Subjective memory complaints in young people; their relationship withobjective cognitive performance and the role of neuroticism / Quejas subjetivas de memoria en jóvenes; su relación con el rendimiento cognitivo objetivo y el papel del neuroticismo

Las percepciones de olvidos recurrentes o episodios de distracción en la vida diaria se denominan quejas subjetivas de memoria (QSM). Su naturaleza se ha estudiado ampliamente en adultos mayores, pero su importancia y relación con el rendimiento neurocognitivo no se han abordado por completo en adultos más jóvenes. Se han sugerido algunos rasgos psicológicos como posibles moderadores de la asociación entre el rendimiento de la memoria objetiva y subjetiva. El primer objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la correspondencia entre la percepción objetiva y subjetiva de los fallos de memoria en jóvenes. En segundo lugar, estudiamos si el rasgo psicológico del neuroticismo podría estar influyendo en esta relación. Para ello, medimos QSM, diferentes dominios cognitivos (memoria episódica y de trabajo y funciones ejecutivas) y neuroticismo en 80 hombres y mujeres jóvenes. Los resultados mostraron que solo la memoria episódica inmediata estaba estadísticamente relacionada con los QSM. Curiosamente, las relaciones negativas entre el rendimiento de la memoria objetiva y subjetiva solo aparecieron en participantes con mayor neuroticismo. Por lo tanto, las quejas de memoria reportadas por los jóvenes podrían reflejar un peor rendimiento de la memoria episódica inmediata, mientras que el neuroticismo jugaría un papel principal en la asociación entre los déficits de memoria y las QSM. Este estudio proporciona datos que pueden ayudar a comprender mejor las QSM en los jóvenes.(AU)

Perceptions of recurrent forgetfulness or episodes of distraction in daily life are referred to as subjective memory complaints (SMCs). Their nature has been extensively studied in older adults, but their significance and relationship with neurocognitive performance have not been fully ad-dressed in younger adults. Some psychological traits have been suggested as possible moderators of the association between objective and subjective memory performance. The first aim of this study was to analyze the corre-spondence between the objective and subjective perception of memory failures in young people. Second, we studied whether the psychological trait of neuroticism could be influencing this relationship. Todo this, we measured SMCs, different cognitive domains (episodic and working memory and executive functions), and neuroticism in 80 young men and women. Results showed that only immediate episodic memory was statisti-cally related to SMCs. Interestingly, the negative relationships between ob-jective and subjective memory performance only appeared in participants with higher neuroticism. Thus, memory complaints reported by young people could reflect poorer immediate episodic memory performance, whereas neuroticism would play a main role in the association between memory deficits and SMCs. This study provides data that can help to bet-ter understand SMCs in young people.(AU)

Falas maternas sobre alimentação infantil / Maternal discourses on child feeding / Recuerdos maternos de la alimentación de sus hijos

Introdução: A alimentação aparece em todas as explicações sobre os processos e ações humanas, o que confirma o fato de não ser uma conduta natural, mas efeito da interação entre indivíduos, inaugurada na relação mãe-bebê. Objetivo: Identificar apagamentos, lapsos e resistência nas memórias de mães de crianças, adolescentes e jovens adultos primogênitos, sobre o processo de alimentação de seus filhos. Método: descritivo, exploratório realizado com mães de crianças, adolescentes e adultos com desenvolvimento típico que responderam a um questionário sobre a alimentação. Resultados: As perguntas relativas à amamentação e ao desmame foram respondidas de forma assertiva, mostrando que estes são fatos simbólicos, que marcam a lembrança materna. Conclusão: As lembranças maternas sobre as cenas alimentares com seus filhos mostram os movimentos de união e separação entre o par interacional. É possível apontar que apenas para as perguntas relativas à amamentação e ao desmame as respostas são totalmente assertivas, indiciando que são fatos simbólicos que marcam a memória materna. (AU)

Introduction: Feeding appears in all explanations about human processes and actions, which confirms the fact that it is not a natural behavior, but an effect of the interaction between individuals, initiated in the mother-baby relationship. Objective: To identify erasures, lapses and resistance in the memories of mothers of first-born children, adolescents and young adults, about the process of feeding their children. Method: descriptive, exploratory carried out with mothers of children, adolescents and adults with typical development who responded to a questionnaire about nutrition. Results: Questions regarding breastfeeding and weaning were answered assertively, showing that these are symbolic facts, which mark maternal memories. Conclusion: Maternal memories of eating scenes with their children show the movements of union and separation between the interactional pair. It is possible to point out that only for the questions related to breastfeeding and weaning the answers are completely assertive, indicating that they are symbolic facts that mark maternal memory. (AU)

Introducción: La alimentación aparece en todas las explicaciones sobre los procesos y acciones humanas, lo que confirma que no es un comportamiento natural, sino un efecto de la interacción entre individuos, iniciada en la relación madre-bebé. Objetivo: Identificar borramientos, lapsos y resistencias en los recuerdos de madres de primogénitos, adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, sobre el proceso de alimentación de sus hijos. Método: descriptivo, exploratorio realizado con madres de niños, adolescentes y adultos con desarrollo típico que respondieron un cuestionario sobre nutrición. Resultados: Las preguntas sobre lactancia materna y destete fueron respondidas de manera asertiva, demostrando que se trata de hechos simbólicos, que marcan los recuerdos maternos. Conclusión: Los recuerdos maternos de escenas de comida con sus hijos muestran los movimientos de unión y separación entre la pareja interaccional. Es posible señalar que sólo para las preguntas relacionadas con la lactancia materna y el destete las respuestas son completamente asertivas, indicando que son hechos simbólicos que marcan la memoria materna. (AU)

Memory changes in patients with hippocampal sclerosis submitted to surgery to treat mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

PURPOSE: This study was performed with the purpose of analysing the relationship between epileptological and surgical variables and post-operative memory performance, following surgery for refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS). METHODS: Logical memory (LM) and visual memory (VM) scores for immediate and late follow-up of 201 patients operated for MTLE/HS were reviewed. Scores were standardized with a control group of 54 healthy individuals matched for age and education. The Reliable Change Index (RCI) was calculated to verify individual memory changes for late LM and VM scores. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out with the RCI, using LM and VM scores as well as the clinical variables. RESULTS: A total of 112 (56%) patients had right HS. The RCI of the right HS group demonstrated that 6 (7%) patients showed improvement while 5 (6%) patients showed decreased scores in late LM; for late VM, 7 (8%) patients presented improvement, and 2 (3%) patients showed poorer scores. RCI of the left HS group showed that 3 (3%) individuals showed improved scores, while scores of 5 (4%) patients worsened for late LM; for late VM, 3 (3%) patients presented higher scores and 6 (5%) showed lower scores. Left HS and advanced age at onset of the first epileptic seizure were predictors of late LM loss (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Left MTLE/HS and seizure onset at advanced ages were predictive factors for the worsening of late LM. We observed poorer baseline LM function in the left HS group and improvement of LM in some patients who had resection of the right MTL. Patients in the right HS group showed a higher percentage of reliable post-operative improvement for both VM and LM scores.

Acteoside Attenuates Recognition Memory Impairment in CUMS Rats via Regulating Synaptic Plasticity and mTOR Signaling Pathway

SUMMARY: We evaluated the role and mechanism of acteoside in the regulation of memory impairment induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). CUMS was used to induce depression in rats and the successful establishment of CUMS model were verified by forced swimming test and sucrose preference test. The Y-maze test and novel object recognition test assessed memory functions. The structural changes in the cortex and hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting determined the protein levels. Y-maze test and novel object recognition test showed that there was memory performance impairment in rats of CUMS group, which was improved by the acteoside treatment. HE staining showed that CUMS exposure damaged the structure in the cortex and hippocampus, while the acteoside treatment alleviated the structural changes. Compared with the control group, the levels of BNDF and CREB in the cortex and hippocampus of the CUMS group were significantly decreased. Acteoside significantly reversed the expressions of these proteins in CUMS rats. Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the levels of p-mTOR and p- P70S6K in the cortex and hippocampus of the CUMS group were significantly increased, and these changes were significantly reversed by acteoside. Nevertheless, the effect of acteoside on mTOR signaling was markedly blocked by rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR signaling. Acteoside can attenuate memory impairment and ameliorate neuronal damage and synaptic plasticity in depression rats probably via inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. Acteoside may serve as a novel reagent for the prevention of depression.

Evaluamos el papel y el mecanismo del acteoside en la regulación del deterioro de la memoria inducido por estrés leve crónico impredecible (ELCI). Se utilizó ELCI para inducir depresión en ratas y el establecimiento exitoso del modelo ELCI se verificó mediante una prueba de natación forzada y una prueba de preferencia de sacarosa. La prueba del laberinto en Y y la prueba de reconocimiento de objetos novedosos evaluaron las funciones de la memoria. Los cambios estructurales en la corteza y el hipocampo se observaron mediante tinción con hematoxilina y eosina (HE). La tinción por inmunofluorescencia y la transferencia Western determinaron los niveles de proteína. La prueba del laberinto en Y y la prueba de reconocimiento de objetos novedosos mostraron que había un deterioro del rendimiento de la memoria en ratas del grupo ELCI, que mejoró con el tratamiento con acteósidos. La tinción con HE mostró que la exposición a ELCI dañó la estructura de la corteza y el hipocampo, mientras que el tratamiento con actósidos alivió los cambios estructurales. En comparación con el grupo de control, los niveles de BNDF y CREB en la corteza y el hipocampo del grupo ELCI disminuyeron significativamente. Acteoside revirtió significativamente las expresiones de estas proteínas en ratas ELCI. Mientras tanto, en comparación con el grupo control, los niveles de p-mTOR y p-P70S6K en la corteza y el hipocampo del grupo ELCI aumentaron significativamente, y estos cambios fueron revertidos significativamente ELCI por el acteoside. Sin embargo, el efecto del acteoside sobre la señalización de mTOR fue notablemente bloqueado por la rapamicina, un inhibidor específico de la señalización de mTOR. El acteoside puede atenuar el deterioro de la memoria y mejorar el daño neuronal y la plasticidad sináptica en ratas con depresión, probablemente mediante la inhibición de la vía de señalización mTOR. Acteoside puede servir como un reactivo novedoso para la prevención de la depresión.

Effect of PTSD treatment on cardiovascular reactivity during trauma memory recall and correspondence with symptom improvement.

ABSTRACTBackground: Prior research has shown PTSD treatment leads to reductions in cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall, but the extent to which such reductions are associated with changes in PTSD symptoms is less clear. Moreover, such relationships have not been investigated in a cognitively focused PTSD treatment.Objective: To examine changes in cardiovascular reactivity to the trauma memory in patients receiving cognitive processing therapy (CPT), CPT with a written trauma account, and a written account only condition. We also examined the association of such changes with symptom improvement.Method: 118 women with PTSD secondary to interpersonal violence completed pre- and post-treatment assessments of PTSD symptoms and cardiovascular reactivity during a script-driven imagery task.Results: Results indicated a significant but modest reduction in cardiovascular reactivity in CPT conditions. Changes in cardiovascular reactivity and reexperiencing symptoms were significantly associated among the whole sample. Among individuals with the greatest reactivity to the trauma memory at pretreatment, associations were also seen with changes in total PTSD, numbing, and trauma-related guilt.Conclusions: Results indicate that previous findings on the effect of PTSD treatment on cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall extend to cognitively oriented treatment. Baseline cardiovascular reactivity may influence the extent to which reductions in PTSD symptoms and reactivity during trauma recall are related.

Cognitive Processing Therapy leads to reduced heart rate reactivity when recalling a trauma memory.Decreases in heart rate reactivity are associated with reduced reexperiencing symptoms.Changes in heart rate reactivity and PTSD symptoms are more closely related among patients with greater pretreatment reactivity.

The effect of a visuospatial interference intervention on posttraumatic intrusions: a cross-over randomized controlled trial.

Background: Intrusive memories form a core symptom of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Based on concepts of visuospatial interference and memory-updating accounts, technological innovations aim to attenuate such intrusions using visuospatial interventions.Objective: This study aims to test the effect of a visuospatial Tetris-based intervention versus a verbal condition (Wiki) and a never-targeted control (no intervention) on intrusion frequency.Method: A randomized crossover trial was conducted including N = 38 PTSD patients who had at least 3 distinct intrusive memories of trauma. After both 2 weeks (intervention 1) and 4 weeks (intervention 2), one of the three memories was randomly selected and either the visuospatial intervention (memory reminder of a traumatic memory + Tetris) or verbal condition (reading a Wikipedia article + answering questions) was performed on their first memory in randomized order. In the week 4 session, the patient conducted the other intervention condition on their second memory (crossover). The third memory was never targeted (no intervention). Daily occurrence of intrusions over 8 weeks was collected using a diary and analysed using mixed Poisson regression models.Results: Overall, there was no significant reduction in intrusion frequency from either intervention compared to each other, and to no intervention control (relative risk Tetris/Wiki: 0.947; p = .31; relative risk no intervention/Tetris: 1.060; p = .15; relative risk no intervention/Wiki: 1.004; p = .92).Conclusions: There was no effect of either intervention on intrusions when administered in a crossover design where participants received both interventions. Design shortcomings and consequences for future studies are discussed.

Visuospatial interventions, including the computer game Tetris, have been studied as a potential means to decrease intrusive memories, a core feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.In this study, two interventions are tested in a crossover design with patients with intrusive memories after traumatic experiences.There was no effect of either the visuospatial intervention or the verbal condition in this design.

Impact of memory bias in the dietary estimation of older adults measured through a food frequency questionnaire and weighed food records: A cross-sectional study in older adults and primary caregivers.

Introduction: Introduction: changes in cognitive performance and memory of older adults (OA) can interfere in their reporting their diet. Objective: to evaluate the impact of memory bias in dietary estimation between OA and their primary caregivers (PC) through the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Mexican OA and weighed food records (WFR). Methods: the present analysis uses the estimated dietary information based on the response provided by 51 older adults (OA) and their primary caregivers (PC) from the validation study of the FFQ for Mexicans OA was conducted during lockdowns for COVID-19. The personnel who applied FFQ and WFR were trained with standardized instruments and procedures. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the intake per day of the foods and food groups, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the grams of intake per day of the food groups, and kappa coefficient was used to compare the level of food items and food groups between OA and PC. Results: in 11 of 14 food groups, no significant differences were observed between the amounts of intake reported by OA and PC. In the groups of dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, moderate agreement was observed (κ = 0.63 to 0.79), and in the rest of the groups was strong to perfect (κ ≥ 0.80). Correlation of the amount of intake between OA and PC was high in all food groups (r ≥ 0.87). Conclusion: the high correlation and high agreement between the amounts and frequencies of the food groups consumed as reported by the older adults and primary caregivers indicate that the information from both respondents is reliable.

Introducción: Introducción: los cambios cognitivos y la memoria que presentan los adultos mayores (AM) pueden interferir al momento de reportar los alimentos de su dieta. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto del sesgo de memoria en la estimación de la dieta entre AM y sus cuidadores principales (CP) a través del cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos (CFA) para AM mexicanos y el registro de peso de alimentos (RPA). Métodos: el presente análisis utiliza la información dietética estimada con base en la respuesta proporcionada por 51 adultos mayores (AM) y sus cuidadores principales (CP) del estudio de validación del CFA para AM mexicanos que se realizó durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. El personal que aplicó CFA y RPA fue capacitado con instrumentos y procedimientos estandarizados. Se utilizó prueba de Wilcoxon para comparar la ingesta por día de los alimentos y grupos de alimentos, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para evaluar los gramos de ingesta por día de los grupos de alimentos y el coeficiente kappa para comparar el nivel de alimentos y grupos de alimentos entre AM y CP. Resultados: en 11 de 14 grupos de alimentos no se observaron diferencias significativas entre las cantidades de ingesta reportadas por AM y CP. En los grupos de lácteos, frutas, verduras y legumbres se observó concordancia moderada (κ = 0,63 a 0,79), y en el resto de los grupos fue de fuerte a perfecta (κ ≥ 0,80). La correlación de la cantidad de ingesta entre AM y CP fue alta en todos los grupos de alimentos (r ≥ 0,87). Conclusión: La alta correlación y la alta concordancia entre las cantidades y frecuencias de los grupos de alimentos consumidos según lo informado por los adultos mayores y los cuidadores principales indican que la información de ambos encuestados es confiable.

Memory Wars: A Solution to the Conflict / Las Guerras de la Memoria: una Solución al Conflicto

Se discute la validez de la memoria disociativa en contextos forenses y las causas de las llamadas “guerras de la memoria”. Conceptos erróneos entre la psicología clínica y la psicología forense, una definición deficiente de la amnesia y las dificultades inherentes en el estudio de recuerdos traumáticos contribuyen a la persistencia de esta controversia. Particularmente en el campo de la psicología forense, el debate podría atribuirse a la falta de consenso sobre la evidencia científica. Los psicólogos necesitan establecer una base empírica para comprender mejor los mecanismos de la memoria involucrados en recordar y olvidar recuerdos traumáticos. Se esboza el Modelo de Accesibilidad Continua de la Memoria para explicar la recuperación de los diferentes grados de accesibilidad a los recuerdos autobiográficos basados en diferentes factores.(AU)

The validity of dissociative memory in forensic contexts and the causes of the so-called “memory wars” arediscussed. Misconceptions between clinical and forensic psychology, a deficient definition of amnesia, and the difficulties inherent in studying traumatic memories contribute to the persistence of this controversy. Particularly in the field of forensic psychology, the debate could be attributed to the lack of consensus on scientific evidence. Psychologists need to establish an empirical foundation to understand better the mechanisms of memory involved in remembering and forgetting traumatic memories. The Continuous Accessibility Model of Memory is outlined to explain the retrieval of the different degrees of accessibility to autobiographical memories based on different factors.(AU)

Estudios normativos españoles (proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus): Normas para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) / Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test

Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar normas y ajustes para edad, educación y género para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) como parte del proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus. Método: La muestra consiste en 308 individuos cognitivamente sanos de entre 18 y 92 años. Se proporcionan tablas para convertir las puntuaciones brutas en puntuaciones escalares ajustadas por edad y ajustes por educación y género tras aplicar modelos de regresión independientes en 2 grupos de edad (< 50 y ≥ 50 años). Resultados: La edad tuvo un efecto negativo en el rendimiento en ambos grupos etarios. Observamos un efecto positivo de la educación en el rendimiento del WCST en el grupo más joven (< 50 años), y en todas las medidas del FCMT (con la excepción de la tarea de reconocimiento) en el grupo de mayor edad (≥ 50 años). La educación no influyó en el rendimiento en el RULIT, pero sí el género, que tuvo un efecto leve, aunque significativo, mostrando los hombres jóvenes un mayor rendimiento en una variable. Conclusión: Los datos normativos aportados pueden contribuir en la interpretación clínica del rendimiento en estas pruebas en población española.(AU)

Objective: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. Methods: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). Results: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (< 50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥ 50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. Conclusion: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.(AU)

Cognitive factors as mediators of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms: the mediating roles of cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination, and social problem-solving.

Background: Childhood trauma has negative immediate and long-term impacts on depression. Questions remain, however, regarding the cognitive factors influencing this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the role of three cognitive factors - cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination and social problem-solving - as mediating factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and symptoms of depression.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Iran from March to July 2023. Participants (N = 227; Mean age 32.44 ± 8.95 years) with depression completed measures of childhood trauma, depression, self-overgeneralisation, cognitive errors, memory specificity, rumination and social problem-solving. The conceptual model was assessed using structural equation modelling.Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that childhood trauma had a positive direct effect on depression symptoms. Childhood trauma had a positive indirect effect on depression symptoms through both self-overgeneralisation and rumination and a negative indirect effect on depression through effective social problem-solving strategies.Conclusions: The findings suggest increased exposure to childhood trauma may be associated with elevated depression and self-overgeneralisation, rumination, and effective social problem-solving strategies may play an important role in this relationship. These findings hold potential implications for those working with patients with depression and a history of childhood trauma.

Since the relationship between childhood trauma and depression is not straightforward, the study addresses a significant gap in the understanding of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms by focusing on cognitive factors as potential mediators among depressed patients.Childhood trauma not only has a direct positive effect on depression symptoms but also indirectly influences depression through self-overgeneralisation and rumination, which contribute to elevated depression, while effective social problem-solving strategies act as a protective factor, leading to decreased depression symptoms.The significance of above cognitive overgeneralisation factors in shaping the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms suggests that therapeutic interventions targeting these cognitive factors might be hold promise in improving mental health outcomes for this vulnerable population.

Performance on the Latin American version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (LAS-FNAME) distinguishes individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment from age-matched controls in a sample from Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: The Latin American Spanish version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (LAS-FNAME) has shown promise in identifying cognitive changes in those at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its applicability for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) detection in the Latin American population remains unexplored. This study aims to analyze the psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability and diagnostic performance of the LAS-FNAME for the detection of memory disorders in patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 31 participants with aMCI, diagnosed by a neurologist according to Petersen's criteria, and 19 healthy controls. Inclusion criteria for the aMCI group were to be 60 years of age or older, report cognitive complaints, have a memory test score (Craft Story 21) below a -1.5 z-score and have preserved functioning in activities of daily living. Participants completed LAS-FNAME and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: LAS-FNAME showed the ability to discriminate against healthy controls from patients with aMCI (AUC= 75) in comparison with a gold-standard memory test (AUC = 69.1). LAS-FNAME also showed evidence of concurrent and divergent validity with a standard memory test (RAVLT) (r = 0.58, p < .001) and with an attention task (Digit Span) (r = -0.37, p = .06). Finally, the reliability index was very high (α = 0.88). DISCUSSION: LAS-FNAME effectively distinguished aMCI patients from healthy controls, suggesting its potential for detecting early cognitive changes in Alzheimer's prodromal stages among Spanish speakers.

Interacción del tratamiento y el control de la presión en el deterioro de la memoria incidental visuoespacial en pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica / Pressure control and treatment interact in the deterioration of incidental visuospatial memory in hypertensive patients

Resumen Antecedentes: La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) es el principal factor de riesgo para el deterioro cognitivo; por otro lado, la memoria visuoespacial es más vulnerable al envejecimiento. Algunos fármacos antihipertensivos tienen un efecto neuroprotector, pero tal efecto puede enmascararse o bien no manifestarse por comorbilidad o por falta de control efectivo de la presión arterial. Objetivo: Evaluar las alteraciones en la memoria visuoespacial incidental de pacientes con HAS en relación con su tratamiento antihipertensivo y su control de la presión. Método: Se incluyeron 80 pacientes con HAS (46 mujeres), agrupados por su medicación en bloqueadores de los receptores de la angiotensina II (BRA) o inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA). Se realizó un análisis de correlaciones múltiples para los puntajes obtenidos en la prueba de memoria visuoespacial incidental/intencional y un análisis de modelos mixtos (factores fijos: tratamiento, control de la presión y comorbilidad con diabetes; factores aleatorios: edad, escolaridad, meses desde el diagnóstico de HAS y coeficiente intelectual). Resultados: De los pacientes controlados, la mayoría de los que recibían BRA fueron eficientes y los que recibían IECA fueron deficientes. De los que recibían IECA, los descontrolados hipertensos fueron más eficientes que los normotensos. La memoria visuoespacial se correlacionó negativamente con la presión sistólica a pesar de no haber diferencias en MoCA y Raven. Conclusiones: La eficiencia en la memoria visuoespacial dependió de la interacción del tratamiento y el control de la presión. Ambos factores, tratamiento y control efectivo de la presión, deben considerarse en la evaluación del deterioro cognitivo asociado a la HAS.

Abstract Background: Systemic hypertension (SH) is the main risk factor to cognitive deterioration, whereas visuospatial memory is more vulnerable to ageing. Some antihypertensive agents have a neuroprotector effect, however, such effects could be masked by comorbidities and/or the lack of effective control on the arterial pressure of patients. Objective: To assess this, the evaluation of incidental visuospatial memory of SH patients and the relation to the treatment received and the effective control of pressure were made. Method: 80 patients (46 woman) were included grouped by the received medication: angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARB) or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). A multiple correlation analysis between visuospatial scores and clinical variables was made; also, a mixed model analysis (fixed factors: treatment, pressure control, diabetes comorbidity; aleatory factors: age, schooling, months from SH diagnoses). Results: Half of the patients had a controlled pressure, from them the higher proportion received ARB, and a minor number of patients received ACEI. The normotensive patients receiving ACEI were inefficient whereas the hypertensive patients were more efficient. The systolic pressure was negatively related with the visuospatial scores in spite of no correlations occurred with MoCA and Raven tests. Conclusions: The visuospatial incidental/intentional scores were negatively correlated with systolic pressure. The efficiency in the visuospatial ability depends on the interaction of treatment and effective control of blood pressure. The interaction between treatment and effective pressure control must be taken in count when cognitive deterioration is studied.

Pressure control and treatment interact in the deterioration of incidental visuospatial memory in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Systemic hypertension (SH) is the main risk factor to cognitive deterioration, whereas visuospatial memory is more vulnerable to ageing. Some antihypertensive agents have a neuroprotector effect, however, such effects could be masked by comorbidities and/or the lack of effective control on the arterial pressure of patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess this, the evaluation of incidental visuospatial memory of SH patients and the relation to the treatment received and the effective control of pressure were made. METHOD: 80 patients (46 woman) were included grouped by the received medication: angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARB) or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). A multiple correlation analysis between visuospatial scores and clinical variables was made; also, a mixed model analysis (fixed factors: treatment, pressure control, diabetes comorbidity; aleatory factors: age, schooling, months from SH diagnoses). RESULTS: Half of the patients had a controlled pressure, from them the higher proportion received ARB, and a minor number of patients received ACEI. The normotensive patients receiving ACEI were inefficient whereas the hypertensive patients were more efficient. The systolic pressure was negatively related with the visuospatial scores in spite of no correlations occurred with MoCA and Raven tests. CONCLUSIONS: The visuospatial incidental/intentional scores were negatively correlated with systolic pressure. The efficiency in the visuospatial ability depends on the interaction of treatment and effective control of blood pressure. The interaction between treatment and effective pressure control must be taken in count when cognitive deterioration is studied.

ANTECEDENTES: La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) es el principal factor de riesgo para el deterioro cognitivo; por otro lado, la memoria visuoespacial es más vulnerable al envejecimiento. Algunos fármacos antihipertensivos tienen un efecto neuroprotector, pero tal efecto puede enmascararse o bien no manifestarse por comorbilidad o por falta de control efectivo de la presión arterial. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las alteraciones en la memoria visuoespacial incidental de pacientes con HAS en relación con su tratamiento antihipertensivo y su control de la presión. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron 80 pacientes con HAS (46 mujeres), agrupados por su medicación en bloqueadores de los receptores de la angiotensina II (BRA) o inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA). Se realizó un análisis de correlaciones múltiples para los puntajes obtenidos en la prueba de memoria visuoespacial incidental/intencional y un análisis de modelos mixtos (factores fijos: tratamiento, control de la presión y comorbilidad con diabetes; factores aleatorios: edad, escolaridad, meses desde el diagnóstico de HAS y coeficiente intelectual). RESULTADOS: De los pacientes controlados, la mayoría de los que recibían BRA fueron eficientes y los que recibían IECA fueron deficientes. De los que recibían IECA, los descontrolados hipertensos fueron más eficientes que los normotensos. La memoria visuoespacial se correlacionó negativamente con la presión sistólica a pesar de no haber diferencias en MoCA y Raven. CONCLUSIONES: La eficiencia en la memoria visuoespacial dependió de la interacción del tratamiento y el control de la presión. Ambos factores, tratamiento y control efectivo de la presión, deben considerarse en la evaluación del deterioro cognitivo asociado a la HAS.

Mapeo neuroanatómico de atención inhibitoria y memoria de trabajo con resonancia magnética funcional en niños sanos / Neuroanatomical mapping of inhibitory attention and working memory with functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy children

Introducción: El objetivo es lograr una plantilla de mapeo de activación cerebral promedio en niños sanos usando la resonancia magnética funcional (RMf), con paradigmas específicos para activar funciones de atención inhibitoria y de memoria de trabajo. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó una evaluación nutricional y neuropsicológica a 87 niños diestros. Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 30 (15 niños y 15 niñas) entre 9 y 11 años, a quienes se estudió con RMf con realización de dos pruebas de atención inhibitoria (Go/No Go), con letras e imágenes de alimentos, un test de memoria de trabajo (Test de Atención Continua-Pares Idénticos) y obtención de volúmenes anatómicos. Los datos posteriormente se procesaron con el programa FSL-v5 con un umbral de p < 0,05 (cluster-wise). Las áreas cerebrales activadas se localizaron utilizando una plantilla cerebral estándar del Montreal Neurological Institute y el atlas cortical estructural de Harvard-Oxford. Resultados: En las pruebas de atención inhibitoria hay activación en áreas frontales de predominio derecho, cíngulo, parietales y occipitales, con preponderancia en áreas occipitales en la prueba con alimentos. En la prueba Test de Atención Continua-Pares Idénticos se obtuvo activación de predominio en áreas occipitales, frontales y parietales. Conclusiones: Se obtienen plantillas de mapeo de actividad cerebral en niños sanos con test de atención inhibitoria, de alimentos y de memoria de trabajo. Las áreas de activación corresponden mayoritariamente a las descritas en la bibliografía. Esto nos permite tener patrones basales de activación cerebral para estudiar patologías relacionadas con la atención inhibitoria, la impulsividad y la memoria de trabajo.(AU)

Introduction: The objective is to produce an average brain activation mapping template in healthy children using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with specific paradigms for activating inhibitory attention and working memory functions. Subjects and methods: A nutritional and neuropsychological evaluation was performed on 87 right-handed children. The inclusion criteria were met by 30 children (15 boys and 15 girls) between 9 and 11 years old, who were studied with fMRI in two inhibitory attention tests (Go/No Go), with food cues, a working memory test (Continuous Performance Test Identical Pairs) and measurement of anatomical volumes. These data were subsequently processed with the FSL-v5 program, with a threshold of p < 0.05 (cluster-wise). The brain areas activated were located using a standard Montreal Neurological Institute brain template and the Harvard-Oxford structural cortical atlas. Results: The inhibitory attention tests showed activation frontal areas predominantly on the right, and the cingulate, parietal and occipital areas, with preponderance in occipital areas in the food cues test. In the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs test, activation was obtained predominantly in the occipital, frontal and parietal areas. Conclusions: Brain activity mapping templates are obtained in healthy children with tests for inhibitory attention, food cues and working memory. The activation areas are mostly those reported in the literature. This provides baseline brain activation patterns for studying pathologies related to inhibitory attention, impulsivity and working memory.(AU)

Automatic detection and classification of disease in citrus fruit and leaves using a customized CNN based model / Detección y clasificación automática de enfermedades en frutas y hojas de cítricos utilizando un modelo basado en CNN personalizado

India's commercial advancement and development depend heavily on agriculture. A common fruit grown in tropical settings is citrus. A professional judgment is required while analyzing an illness because different diseases have slight variati ons in their symptoms. In order to recognize and classify diseases in citrus fruits and leaves, a customized CNN - based approach that links CNN with LSTM was developed in this research. By using a CNN - based method, it is possible to automatically differenti ate from healthier fruits and leaves and those that have diseases such fruit blight, fruit greening, fruit scab, and melanoses. In terms of performance, the proposed approach achieves 96% accuracy, 98% sensitivity, 96% Recall, and an F1 - score of 92% for ci trus fruit and leave identification and classification and the proposed method was compared with KNN, SVM, and CNN and concluded that the proposed CNN - based model is more accurate and effective at identifying illnesses in citrus fruits and leaves.

El avance y desarrollo comercial de India dependen en gran medida de la agricultura. Un tipo de fruta comunmente cultivada en en tornos tropicales es el cítrico. Se requiere un juicio profesional al analizar una enfermedad porque diferentes enfermedades tienen ligeras variaciones en sus síntomas. Para reconocer y clasificar enfermedades en frutas y hojas de cítricos, se desarrolló e n esta investigación un enfoque personalizado basado en CNN que vincula CNN con LSTM. Al utilizar un método basado en CNN, es posible diferenciar automáticamente entre frutas y hojas más saludables y aquellas que tienen enfermedades como la plaga de frutas , el verdor de frutas, la sarna de frutas y las melanosis. En términos de desempeño, el enfoque propuesto alcanza una precisión del 96%, una sensibilidad del 98%, una recuperación del 96% y una puntuación F1 del 92% para la identificación y clasificación d e frutas y hojas de cítricos, y el método propuesto se comparó con KNN, SVM y CNN y se concluyó que el modelo basado en CNN propuesto es más preciso y efectivo para identificar enfermedades en frutas y hojas de cítricos.

Memoria de Labores. Junio-2022-Mayo-2023 / Work memory. June-2022-May-2023

La presente Memoria de Labores, es el producto del ejercicio de la función rectora del Ministerio de Salud que impulsa acciones en conjunto con las instituciones del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), confirmando el compromiso con la salud de los habitantes por parte del actual Gobierno; dirigiendo los esfuerzos de los diferentes equipos de trabajo en los establecimientos de las redes de servicios, así como del personal de las Regiones de Salud, Sistemas Básicos e instituciones adscritas que forman parte del ramo de Salud

This Work Report is the product of the exercise of the governing function of the Ministry of Health that promotes actions in conjunction with the institutions of the National Integrated Health System (SNIS), confirming the commitment to the health of the inhabitants by the current Government; directing the efforts of the different work teams in the establishments of the service networks, as well as the staff of the Health Regions, Basic Systems and attached institutions that are part of the Health branch

Prevalencia de quejas subjetivas de memoria: estudio poblacional en España / Prevalence of subjective memory complaints: Population study in Spain

Introducción Las quejas subjetivas de memoria (QSM) pueden ser una señal inicial de un posterior deterioro de las funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, no se han publicado estudios poblacionales cubriendo toda España para conocer la prevalencia de las QSM. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de las QSM en la población general residente en España >50 años y, también qué actuaciones se llevaban a cabo al respecto. Materiales y métodos Se realizaron entrevistas mediante un cuestionario online/Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) a una muestra representativa a nivel nacional >50 años. La encuesta constaba de 34 ítems divididos en 2 bloques. Se consideró presencia de QSM cuando en la pregunta 1 el sujeto contestaba que ‘Sí’ tenía algún problema de memoria. Resultados Se entrevistó a 2.300 personas (53,7% mujeres; 23,9% ≥75 años). El 31% contestaron que consideraban que tenían un problema de memoria (sin diferencias entre sexos, media de tiempo con problemas de memoria de 3,0 años). Se observó mayor prevalencia de QSM en ≥75 años (44%). El 90% no incluían ningún alimento específico en su dieta para sus problemas de memoria, y tampoco estaban tomando productos farmacéuticos, complementos de la dieta o suplementos nutricionales (92%). El 78% de los entrevistados con QSM no han consultado a profesionales sanitarios por sus problemas de memoria. Conclusiones Las QSM tienen una prevalencia considerable en nuestro medio, afectando a casi un tercio de los individuos >50 años. La mayoría de los entrevistados con quejas de memoria no buscó el consejo/recomendación de profesionales sanitarios con respecto a las mismas. (AU)

Introduction Subjective memory complaints (SMC) might be an early sign of further deterioration in cognitive functions. However, no population studies have been published covering all Spain to determine the SMC prevalence. The objective of the present study was to determine the SMC prevalence in the general population residing in Spain >50 years of age and also which related actions were done. Materials and methods Interviews were conducted with a nationally representative sample >50 years of age using an online/computer assisted web interview (CAWI) questionnaire. The survey consisted of 34 items divided into two blocks. Presence of SMC was considered when in question 1 the subject answered that “Yes” he had some memory problem. Results Two thousand three hundred people (53.7% women; 23.9% ≥75 years old) were interviewed. 31% answered that they considered they had a memory problem (no differences between sexes, mean time with memory problems of 3.0 years). A higher prevalence of SMC was observed in ≥75 years old (44%). 90% did not include any specific foods in their diet for their memory problems, neither were taking any pharmaceuticals, diet supplements or nutritional supplements (92%). 78% of those interviewed with SMC have not consulted health professionals for their memory problems. Conclusions SMC are considerably prevalent in our environment affecting almost a third of people ≥50 years of age. Most of the interviewees with SMC did not go to health professionals to manage their SMC. (AU)

Memoria episódica verbal en pacientes pediátricos intervenidos de cirugía de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal: un estudio de seguimiento al año / Verbal episodic memory in children undergoing temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: a one-year follow-up study

Introducción La memoria episódica verbal (MEV) no suele resultar alterada en niños con epilepsia focal sometidos a resecciones del lóbulo temporal izquierdo, a diferencia de lo que cabría esperar si se tratara de un cerebro adulto. Los últimos hallazgos sugieren que la actividad epileptógena en los primeros años de vida disrumpe la lateralización del sistema mnésico, lo que conduce al desarrollo de una representación bilateral de la memoria. El presente estudio pretende analizar si la lateralidad de la epilepsia es un predictor significativo de cara al pronóstico posquirúrgico de la MEV en la cirugía de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal (ELT) en edad pediátrica. Esta investigación también pretende aportar evidencias sobre la relación de la MEV con otros factores demográficos y clínicos relevantes, como el sexo, la edad de inicio de las crisis, la edad quirúrgica y la duración de la epilepsia, así como estudiar el impacto del rendimiento prequirúrgico en la MEV sobre los resultados posquirúrgicos. Pacientes y métodos Se extrajeron de la base de datos del Hospital Sant Joan de Déu y se analizaron retrospectivamente las puntuaciones prequirúrgicas y al año de seguimiento postoperatorio de una tarea de recuerdo de lista de palabras correspondientes a 25 niños intervenidos de ELT (ELT izquierdo, n = 11; ELT derecho, n = 14). Resultados No se encontraron diferencias intergrupales prequirúrgicas significativas al comparar las puntuaciones en MEV sobre la base de la lateralidad de la epilepsia (p > 0,5). En cuanto al grupo de ELT izquierdo, se encontró una alta correlación negativa entre la edad de inicio y la puntuación prequirúrgica del recuerdo libre a largo plazo (rho = –0,72; p = 0,01). No se encontraron cambios intragrupo significativos entre el pre- y el postoperatorio en relación con el rendimiento en la MEV, independientemente de la lateralidad de la epilepsia (grupo de ELT izquierdo, p > 0,56; grupo de ELT derecho, p > 0,12). Conclusiones ... (AU)

INTRODUCTION Verbal episodic memory (VEM) is often unimpaired in children with focal epilepsy undergoing left temporal lobe resections, unlike what we might expect in the adult brain. The latter findings suggest that epileptiform activity in early life disrupts memory system lateralization, leading to the development of bilateral memory representation. The present study aims to analyze whether the laterality of epilepsy is a major predictor for post-operative VEM prognosis in pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery. This research also pretends to provide evidence about the relationship of VEM performance with other relevant demographical and clinical factors such as sex, age at onset of seizures, age at surgery and duration of epilepsy, as well as to study the impact of presurgical VEM performance on postsurgical outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pre-operative and one-year follow-up post-operative word-list recall scores from 25 children who underwent TLE surgery (left-sided, n = 11; right-sided, n = 14) were extracted from the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu database and were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS No significant presurgical intergroup differences were found when comparing VEM scores by laterality of epilepsy (p > 0.5). Looking at the left TLE group, a high negative correlation was found between the onset age and the pre-operative long-term free recall score (rho = –0.72, p = 0.01). No significant pre- to post-operative intragroup changes were found regarding VEM performance, regardless of epilepsy laterality (left TLE group, p > 0.56; right TLE group, p > 0.12). CONCLUSIONS The laterality of epilepsy does not show to be a significant factor in and of itself (AU)

Prevalencia de quejas subjetivas de memoria: estudio poblacional en España / Prevalence of subjective memory complaints: Population study in Spain

Introducción Las quejas subjetivas de memoria (QSM) pueden ser una señal inicial de un posterior deterioro de las funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, no se han publicado estudios poblacionales cubriendo toda España para conocer la prevalencia de las QSM. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de las QSM en la población general residente en España >50 años y, también qué actuaciones se llevaban a cabo al respecto. Materiales y métodos Se realizaron entrevistas mediante un cuestionario online/Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) a una muestra representativa a nivel nacional >50 años. La encuesta constaba de 34 ítems divididos en 2 bloques. Se consideró presencia de QSM cuando en la pregunta 1 el sujeto contestaba que ‘Sí’ tenía algún problema de memoria. Resultados Se entrevistó a 2.300 personas (53,7% mujeres; 23,9% ≥75 años). El 31% contestaron que consideraban que tenían un problema de memoria (sin diferencias entre sexos, media de tiempo con problemas de memoria de 3,0 años). Se observó mayor prevalencia de QSM en ≥75 años (44%). El 90% no incluían ningún alimento específico en su dieta para sus problemas de memoria, y tampoco estaban tomando productos farmacéuticos, complementos de la dieta o suplementos nutricionales (92%). El 78% de los entrevistados con QSM no han consultado a profesionales sanitarios por sus problemas de memoria. Conclusiones Las QSM tienen una prevalencia considerable en nuestro medio, afectando a casi un tercio de los individuos >50 años. La mayoría de los entrevistados con quejas de memoria no buscó el consejo/recomendación de profesionales sanitarios con respecto a las mismas. (AU)

Introduction Subjective memory complaints (SMC) might be an early sign of further deterioration in cognitive functions. However, no population studies have been published covering all Spain to determine the SMC prevalence. The objective of the present study was to determine the SMC prevalence in the general population residing in Spain >50 years of age and also which related actions were done. Materials and methods Interviews were conducted with a nationally representative sample >50 years of age using an online/computer assisted web interview (CAWI) questionnaire. The survey consisted of 34 items divided into two blocks. Presence of SMC was considered when in question 1 the subject answered that “Yes” he had some memory problem. Results Two thousand three hundred people (53.7% women; 23.9% ≥75 years old) were interviewed. 31% answered that they considered they had a memory problem (no differences between sexes, mean time with memory problems of 3.0 years). A higher prevalence of SMC was observed in ≥75 years old (44%). 90% did not include any specific foods in their diet for their memory problems, neither were taking any pharmaceuticals, diet supplements or nutritional supplements (92%). 78% of those interviewed with SMC have not consulted health professionals for their memory problems. Conclusions SMC are considerably prevalent in our environment affecting almost a third of people ≥50 years of age. Most of the interviewees with SMC did not go to health professionals to manage their SMC. (AU)

Executive Functions and Their Relation to Academic Performance in University Students / Funciones ejecutivas y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios

Academic performance, dropout rates, and low graduation rates constitute an area of concern in Latin American universities that has been the topic of various studies. Certain researchers suggest that some differences in academic performance could arise from interindividual variations in self-regulation mechanisms such as executive functions. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the investigation of the relationships between university performance and executive functions, specifically working memory, inhibition, and shifting. The study involved 196 students who completed the Reading Span Task, the Five Digits Test, and the Finger Task. Working memory, inhibition, and shifting exhibited a weak significant relationship with performance. Furthermore, additionally to age, socioeconomic status, and student work hours, inhibition and shifting accounted for 38% of the variance in academic performance. The findings provide a contribution to the understanding of this topic and to the discussion of previous contradictory findings. (AU)

El rendimiento académico universitario, el rezago y las bajas tasas de egreso suponen un área de preocupación en las universidades latinoamericanas que ha sido objeto de diferentes investigaciones. Algunos investigadores sugieren que determinadas diferencias en dicho rendimiento podrían surgir de diferencias interindividuales en distintos mecanismos de autorregulación, como las funciones ejecutivas. Por ello, este trabajo se propuso contribuir al estudio de las relaciones entre el rendimiento universitario y las funciones ejecutivas, específicamente la memoria de trabajo, la inhibición y la flexibilidad cognitiva. Se trabajó con 196 estudiantes que completaron la Tarea de Amplitud de Lectura, el Test de Cinco Dígitos y la Tarea de los Dedos. La memoria de trabajo, la inhibición y la flexibilidad presentaron una relación significativa baja con el rendimiento. Además, junto con edad, nivel socioeconómico y horas que trabaja el estudiante, la inhibición y la flexibilidad cognitiva, permitieron explicar el 38% de la varianza del rendimiento. Los resultados suponen un aporte al conocimiento de esta temática y a la discusión de los hallazgos contradictorios previos. (AU)