Three-dimensional assessment of the maxilla after modified surgically assisted rapid expansion: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aims to assess the three-dimensional dentoskeletal effects and median palatal suture opening pattern in patients undergoing modified surgically assisted maxillary rapid expansion (SARME) without pterygoid plate detachment. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients submitted to modified SARME between 2009 and 2016 were retrospectively evaluated through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Dental and skeletal measurements were taken at three different operative periods (before the expansion - T0; at the end of the activation of the Hyrax device - T1; and six months after the immobilization of the device - T2). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient, were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: SARME demonstrated significant transverse maxillary expansion (with an average of 6.05 mm) with a greater impact in the anterior region. Dental measurements, including canine and molar distances, exhibited significant changes over the operative periods. Bone measurements (ANS and PNS) presented small but significant alterations, including a slight inferior displacement of ANS during device activation. The nasal floor width increased, followed by a width reduction after immobilization. The median palatal suture predominantly exhibited a Type II (V-shaped) opening. CONCLUSION: The modified SARME presented a transversal direction increase and a super-lower skeletal displacement, with the anterior region being more affected than the posterior region. There was no change in the anteroposterior direction of the maxilla. Additionally, there was an increase in the linear dental measurements and a decrease in the angular measurement, with a positive correlation between the amount of posterior bone expansion and molar expansion as a result of the treatment in the analyzed period.

The effect of rapid maxillary expansion in children: a meta-analysis / Efeito da expansão rápida da maxila em crianças: uma metanálise

Abstract Introduction: Craniofacial growth is modified by chronic mouth breathing. Rapid maxillary expansion leads to separation of the mid-palatal suture, improving the occlusion and the upper airway size. Aim: Systematically evaluate scientific articles on the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on airway dimensions and classify the quality of the evidence of the information. Methods: Searches on PUBMED, LILACS, EMBASE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and COCHRANE, as well as in the grey literature were performed. The articles found were selected and evaluated both for the risk of bias (ROBINS-I) and for the quality of evidence (GRADE). Results: Of the 309 works found, 26 papers were selected for full reading, of which 22 were excluded. Data compilation and analysis were performed in four papers, two being controlled non-randomized clinical trials and two non-randomized and uncontrolled clinical trials. No randomized clinical trial was found. Conclusions: The meta-analysis found an increase in the internasal and inter-zygomatic distances and oropharyngeal volume after rapid maxillary expansion, which, together with clinical findings, makes the recommendation favorable to the intervention. The quality of the evidence for each outcome was considered very low.

Resumo Introdução: O crescimento craniofacial é modificado pela respiração oral crônica. A expansão rápida da maxila promove a separação da sutura palatino mediana, melhora a oclusão e a dimensão da via aérea superior. Objetivo: Avaliar de forma sistematizada os artigos científicos dos efeitos da expansão rápida da maxila sob as dimensões das vias aéreas e classificar a qualidade da evidência das informações. Método: Foi feita a busca nas plataformas Pubmed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e Cochrane, bem como a literatura cinzenta. Os artigos foram selecionados e avaliados quanto aos riscos de viés (ROBINS-I), e feita a avaliação da qualidade da evidência (GRADE). Resultados: De 309 estudos encontrados, 26 artigos foram selecionados para leitura completa, dos quais 22 excluídos, restaram 4 artigos para a análise e compilamento de dados, dois ensaios clínicos não randomizados controlados e dois ensaios clínicos não randomizados e não controlados. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi encontrado. Conclusões: As metanálises mostraram aumento de distância internasal, interzigomática e volume orofaríngeo após a expansão rápida da maxila, o que, juntamente aos achados clínicos, torna a recomendação favorável à intervenção. A qualidade da evidência de cada desfecho foi considerada muito baixa.

Tratamiento multidisciplinario del exceso vertical total y deficiencia transversal del maxilar sin mordida cruzada posterior / Multidisciplinary treatment of total vertical excess and transverse maxillary deficiency without posterior crossbite

Introducción: La corrección del exceso vertical del maxilar traerá no solo cambios verticales en el perfil, sino también sagitales y transversales. La ausencia clínica de mordida cruzada posterior puede enmascarar deficiencias del ancho y provocar planes de tratamiento incorrectos. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos más importantes en la atención de un caso con exceso vertical y deficiencia transversal del maxilar sin mordida cruzada posterior. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina de 26 años de edad acude a consulta por "dientes hacia adelante". El examen físico y el estudio de los medios diagnósticos permitieron concluir la existencia de exceso vertical y deficiencia transversal del maxilar. Clínicamente no se observó mordida cruzada posterior. El tratamiento por etapas incluyó ortodoncia, expansión e impactación quirúrgica del maxilar. Conclusiones: El ascenso quirúrgico del maxilar debe planificarse a partir de un análisis holístico. Incluye los cambios sagitales del perfil y de la relación transversal entre las arcadas, provocados por el efecto de rotación mandibular. La ausencia de mordida cruzada posterior no excluye la existencia de deficiencia transversal del maxilar. Asimismo, la dimensión definitiva de la expansión debe establecerse una vez que la arcada inferior alcance sus dimensiones definitivas(AU)

Introduction: The correction of the vertical excess of the maxilla will bring not only vertical changes in the profile, but also sagittal and transverse ones. The clinical absence of posterior crossbite can mask width deficiencies and lead to incorrect treatment plans. Objective: Describe the most important aspects in the care of a case with vertical excess and transverse deficiency of the maxilla without posterior cross bite. Case presentation: A 26-year-old female patient comes to the consultation for "teeth forward". The physical examination and the study of the diagnostic means allowed to conclude the existence of vertical excess and transverse deficiency of the maxilla. Clinically, no posterior crossbite was observed. Staged treatment included orthodontics, expansion and surgical impaction of the maxilla. Conclusions: The surgical ascent of the maxilla should be planned based on a holistic analysis. It includes the sagittal changes of the profile and the transverse relationship between the arcades, caused by the effect of mandibular rotation. The absence of posterior crossbite does not exclude the existence of transverse maxillary deficiency. Likewise, the definitive dimension of the expansion must be established once the lower arcade reaches its definitive dimensions(AU)

The effect of rapid maxillary expansion in children: a meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Craniofacial growth is modified by chronic mouth breathing. Rapid maxillary expansion leads to separation of the mid-palatal suture, improving the occlusion and the upper airway size. AIM: Systematically evaluate scientific articles on the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on airway dimensions and classify the quality of the evidence of the information. METHODS: Searches on PUBMED, LILACS, EMBASE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and COCHRANE, as well as in the grey literature were performed. The articles found were selected and evaluated both for the risk of bias (ROBINS-I) and for the quality of evidence (GRADE). RESULTS: Of the 309 works found, 26 papers were selected for full reading, of which 22 were excluded. Data compilation and analysis were performed in four papers, two being controlled non-randomized clinical trials and two non-randomized and uncontrolled clinical trials. No randomized clinical trial was found. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis found an increase in the internasal and inter-zygomatic distances and oropharyngeal volume after rapid maxillary expansion, which, together with clinical findings, makes the recommendation favorable to the intervention. The quality of the evidence for each outcome was considered very low.

Surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME): indications, planning and treatment of severe maxillary deficiency in an adult patient

ABSTRACT Introduction: Maxillary deficiency, also called transverse deficiency of the maxilla, may be associated with posterior crossbite, as well as with other functional changes, particularly respiratory. In adult patients, because of bone maturation and the midpalatal suture fusion, rapid maxillary expansion has to be combined with a previous surgical procedure to release the areas of resistance of the maxilla. This procedure is known as surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME). Objective: This study discusses the indications, characteristics and effects of SARME, and presents a clinical case of transverse and sagittal skeletal maxillary discrepancy treated using SARME and orthodontic camouflage.

RESUMO Introdução: A atresia maxilar, ou deficiência transversa da maxila, pode estar associada à mordida cruzada posterior, além de outras alterações funcionais, especialmente respiratórias. Em pacientes adultos, devido à maturação óssea e fusão da sutura palatina mediana, a expansão rápida da maxila precisa ser associada a um procedimento cirúrgico prévio, para liberar as áreas de resistência da maxila, sendo conhecida como expansão rápida da maxila assistida cirurgicamente (ERMAC). Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as indicações, características e efeitos esperados da ERMAC, além de apresentar um caso clínico de deficiência maxilar esquelética transversal e sagital, cujo tratamento consistiu na ERMAC associada ao tratamento ortodôntico compensatório.

Tratamento precoce da Classe III esquelética com ancoragem absoluta ­ relato de caso / Skeletal Class III early treatment with absolute anchorage ­ case report

Diante da má oclusão de Classe III esquelética por deficiência da maxila, a protração maxilar, precedida ou não pela disjunção palatina, é o procedimento mais utilizado pelos ortodontistas. Entretanto promove compensações dentárias e está limitada a idades muito precoces. O presente artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar, por meio de relato de caso clínico, o tratamento da Classe III esquelética com ancoragem óssea, potencializando os resultados da protração e minimizando os efeitos dentários indesejáveis preconizados pelo protocolo Manhães. Esse tratamento foi utilizado em uma paciente antes do pico do surto de crescimento puberal e incluiu a expansão rápida da maxila, com Hyrax híbrido, associado a elásticos de Classe III sob uso de 24 horas/dia, ligados a um dispositivo suportado por dentes e mini-implantes (MI) e ancoragem mandibular implanto-suportada (Barra Manhães), além do uso da máscara facial noturna. Observou-se considerável avanço maxilar, melhor colaboração, ausência de compensações dentárias e efetivo custo-benefício ao paciente (AU)

Abstract In the presence of skeletal Class III malocclusion due to maxillary deficiency, maxillary protraction preceded or not by palatine disjunction is the procedure most frequently used by orthodontists. However, it promotes dental compensations and it is limited to very early ages. The present article aims to show, through a clinical case report, the treatment of skeletal Class III with bone anchorage, potentiating protraction results and minimizing the undesirable dental effects as recommended by Manhães. This protocol was used in one patient prior to pubertal growth spurt and included rapid maxillary expansion with Hyrax hybrid associated to Class III elastics used 24 hours/day attached to a supported device. by teeth and mini-implants (IM) and implant-supported mandibular anchorage (Barra Manhães) besides the use of nocturnal facial mask. Considerable maxillary advancement, better collaboration, absence of dental compensations and effective cost-benefit to the patient were observed. (AU)

Impact of rapid maxillary expansion on nasomaxillary complex volume in mouth-breathers

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the volumetric changes that occur in the nasomaxillary complex of mouth-breathing patients with transverse maxillary deficiency subjected to rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Methods: This was a controlled, prospective intervention study involving 38 mouth-breathing patients presenting with transverse maxillary deficiency, regardless of malocclusion type or race. Twenty-three of them comprised the experimental group, which was composed of 11 (47.8%) boys, and 12 (52.2%) girls, with a mean age of 9.6 years, ranging from 6.4 to 14.2 years and standard deviation of 2.3 years; and 15 of them comprised the control group, composed of 9 (60%) boys and 6 (40%) girls with an mean age of 10.5 years, ranging from 8.0 to 13.6 years, and standard deviation of 1.9 years. All patients were scanned (CT) according to a standard protocol: Initial CT (T1), and CT three months thereafter (T2), and the patients in the experimental group were treated with RME using a Hyrax expander for the correction of maxillary deficiency during the T1-T2 interval. The CT scans were manipulated using Dolphin® Imaging version 11.7 software for total and partial volumetric assessment of the nasomaxillary complex. Results: The results revealed that in the experimental group there was a significant increase in the size of the structures of interest compared to the control group, both in general aspect and in specific regions. Conclusions: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) provided a significant expansion in all the structures of the nasomaxillary complex (nasal cavity, oropharynx, right and left maxillary sinuses).

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as alterações volumétricas do complexo nasomaxilar em pacientes respiradores bucais com deficiência transversal da maxila tratados com expansão rápida da maxila (ERM). Métodos: foram selecionados 38 pacientes respiradores bucais, independentemente da má oclusão ou raça, portadores de constrição maxilar, e realizou-se um estudo de intervenção, prospectivo, controlado. Para o grupo experimental, foram selecionados 23 pacientes, sendo 11 (47,8%) meninos e 12 (52,2%) meninas, com média de idade de 9,6 anos (variando de 6,4 a 14,2 anos) e desvio-padrão de 2,3 anos; e 15 pacientes para o grupo controle, sendo 9 (60%) meninos e 6 (40%) meninas, com média de idade de 10,5 anos (variando de 8,0 a 13,6 anos) e desvio-padrão de 1,9 anos. Todos os pacientes realizaram exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC), de acordo com protocolo padronizado: TC inicial (T1) e TC após três meses do período de contenção (T2). Os pacientes do grupo experimental foram tratados com expansão rápida da maxila usando um expansor Hyrax para a correção da deficiência transversal durante o intervalo T1-T2. As imagens tomográficas para avaliação volumétrica total e parcial do complexo nasomaxilar foram manipuladas no programa Dolphin ® versão 11.7. Resultados: os resultados revelaram que no grupo experimental houve um aumento significativo no tamanho das estruturas de interesse em comparação com o grupo controle, tanto no geral quanto nas regiões específicas. Conclusões: a expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) promoveu uma expansão significativa de todas as estruturas do complexo nasomaxilar (cavidade nasal, orofaringe, seios maxilares direito e esquerdo).

Evaluation of opening pattern and bone neoformation at median palatal suture area in patients submitted to surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) through cone beam computed tomography

AbstractSurgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is the treatment of choice to adult patients even with severe transversal maxillary discrepancies. However, the adequate retention period to achieve the bone remodeling, thus assuring treatment stability, is controversial.Objective To evaluate the opening pattern and bone neoformation process at the midpalatal suture in patients submitted to surgically assisted (SARME) through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Material and Methods Fourteen patients were submitted to SARME through subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy. Both the opening pattern and the mean bone density at midpalatal suture area to evaluate bone formation were assessed pre- and post-operatively (15, 60 and 180 days) through CBCT.Results Type I opening pattern (from anterior to posterior nasal spine) occurred in 12 subjects while type II opening pattern (from anterior nasal spine to transverse palatine suture) occurred in 2 individuals. The 180-day postoperative mean (PO 180) of bone density value was 49.9% of the preoperative mean (Pre) value.Conclusions The opening pattern of midpalatal suture is more related to patients’ age (23.9 years in type I and 33.5 years in type II) and surgical technique. It was not possible to observe complete bone formation at midpalatal suture area at the ending of the retention period studied (180 days).

Estudo comparativo dimensional tomográfico do côndilo mandibular de indivíduos com deficiência transversal de maxila / Comparative dimensional tomographic study of the mandibular condyle of individuals with transversal maxillary deficiency

A deficiência transversal de maxila, caracteriza-se por mordida cruzada posterior uni ou bilateral, dentes apinhados e ou rotacionados, e pelo formato ogival do palato. O tratamento em indivíduos adultos tem sido realizado a partir da expansão de maxila cirurgicamente assistida (EMCA), que resulta em efeitos esqueléticos e dentários no arco superior, com expectativa de efeitos no arco inferior. Neste estudo nos propusemos avaliar a ocorrência de alterações dimensionais nos côndilos mandibulares, de pacientes com deficiência transversal de maxila, e submetidos a expansão cirurgicamente assistida em imagens obtidas por tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC) de catorze indivíduos com deficiência transversal de maxila, sendo cinco homens e nove mulheres, com idades entre 24 e 28 anos. Na reformatação axial as medidas foram obtidas no sentido, látero-medial, póstero-anterior lateral, póstero-anterior central e pósteroanterior medial da superfície articular. Nas reformatações coronais, mensurou-se os sentidos látero-medial superior, látero-medial inferior, látero-medial médio e súperoinferior. Dentre as medidas obtidas e submetidas à análise estatística pelo teste t pareado, somente as medidas axial póstero-anterior lateral esquerda (-0,90mm), coronal médio direita (-1,24mm), coronal inferior esquerda (1,78mm), coronal súpero-inferior direita (0,76mm), axial póstero-anterior lateral (-0,74mm) e coronal inferior (-1,13mm) foram estatisticamente significativas. Os resultados obtidos na amostra estudada nos permitiram concluir que: em indivíduos com deficiência transversal de maxila e submetidos a EMCA, ocorreram alterações dimensionais nos côndilos mandibulares, que puderam ser entendidas por remodelação, uma vez que caracterizaram-se por aumento e redução, dependendo da localização da medida realizada.

Transverse maxillary deficiency is characterized by posterior uni or bilateral crossbite, crowded and rotated teeth, as well as high palate. Its treatment in adult individuals is surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE). This procedure not only has skeletal and dental effects in the upper arch, but also expresses effects in the lower arch. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of dimensional alterations in the mandibular condyles of patients with transversal maxillary deficiency submitted to surgically assisted maxillary expansion. Measurements by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the mandibular condyles, axial plains, lateromedial sizes, posterior-anterior lateral, posterior anterior central, and posterior-anterior medial of the articular surface were performed. In the coronal reformats, the superior lateral medial, inferior lateral medial, medium lateral medial, and superior inferior sizes were measured. CBCT images of fourteen individuals with transversal maxillary deficiency were used, five male and nine female with an average age of 24.28 years. Among the values obtained and submitted to statistical analysis by the paired t-test, only the left posterior-lateral anterior axial measurements (-0.90mm), right middle coronal (-1.24mm), left inferior coronal (1.78mm), right superior-inferior coronal (0.76mm), axial anterior-posterior lateral (-0.74mm) and inferior coronal (-1.13mm) were statistically significant. It was concluded that in individuals with maxillary transversal deficiency that underwent surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE), dimensional alterations occurred in the mandibular condyles, which can be understood by remodeling, once they are characterized by an increase and reduction, depending on the location where the measurement was performed.

Expansão rápida da maxila cirurgicamente assistida sob anestesia local: relato de caso / Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion under local anesthesia: case report

Introdução: A expansão rápida da maxila cirurgicamente assistida (ERMCA) é empregada para o tratamento das deficiências transversais verdadeiras em pacientes com maturidade esquelética, havendo uma associação entre o procedimento cirúrgico e o ortodôntico. Esse tratamento promove um aumento do perímetro do arco maxilar, o que melhora a acomodação da língua e corrige os corredores negros. O procedimento pode ser feito com anestesia local e é baixo o risco de complicações, tornando-se uma excelente alternativa de tratamento. Relato de caso e conclusão: Este artigo relata um caso de ERMCA, realizada sob anestesia local em ambiente ambulatorial. O paciente era portador de um quadro de deficiência transversal de maxila. A prática da ERMCA sob anestesia local em ambiente ambulatorial apresenta-se como um procedimento viável, de baixo custo, fácil execução e com riscos baixos, desde que seja executada conforme a técnica adequada.

Introduction: Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) is indicated for the treatment of transverse maxillary deficiency in patients with skeletal maturity, through the association of orthodontic and surgical procedures. It leads to an increase in the maxillary arch, resulting in better accommodation of the tongue and correcting the black corridors. This procedure can be performed under local anesthesia with low risk of complications, thus being considered a practical alternative treatment. Case report and conclusion: This article reports a case of surgically assisted maxillary expansion performed under local anesthesia in an outpatient setting. The patient had a clinical picture of transverse maxillary deficiency. Performing SARPE under local anesthesia in an outpatient setting is a viable procedure, of low cost, easy implementation and low risk of complications once it is performed according to the appropriate technique.

Expansão maxilar em adultos e adolescentes com maturação esquelética avançada / Maxillary expansion in adults and adolescents with advanced skeletal maturation

A deficiência transversa da maxila é um fator agravante e complicador do tratamento ortodôntico em adultos. Sua correção ainda gera dúvidas e controvérsias entre clínicos e pesquisadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e discutir fatores determinantes para o planejamento da expansão maxilar em adultos e adolescentes com maturação esquelética avançada. Ausências dentárias múltiplas, grandes inclinações dentoalveolares para vestibular, recessão gengival, perda óssea alveolar e mobilidade dos dentes posterossuperiores contraindicam a realização de expansão rápida da maxila em indivíduos adultos ou com maturação esquelética avançada. No entanto, esses fatores não devem ser considerados isoladamente para a escolha do método de expansão palatal nesses pacientes. Nessas situações, a Expansão Rápida da Maxila Assistida Cirurgicamente (ERMAC) pode ser uma opção, entretanto, a escolha por essa técnica deve basear-se principalmente na idade do paciente, no grau de maturação esquelética, na localização da deficiência transversa da maxila e nas estruturas anatômicas que oferecem maior resistência à expansão maxilar. O Hyrax é o aparelho mais indicado para indivíduos que vão se submeter à ERMAC.

The transverse maxillary deficiency is a complication factor in adults' orthodontic treatment. Its correction still generates doubts and controversies between clinicians and researchers. The aim of this paper is to discuss the determinative factors in planning maxillary expansion in adults and adolescents with advanced skeletal maturation. Multiple dental absences, several dentoalveolar buccal inclination, gingival recession, alveolar bone loss and mobility of posterosuperior teeth contraindicate the rapid maxillary expansion in adults or patients with advanced skeletal maturation. However, these factors should not be considered separately when choosing the method for palatal expansion in adults. In these situations Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion (SARME) can be an option. And the choice of the surgical technique (SARME) should focus mainly the patient's age, grade of skeletal maturation, anatomical structures that offer more resistance to the maxillary expansion and location of the palatal constriction. Hyrax is the expander appliance more indicated for patients that will be submitted to SARME.