso, visitas técnicas foram realizadas em diferentes propriedades na microrregião do Sertão do Moxotó durante o período da estação seca. Realizaram-se exames clínicos, determinação da atividade sérica de cálcio total e ionizado, fosforo sérico, magnésio, razão Ca:P, proteína total, albumina, globulina e o percentual de cinzas ósseas. Biopsias ósseas da região hipocondríaca da 12 costela direita foram fixadas em solução de formalina a 10% e descalcificadas para análises histológicas. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos caprinos com deficiência de fósforo foram aumento da fragilidade óssea além de desidratação, magreza, hipomotilidade ruminal, alopecia, pelos opacos, quebradiços e eriçados e osteofagia. As médias dos valores das cinzas ósseas e do teor de fósforo nos ossos estavam abaixo dos valores de referência e a correlação entre essas duas variáveis foi fortemente positiva (r=0,91); a redução da concentração do fósforo sérico foi acompanhada da redução da porcentagem desse mineral nas cinzas. Esse resultado é conclusivo para o diagnóstico de deficiência de fósforo. No exame microscópico dos fragmentos ósseos das costelas, verificou-se evidente aumento da atividade osteoclástica com áreas de reabsorção óssea e maior quantidade de tecido osteóide e de fibras colágenas na matriz óssea. Conclui-se que a deficiência de fósforo é uma doença frequente em caprinos criados em regime semi-extensivo no semiárido de Pernambuco e que a suplementação desse mineral é necessária na região estudada.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological aspects of phosphorus deficiency in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco. For this, technical visits were carried out at different properties in the Sertão do Moxotó region during the dry season period. Clinical examinations, serum analysis and rib biopsies were carried out to determine macromineral contents. Serum concentrations of total and ionized Ca, serum and bone P, Mg, Ca:P ratio, total protein, albumin, globulin and ashes were determined. Bone biopsies were performed by surgical procedure in the hypochondriac region of the 12th right rib which were fixed in 10% formalin solution and decalcified for histological analysis. The main clinical signs in phosphorus-deficient goats consisted of dehydration, poor corporal score, ruminal hypomotility, alopecia, opaque, brittle and bristly hair and osteophagy. The averages of bone ashes and phosphorus content in bones were below the reference values and the correlation between these two variables was strongly positive (r=0.91). The reduction of the serum phosphorus concentration was accompanied by the reduction of the percentage of this mineral in the ashes. This result is conclusive for the diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency. In the microscopic examination of ribs bony fragments there was a clear increase in osteoclastic activity with areas of bone resorption and a greater amount of osteoid tissue and collagen fibers in the bone matrix. It is concluded that phosphorus deficiency is a frequent disease in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil and and the supplementation of this mineral is necessary in the studied region.(AU)

Deficiência de fósforo em caprinos no semiárido de Pernambuco / Phosphorus deficiency in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e patológicos da deficiência de fósforo em caprinos no semiárido de Pernambuco. Para isso, visitas técnicas foram realizadas em diferentes propriedades na microrregião do Sertão do Moxotó durante o período da estação seca. Realizaram-se exames clínicos, determinação da atividade sérica de cálcio total e ionizado, fosforo sérico, magnésio, razão Ca:P, proteína total, albumina, globulina e o percentual de cinzas ósseas. Biopsias ósseas da região hipocondríaca da 12 costela direita foram fixadas em solução de formalina a 10% e descalcificadas para análises histológicas. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos caprinos com deficiência de fósforo foram aumento da fragilidade óssea além de desidratação, magreza, hipomotilidade ruminal, alopecia, pelos opacos, quebradiços e eriçados e osteofagia. As médias dos valores das cinzas ósseas e do teor de fósforo nos ossos estavam abaixo dos valores de referência e a correlação entre essas duas variáveis foi fortemente positiva (r=0,91); a redução da concentração do fósforo sérico foi acompanhada da redução da porcentagem desse mineral nas cinzas. Esse resultado é conclusivo para o diagnóstico de deficiência de fósforo. No exame microscópico dos fragmentos ósseos das costelas, verificou-se evidente aumento da atividade osteoclástica com áreas de reabsorção óssea e maior quantidade de tecido osteóide e de fibras colágenas na matriz óssea. Conclui-se que a deficiência de fósforo é uma doença frequente em caprinos criados em regime semi-extensivo no semiárido de Pernambuco e que a suplementação desse mineral é necessária na região estudada.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological aspects of phosphorus deficiency in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco. For this, technical visits were carried out at different properties in the Sertão do Moxotó region during the dry season period. Clinical examinations, serum analysis and rib biopsies were carried out to determine macromineral contents. Serum concentrations of total and ionized Ca, serum and bone P, Mg, Ca:P ratio, total protein, albumin, globulin and ashes were determined. Bone biopsies were performed by surgical procedure in the hypochondriac region of the 12th right rib which were fixed in 10% formalin solution and decalcified for histological analysis. The main clinical signs in phosphorus-deficient goats consisted of dehydration, poor corporal score, ruminal hypomotility, alopecia, opaque, brittle and bristly hair and osteophagy. The averages of bone ashes and phosphorus content in bones were below the reference values and the correlation between these two variables was strongly positive (r=0.91). The reduction of the serum phosphorus concentration was accompanied by the reduction of the percentage of this mineral in the ashes. This result is conclusive for the diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency. In the microscopic examination of ribs bony fragments there was a clear increase in osteoclastic activity with areas of bone resorption and a greater amount of osteoid tissue and collagen fibers in the bone matrix. It is concluded that phosphorus deficiency is a frequent disease in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil and and the supplementation of this mineral is necessary in the studied region.(AU)

Deficiência de fósforo em caprinos no semiárido de Pernambuco

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological aspects of phosphorus deficiency in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco. For this, technical visits were carried out at different properties in the Sertão do Moxotó region during the dry season period. Clinical examinations, serum analysis and rib biopsies were carried out to determine macromineral contents. Serum concentrations of total and ionized Ca, serum and bone P, Mg, Ca:P ratio, total protein, albumin, globulin and ashes were determined. Bone biopsies were performed by surgical procedure in the hypochondriac region of the 12th right rib which were fixed in 10% formalin solution and decalcified for histological analysis. The main clinical signs in phosphorus-deficient goats consisted of dehydration, poor corporal score, ruminal hypomotility, alopecia, opaque, brittle and bristly hair and osteophagy. The averages of bone ashes and phosphorus content in bones were below the reference values and the correlation between these two variables was strongly positive (r=0.91). The reduction of the serum phosphorus concentration was accompanied by the reduction of the percentage of this mineral in the ashes. This result is conclusive for the diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency. In the microscopic examination of ribs bony fragments there was a clear increase in osteoclastic activity with areas of bone resorption and a greater amount of osteoid tissue and collagen fibers in the bone matrix. It is concluded that phosphorus deficiency is a frequent disease in goats in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil and and the supplementation of this mineral is necessary in the studied region.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e patológicos da deficiência de fósforo em caprinos no semiárido de Pernambuco. Para isso, visitas técnicas foram realizadas em diferentes propriedades na microrregião do Sertão do Moxotó durante o período da estação seca. Realizaram-se exames clínicos, determinação da atividade sérica de cálcio total e ionizado, fosforo sérico, magnésio, razão Ca:P, proteína total, albumina, globulina e o percentual de cinzas ósseas. Biopsias ósseas da região hipocondríaca da 12 costela direita foram fixadas em solução de formalina a 10% e descalcificadas para análises histológicas. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos caprinos com deficiência de fósforo foram aumento da fragilidade óssea além de desidratação, magreza, hipomotilidade ruminal, alopecia, pelos opacos, quebradiços e eriçados e osteofagia. As médias dos valores das cinzas ósseas e do teor de fósforo nos ossos estavam abaixo dos valores de referência e a correlação entre essas duas variáveis foi fortemente positiva (r=0,91); a redução da concentração do fósforo sérico foi acompanhada da redução da porcentagem desse mineral nas cinzas. Esse resultado é conclusivo para o diagnóstico de deficiência de fósforo. No exame microscópico dos fragmentos ósseos das costelas, verificou-se evidente aumento da atividade osteoclástica com áreas de reabsorção óssea e maior quantidade de tecido osteóide e de fibras colágenas na matriz óssea. Conclui-se que a deficiência de fósforo é uma doença frequente em caprinos criados em regime semi-extensivo no semiárido de Pernambuco e que a suplementação desse mineral é necessária na região estudada.

Concentration of minerals in the hoof horny capsule of healthy and lame dairy cows / Concentração de minerais no estojo córneo do casco em vacas leiteiras sadias e com claudicação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral concentrations in the hoof horny capsule of healthy Holstein cows and cows with hoof problems associated with laminitis. Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows with an average production of 24 L of milk/day, reared with semi-extensive nutritional management, were studied. The animals were evaluated and divided into two groups based on their locomotion score (LS, range: 0 to 4). LS greater than 2 indicated laminitis-associated lesions (lame cow group: LC), and LS = 0 indicated cows without laminitis (CWL). A sample of 30 mm2 was collected from the hoof horny capsule at the abaxial wall to evaluate the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium. Calcium blood concentration was also evaluated. The LC group had lower magnesium concentration (P=0.008) and showed a trend (P=0.06) for lower calcium concentration compared to healthy animals (CWL), even though all animals were normocalcemic. The concentration of other minerals did not differ between the LC and CWL group. In conclusion, the magnesium concentration in the hoof horny capsule was lower in cows with lesions associated with laminitis, while phosphorus and zinc concentrations were not affected. The relationship between hoof lesions and calcium concentration requires further investigation...(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações de minerais no tecido córneo de vacas leiteiras da raça Holandês saudáveis e com afecções podais associadas à laminite. Foram utilizados 21 bovinos, fêmeas, multíparas, da raça Holandês, com produção média de 24 litros de leite por dia, submetidas a manejo semi extensivo de alimentação. Os animais foram avaliados quanto ao seu escore de locomoção (EL) e divididos em dois grupos: EL acima de dois, apresentando lesões associadas à laminite (vacas com laminite - VCL); e EL igual a zero (vacas sem laminite - VSL). Foi realizada uma coleta de tecido córneo com aproximadamente 30 mm² de área da região abaxial da muralha do casco, a partir destas amostras foi realizada análise de cálcio, fósforo, zinco e magnésio. Foi realizada coleta de sangue para análise dos níveis de cálcio. Os animais do grupo VCL apresentaram níveis de magnésio menores (P=0,008), já com o cálcio foi observado aproximação da significância (P=0,06) para menores concentrações desse mineral quando comparado às vacas sadias (VSL) apesar de todos os animais serem normocalcêmicos. Os demais minerais avaliados não apresentaram diferença entre grupos. Em conclusão, vacas com lesões associadas à laminite apresentam menores concentrações de magnésio no tecido córneo digital, sem variação nas concentrações de fósforo e zinco. A relação entre lesões podais e os níveis de...(AU)

Concentration of minerals in the hoof horny capsule of healthy and lame dairy cows / Concentração de minerais no estojo córneo do casco em vacas leiteiras sadias e com claudicação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral concentrations in the hoof horny capsule of healthy Holstein cows and cows with hoof problems associated with laminitis. Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows with an average production of 24 L of milk/day, reared with semi-extensive nutritional management, were studied. The animals were evaluated and divided into two groups based on their locomotion score (LS, range: 0 to 4). LS greater than 2 indicated laminitis-associated lesions (lame cow group: LC), and LS = 0 indicated cows without laminitis (CWL). A sample of 30 mm2 was collected from the hoof horny capsule at the abaxial wall to evaluate the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium. Calcium blood concentration was also evaluated. The LC group had lower magnesium concentration (P=0.008) and showed a trend (P=0.06) for lower calcium concentration compared to healthy animals (CWL), even though all animals were normocalcemic. The concentration of other minerals did not differ between the LC and CWL group. In conclusion, the magnesium concentration in the hoof horny capsule was lower in cows with lesions associated with laminitis, while phosphorus and zinc concentrations were not affected. The relationship between hoof lesions and calcium concentration requires further investigation...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações de minerais no tecido córneo de vacas leiteiras da raça Holandês saudáveis e com afecções podais associadas à laminite. Foram utilizados 21 bovinos, fêmeas, multíparas, da raça Holandês, com produção média de 24 litros de leite por dia, submetidas a manejo semi extensivo de alimentação. Os animais foram avaliados quanto ao seu escore de locomoção (EL) e divididos em dois grupos: EL acima de dois, apresentando lesões associadas à laminite (vacas com laminite - VCL); e EL igual a zero (vacas sem laminite - VSL). Foi realizada uma coleta de tecido córneo com aproximadamente 30 mm² de área da região abaxial da muralha do casco, a partir destas amostras foi realizada análise de cálcio, fósforo, zinco e magnésio. Foi realizada coleta de sangue para análise dos níveis de cálcio. Os animais do grupo VCL apresentaram níveis de magnésio menores (P=0,008), já com o cálcio foi observado aproximação da significância (P=0,06) para menores concentrações desse mineral quando comparado às vacas sadias (VSL) apesar de todos os animais serem normocalcêmicos. Os demais minerais avaliados não apresentaram diferença entre grupos. Em conclusão, vacas com lesões associadas à laminite apresentam menores concentrações de magnésio no tecido córneo digital, sem variação nas concentrações de fósforo e zinco. A relação entre lesões podais e os níveis de...

Perfil bioquímico y valores de referencia en sangre del cordón umbilical / Biochemical profile and reference values in umbilical cord blood / Perfil bioquímico e os valores de referÛncia no sangue do cordÒo umbilical

Cumpliendo con el propósito fundamental de la medicina de laboratorio que es aportar al especialista información que le sea de utilidad en el proceso de decisión médica, el objetivo del trabajo fue establecer el perfil bioquímico de recién nacidos sanos de Villa Clara a través de la cuantificación de indicadores en sangre del cordón umbilical y estimar, preliminarmente, en dichos analitos sus valores de referencia para esta población. Se utilizó como muestra el suero obtenido de la sangre del cordón umbilical de 80 recién nacidos sanos (40 de sexo femenino y 40 de sexo masculino) que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos para este estudio. Se cuantificaron parámetros de química clínica (urea, creatinina, alaninamino transferasa, aspartatoamino transferasa, bilirrubina total, fosfatasa alcalina, gamma-glutamiltransferasa, colesterol, triglicéridos y VLDL), inmunológicos (inmunoglobulinas IgM, IgG e IgA, y las proteínas C3 y C4 del sistema del complemento) y de minerales (hierro, cobre, cinc sodio, potasio, magnesio y calcio). Finalmente se establecieron los valores de referencia para cada parámetro, tomando el intervalo interpercentil correspondiente al intervalo central (95%) delimitado por los percentiles 2,5 y 97,5. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en dependencia del sexo del recién nacido en ningún analito. Con los valores encontrados de los indicadores estudiados se obtuvo la caracterización bioquímica de neonatos en Villa Clara. Este conocimiento es un instrumento que puede permitir acceder a un rápido diagnóstico de numerosas afecciones pues, probablemente la alteración de cierto indicador comparada con su valor normal en la sangre del cordón sirva de biomarcador para detectar de forma temprana determinada enfermedad o riesgo de padecer la misma.(AU)

Taking into account the fundamental purpose of laboratory medicine, which is to provide the specialist with information that will be useful in the process of medical decision, it has been decided to establish the biochemical profile of healthy newborns of Villa Clara through the quantification of indicators in cord blood and the preliminary estimate of their reference values for our population. Sera samples were used, obtained from umbilical cord blood of 80 healthy newborns (40 females and 40 males) who met the inclusion criteria for this study. Were quantified clinical chemistry parameters (urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL). Immunological parameters (immunoglobulins IgM, IgG and IgA, and C3 and C4 proteins of the complement system) and minerals (iron, copper, zinc, potassium, magnesium and calcium) were quantified. Finally reference values for each parameter were established, taking the interval corresponding to the interpencentil center (95%) interval delimited by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. No statistically significant differences were found depending on the sex of the newborn in any analyte. With the values found for the indicators studied, biochemical characterization of infants in Villa Clara was obtained. This knowledge is a tool that can enable access to rapid diagnosis of many diseases. Probably some indicator change in its value in relation to normal umbilical cord blood can serve as a biomarker for early detection of specific disease or risk.(AU)

Levando em consideraþÒo o propósito fundamental da medicina laboratorial, que é proporcionar a informaþÒo especializada ao especialista, a qual será útil no processo de decisÒo médica, se decidiu estabelecer o perfil bioquímico de recém-nascidos saudáveis de Villa Clara, através da quantificaþÒo de indicadores de sangue do cordÒo umbilical e a estimativa preliminar de seus valores de referÛncia para esta populaþÒo. Foi utilizado como amostra o soro obtido do sangue do cordÒo umbilical de 80 recém-nascidos saudáveis (40 de sexo masculino e 40 de sexo feminino) que preencheram os critérios de inclusÒo para este estudo. Foram quantificados parÔmetros de química clínica (urde la feia, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, bilirrubina total, fosfatase alcalina, gama-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides e VLDL) imunológicos (imunoglobulinas IgM, IgG e IgA, e as proteínas C3 e C4 do sistema do complemento) e de minerais (ferro, cobre, zinco, sódio, potássio, magnésio e cálcio). Finalmente foram estabelecidos os valores de referÛncia para cada parÔmetro, tomando o intervalo entre percentil correspondente ao intervalo central (95%) delimitado pelos percentis 2,5 e 97,5. NÒo foram encontradas diferenþas estatisticamente significativas em funþÒo do sexo do recém-nascido em qualquer analito. Com os valores encontrados dos indicadores estudados foi obtida a caracterizaþÒo bioquímica de neonatos em Villa Clara. Este conhecimento é uma ferramenta que pode permitir o acesso a um diagnóstico rápido de inúmeras doenþas, provavelmente a alteraþÒo de certo indicador comparada com seu valor normal no sangue do cordÒo umbilical sirva como um biomarcador para a detecþÒo precoce de uma doenþa específica ou o risco de sofrer essa doenþa.(AU)

Perfil bioquímico y valores de referencia en sangre del cordón umbilical / Biochemical profile and reference values in umbilical cord blood / Perfil bioquímico e os valores de referência no sangue do cordão umbilical

Cumpliendo con el propósito fundamental de la medicina de laboratorio que es aportar al especialista información que le sea de utilidad en el proceso de decisión médica, el objetivo del trabajo fue establecer el perfil bioquímico de recién nacidos sanos de Villa Clara a través de la cuantificación de indicadores en sangre del cordón umbilical y estimar, preliminarmente, en dichos analitos sus valores de referencia para esta población. Se utilizó como muestra el suero obtenido de la sangre del cordón umbilical de 80 recién nacidos sanos (40 de sexo femenino y 40 de sexo masculino) que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos para este estudio. Se cuantificaron parámetros de química clínica (urea, creatinina, alaninamino transferasa, aspartatoamino transferasa, bilirrubina total, fosfatasa alcalina, gamma-glutamiltransferasa, colesterol, triglicéridos y VLDL), inmunológicos (inmunoglobulinas IgM, IgG e IgA, y las proteínas C3 y C4 del sistema del complemento) y de minerales (hierro, cobre, cinc sodio, potasio, magnesio y calcio). Finalmente se establecieron los valores de referencia para cada parámetro, tomando el intervalo interpercentil correspondiente al intervalo central (95%) delimitado por los percentiles 2,5 y 97,5. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en dependencia del sexo del recién nacido en ningún analito. Con los valores encontrados de los indicadores estudiados se obtuvo la caracterización bioquímica de neonatos en Villa Clara. Este conocimiento es un instrumento que puede permitir acceder a un rápido diagnóstico de numerosas afecciones pues, probablemente la alteración de cierto indicador comparada con su valor normal en la sangre del cordón sirva de biomarcador para detectar de forma temprana determinada enfermedad o riesgo de padecer la misma.

Taking into account the fundamental purpose of laboratory medicine, which is to provide the specialist with information that will be useful in the process of medical decision, it has been decided to establish the biochemical profile of healthy newborns of Villa Clara through the quantification of indicators in cord blood and the preliminary estimate of their reference values for our population. Sera samples were used, obtained from umbilical cord blood of 80 healthy newborns (40 females and 40 males) who met the inclusion criteria for this study. Were quantified clinical chemistry parameters (urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL). Immunological parameters (immunoglobulins IgM, IgG and IgA, and C3 and C4 proteins of the complement system) and minerals (iron, copper, zinc, potassium, magnesium and calcium) were quantified. Finally reference values for each parameter were established, taking the interval corresponding to the interpencentil center (95%) interval delimited by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. No statistically significant differences were found depending on the sex of the newborn in any analyte. With the values found for the indicators studied, biochemical characterization of infants in Villa Clara was obtained. This knowledge is a tool that can enable access to rapid diagnosis of many diseases. Probably some indicator change in its value in relation to normal umbilical cord blood can serve as a biomarker for early detection of specific disease or risk.

Levando em consideração o propósito fundamental da medicina laboratorial, que é proporcionar a informação especializada ao especialista, a qual será útil no processo de decisão médica, se decidiu estabelecer o perfil bioquímico de recém-nascidos saudáveis de Villa Clara, através da quantificação de indicadores de sangue do cordão umbilical e a estimativa preliminar de seus valores de referência para esta população. Foi utilizado como amostra o soro obtido do sangue do cordão umbilical de 80 recém-nascidos saudáveis (40 de sexo masculino e 40 de sexo feminino) que preencheram os critérios de inclusão para este estudo. Foram quantificados parâmetros de química clínica (urde la feia, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, bilirrubina total, fosfatase alcalina, gama-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides e VLDL) imunológicos (imunoglobulinas IgM, IgG e IgA, e as proteínas C3 e C4 do sistema do complemento) e de minerais (ferro, cobre, zinco, sódio, potássio, magnésio e cálcio). Finalmente foram estabelecidos os valores de referência para cada parâmetro, tomando o intervalo entre percentil correspondente ao intervalo central (95%) delimitado pelos percentis 2,5 e 97,5. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em função do sexo do recém-nascido em qualquer analito. Com os valores encontrados dos indicadores estudados foi obtida a caracterização bioquímica de neonatos em Villa Clara. Este conhecimento é uma ferramenta que pode permitir o acesso a um diagnóstico rápido de inúmeras doenças, provavelmente a alteração de certo indicador comparada com seu valor normal no sangue do cordão umbilical sirva como um biomarcador para a detecção precoce de uma doença específica ou o risco de sofrer essa doença.

Composição mineral da casca proteinada de soja para alimentação de ruminantes / Mineral composition of protein soybean hull for feeding ruminants

Background: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classified as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientific studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism. Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefited soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experimental material. The samples of soybean protein hull were analyzed for, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt. It was also analyzed for fluorine, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and vanadium, minerals considered potentially toxic to feeding sheep. The mean values of Ca and P in PSH were 0.52% and 1.22% respectively. The average content of Mg found in the PSH was 0.19% and represents 63% of the amount of Mg present in soybean meal. The S content in CPS ranged from 0.22 to 0.29%, so the PSH is sufficient to meet the daily requirements of S for sheep in growing / finishing. The PSH showed high levels of Na (0.19%) and iron (16,414 mg / kg) and can cause problems of toxicity, if not provided in a balanced diet. However, the mean levels of Mn (40.29 mg / kg), Zn (61.07 mg / kg), Cu (14.29 mg / kg) and Co (1.15 mg / kg) were suitable for feeding sheep. Considered potentially toxic minerals to feeding sheep (F, Al, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and V), only the F and Al were detected, with values of 100 and 199.43 mg / kg, being within the limits considered toxic to sheep. Discussion: The industrial production process of protein soybean hull was homogeneous due to the small variation in the mineral levels analyzed in seven different batches. The P is an essential element in the diet of sheep that represents the greatest risk of environmental pollution, so the P content of the diet should be adequate for optimal animal performance with minimal environmental impact, but the greater concern in the PSH is related to the Ca: P ratio, because this ratio was less than 1:1 (0,52:1,22) and may affect the absorption of Ca or P, if the diet was not balanced properly. The iron was the only mineral and perhaps the most limiting nutritional potential of the PSH, due to its high concentration may cause problems of toxicity in sheep. The concentration of other minerals is within the maximum tolerable level for sheep. The toxicity of Iron can be better evaluated in animal experiments. In PSH samples analyzed, minerals with direct toxic potential or accumulation (heavy metals) have no major problems, since most of them were not detected in the analysis.

Mineral composition of protein soybean hull for feeding ruminants / Composição mineral da casca proteinada de soja para alimentação de ruminantes

Background: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classifi ed as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientifi c studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism.Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefi ted soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experi

ackground: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classifi ed as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientifi c studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism.Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefi ted soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experim

Mineral composition of protein soybean hull for feeding ruminants / Composição mineral da casca proteinada de soja para alimentação de ruminantes

Background: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classifi ed as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientifi c studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism.Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefi ted soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experi

ackground: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classifi ed as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientifi c studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism.Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefi ted soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experim

Análise de pesticidas, aflatoxinas e análise de macro e microminerais de polpa cítrica peletizada comercial / Pesticides, aflatoxins and macro and microminerals analyses of commercial citrus pulp pellets

Pesticides, aflatoxins, and nutritional analyses of commercial citrus pulp pellets in Brazil were performed in samples from São Paulo State. They were stored during 86 days and were processed for detection of toxic agents. Residual pesticides (organochlorinated, organophosphorus, pyrethoids, carbamates, chloroalquil tio fungicides, triazols, and the miscellaneous compound propargit) and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were assayed at 0, 43 and 86 days of storage. It was not detected residual pesticide and aflatoxins in any sample. The analysis indicated reduced levels of phosphorous and high values of calcium. Assessment of micro minerals indicated the presence of aluminum, barium, titanium, cooper, manganese, thorium, vanadium, zinc, lanthanum, samarium, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, and scandium.(AU)

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente de minerais em dietas para cães contendo polpa de citros e folha de alfafa

The daily intake and the apparent digestibility of macro and microminerals were determined in bitches fed either a control diet (R0) or the same diet but containing 10% (R10) or 20% (R20) of a mixture composed of citrus pulp and dehydrated alfalfa leaf. The apparent digestibility was estimated as being the amount of a mineral element ingested minus the amount of the element quantified in the feces. Once the dietary fiber intake increased, the intake of dry matter (in g/kgLW) reduced and the Ca, P, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe and Cu apparent digestibility increased. Exception was the Mn digestibility reduction as the fiber intake increased. Only the K digestibility was not influenced by the diet fiber level.

O consumo diário e a digestibilidade aparente de macro e microminerais, foram determinados em cadelas que receberam uma dieta controle (R0), acrescida de 10 (R10) ou 20% (R20) de uma mistura contendo polpa de citros (PC) e folhas de alfafa desidratadas. A digestibilidade aparente dos minerais foi estimada por meio da quantidade do elemento mineral ingerido, subtraída daquela eliminada nas fezes. A medida que a ingestão de fibra dietética aumentou, o consumo de MS (em g/kgPV) diminuiu e as digestibilidades aparentes do Ca, P, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe e Cu foram maiores. A exceção foi para o Mn, cuja digestibilidade reduziu-se com o aumento da ingestão de fibra. Apenas para o K, não se verificou alteração na sua digestibilidade em função do nível de fibra na dieta.

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente de minerais em dietas para cães contendo polpa de citros e folha de alfafa

The daily intake and the apparent digestibility of macro and microminerals were determined in bitches fed either a control diet (R0) or the same diet but containing 10% (R10) or 20% (R20) of a mixture composed of citrus pulp and dehydrated alfalfa leaf. The apparent digestibility was estimated as being the amount of a mineral element ingested minus the amount of the element quantified in the feces. Once the dietary fiber intake increased, the intake of dry matter (in g/kgLW) reduced and the Ca, P, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe and Cu apparent digestibility increased. Exception was the Mn digestibility reduction as the fiber intake increased. Only the K digestibility was not influenced by the diet fiber level.

O consumo diário e a digestibilidade aparente de macro e microminerais, foram determinados em cadelas que receberam uma dieta controle (R0), acrescida de 10 (R10) ou 20% (R20) de uma mistura contendo polpa de citros (PC) e folhas de alfafa desidratadas. A digestibilidade aparente dos minerais foi estimada por meio da quantidade do elemento mineral ingerido, subtraída daquela eliminada nas fezes. A medida que a ingestão de fibra dietética aumentou, o consumo de MS (em g/kgPV) diminuiu e as digestibilidades aparentes do Ca, P, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe e Cu foram maiores. A exceção foi para o Mn, cuja digestibilidade reduziu-se com o aumento da ingestão de fibra. Apenas para o K, não se verificou alteração na sua digestibilidade em função do nível de fibra na dieta.