Maternal protein supplementation during mid-gestation improves offspring performance and metabolism in beef cows.

This study examined the impact of maternal protein supplementation during mid-gestation on offspring, considering potential sex-related effects. Forty-three pregnant purebred Tabapuã beef cows (20 female and 23 male fetuses) were collectively managed in a pasture until 100 d of gestation. From 100 to 200 d of gestation, they were randomly assigned to the restricted group [(RES) - basal diet (75% corn silage + 25% sugar cane bagasse + mineral mixture); n = 24] or control group [(CON) - same basal diet + based-plant supplement [40% of crude protein, 3.5 g/kg of body weight (BW); n = 19]. From 200 d of gestation until parturition, all cows were equally fed corn silage and mineral mixture. During the cow-calf phase, cows and their calves were maintained in a pasture area. After weaning, calves were individually housed and evaluated during the backgrounding (255 to 320 d), growing 1 (321 to 381 d), and growing 2 (382 to 445 d) phases. Offspring's blood samples were collected at 210 and 445 d of age. Samples of skeletal muscle tissue were collected through biopsies at 7, 30, and 445 d of age. Muscle tissue samples were subjected to reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Prenatal treatment and offspring's sex (when pertinent) were considered fixed effects. The significance level was set at 5%. At mid-gestation, cows supplemented with protein reached 98% and 92% of their protein and energy requirements, while nonsupplemented cows attained only 30% and 50% of these requirements, respectively. The RES offspring were lighter at birth (27 vs. 31 kg), weaning (197 vs. 214 kg), and 445 d of age (398 vs. 429 kg) (P ≤ 0.05). The CON calves had greater (P < 0.05) morphometric measurements overall. The CON offspring had ~26% greater muscle fiber area (P ≤ 0.01). There was a trend (P = 0.06) for a greater Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase mRNA expression in the Longissimus thoracis in the CON group at 7 d of age. The Myogenic differentiation 1 expression was greater (P = 0.02) in RES-females. Upregulation of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 was observed in RES offspring at 445 d (P = 0.04). Expression of Fatty acid binding protein 4 (P < 0.001), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (P < 0.001), and Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase (P < 0.001) was upregulated in CON-females. Therefore, protein supplementation during gestation enhances offspring growth and promotes favorable responses to lipogenesis, particularly in females.

In tropical conditions, beef cows on pasture often experience protein restriction during mid-to-late gestation, potentially impacting offspring development negatively. To address this, we investigated the effects of strategic protein supplementation for pregnant beef cows fed low-quality forage during mid-gestation on the postnatal growth trajectory of their offspring. The supplementation program, implemented during mid-gestation, increased dry matter intake by addressing nitrogen deficiency in the rumen, resulting in meeting 98% and 92% of protein and energy requirements in supplemented cows. In contrast, nonsupplemented cows met only 30% and 50% of these requirements, respectively. Consequently, protein supplementation positively influenced the postnatal growth trajectory of the offspring, attributed to beneficial changes in secondary myogenesis and hypertrophy processes. Supplementing cows with crude protein also stimulated lipogenesis, potentially contributing to intramuscular fat deposition, particularly in females. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of nutritional interventions for pregnant beef cows fed low-quality forage.

Study of racial profile of the native Guajolote (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) in two regions of Mexico: morphometric characterization.

The present study aimed at the morphometric characterization of the native Guajolote reared in two regions of Mexico using multivariate analysis techniques. Data from a total of 362 unrelated native Guajolotes (257 males and 105 females) were used: of these, 160 were from the Central region and 202 were from the Southeast region. The birds were also grouped according to age, as youngs (≤ 8 months; n = 150) and adults (≥ 9 months; n = 212). The body weight (BW) and nine morphometric measurements-chest circumference (CC), body length (BL), body height (BH), neck length (NL), peak length (PL), shank length (SL), shank diameter (SD), wing length (WL) and wing width (WW)-were measured. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) due to the effect of region, sex and age for most of the morphometric measurements evaluated. There was a high percentage of positive and significant correlations (p < 0.001; p < 0.01) between the variables. In each region, three principal components were extracted that represented more than 75% of the accumulated variation among the variables. The most discriminating morphometric measurements between populations were WW, PL and NL. The Mahalanobis distance between the males and females of the two populations was 37.457 and 29.310 (p < 0.001), respectively. This differentiation can contribute to the definition of the phenotypic standard of this poultry genetic resource for its official recognition as a breed, as well as in the orientation of its genetic improvement programs in the future.

Morphometric evaluation, locational relationship, and surgical significance of the maxillofacial region landmarks / Evaluación morfométrica, relación de ubicación e importancia quirúrgica de los puntos de referencia de la región maxilofacial

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to examine the localization of the landmarks in the maxillofacial region and their relations with each other and to evaluate them morphologically and clinically. Our study included 41 dry adult human skulls of unknown age and sex of Anatolian population. Statistical analysis of the data obtained in our study was performed with SPSS v.20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was accepted as P ? 0.05. Whereas the mean right supraorbital depth (SOD) value was significantly greater than the mean left SOD value (p 0.05). Correlation values in our study varied between -0.156 and 0.612. The highest correlation value was obtained in the positive direction between the orbital height (OH) and supraorbital foramen-infraorbital foramen (SOF-IOF) measurements (r = 0.612, p < 0.001). We believe that measurements of the orbit, SOF, and IOF and our data on their localizations, along with the relationships that we observed in our study will allow surgeons to avoid damaging the neurovascular bundles during surgical interventions and local anesthesia procedures in the frontal, periorbital, and maxillofacial regions.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la localización de los hitos en la región maxilofacial y sus relaciones entre sí y evaluarlos morfológica y clínicamente. Nuestro estudio incluyó 41 cráneos humanos adultos secos de edad y sexo desconocidos de la población de Anatolia. El análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio se realizó con el software SPSS v.20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EE. UU.). La significación estadística se aceptó como P ? 0,05. Mientras que el valor medio de la profundidad supraorbitaria derecha (SOD) fue significativamente mayor que el valor medio de la SOD izquierda (p 0,05). Los valores de correlación en nuestro estudio variaron entre -0,156 y 0,612. El mayor valor de correlación se obtuvo en la dirección positiva entre las medidas de altura orbitaria (OH) y foramen supraorbitario-foramen infraorbitario (SOF-IOF) (r = 0,612, p <0,001). Creemos que las mediciones de la órbita, SOF e IOF y nuestros datos sobre sus localizaciones, junto con las relaciones que observamos en nuestro estudio, permitirán a los cirujanos evitar dañar los haces neurovasculares durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas y los procedimientos de anestesia local en la zona frontal, periorbitaria. y regiones maxilofaciales.

Características produtivas de cabritos Saanen terminados com ureia na ração / Productive traits of young male Saanen goats finished with urea in the diet

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de ureia na dieta de cabritos sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça. Foram utilizados 18 cabritos (150 dias de idade e 21 Kg de peso) distribuídos em dois grupos com dietas isoproteicas. Os animais do grupo controle (GC) foram alimentados com ração sem ureia na sua composição, enquanto os animais do outro grupo (GU) foram alimentados com ração com 1% da MS de ureia na base da matéria seca. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso médio (g/dia), biometrias corporais, assim como o peso e rendimento de carcaça nos animais. Não houve diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis estudadas (p>0,05), como: ganho de peso (g/dia) (GU: 122,1 ± 11,89 vsGC: 132,9 ± 4,97), perímetro torácico (cm) (GU: 73,0 ± 1,2 vsGC: 74,5 ± 0,57), comprimento corporal (cm) (GU: 74,0 ± 1,42 vsGC: 73,67 ± 0,70), peso ao abate (kg) (GU: 34,39 ± 1,76 vsGC: 36,56 ± 0,96), rendimentos de carcaça quente (%) (GU: 47,37 ± 0,82 vsGC: 47,23 ± 0,72) e fria (GU: 45,64 ± 0,60 vsGC: 45,84 ± 0,70). Conclui-se que o uso de 1% de ureia na MS da dieta de caprinos machos jovem não afeta o desempenho dos animais e as características de carcaça.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of urea in the diet of goats on performance and carcass traits. Eighteen kids (150 days old and 21 kg of weight) were divided into two groups receiving isoprotein diets. The animals in the control group (CG) were fed ration without urea, while the animals in the urea group (UG) were fed ration with 1% urea on a dry matter basis. Average weight gain (g/day), body biometrics, and carcass weight and yield were evaluated in the animals. There were no significant differences in any of the variables studied (p>0.05): weight gain (g/day) (UG: 122.1 ± 11.89 vsCG: 132.9 ± 4.97), chest circumference (cm) (UG: 73.0 ± 1.2 vsCG: 74.5 ± 0.57), body length (cm) (UG: 74.0 ± 1.42 vsCG: 73.67 ± 0.70), slaughter weight (kg) (UG: 34.39 ± 1.76 vsCG: 36.56 ± 0.96), hot carcass yield (%) (UG: 47.37 ± 0.82 vsCG: 47.23 ± 0.72), or cold carcass yield (UG: 45.64 ± 0.60 vsCG: 45.84 ± 0.70). In conclusion, the addition of 1% urea in the DM to the diet of young male goats does not affect the performance of the animals or carcass traits.(AU)

Características produtivas de cabritos Saanen terminados com ureia na ração / Productive traits of young male Saanen goats finished with urea in the diet

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de ureia na dieta de cabritos sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça. Foram utilizados 18 cabritos (150 dias de idade e 21 Kg de peso) distribuídos em dois grupos com dietas isoproteicas. Os animais do grupo controle (GC) foram alimentados com ração sem ureia na sua composição, enquanto os animais do outro grupo (GU) foram alimentados com ração com 1% da MS de ureia na base da matéria seca. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso médio (g/dia), biometrias corporais, assim como o peso e rendimento de carcaça nos animais. Não houve diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis estudadas (p>0,05), como: ganho de peso (g/dia) (GU: 122,1 ± 11,89 vsGC: 132,9 ± 4,97), perímetro torácico (cm) (GU: 73,0 ± 1,2 vsGC: 74,5 ± 0,57), comprimento corporal (cm) (GU: 74,0 ± 1,42 vsGC: 73,67 ± 0,70), peso ao abate (kg) (GU: 34,39 ± 1,76 vsGC: 36,56 ± 0,96), rendimentos de carcaça quente (%) (GU: 47,37 ± 0,82 vsGC: 47,23 ± 0,72) e fria (GU: 45,64 ± 0,60 vsGC: 45,84 ± 0,70). Conclui-se que o uso de 1% de ureia na MS da dieta de caprinos machos jovem não afeta o desempenho dos animais e as características de carcaça.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of urea in the diet of goats on performance and carcass traits. Eighteen kids (150 days old and 21 kg of weight) were divided into two groups receiving isoprotein diets. The animals in the control group (CG) were fed ration without urea, while the animals in the urea group (UG) were fed ration with 1% urea on a dry matter basis. Average weight gain (g/day), body biometrics, and carcass weight and yield were evaluated in the animals. There were no significant differences in any of the variables studied (p>0.05): weight gain (g/day) (UG: 122.1 ± 11.89 vsCG: 132.9 ± 4.97), chest circumference (cm) (UG: 73.0 ± 1.2 vsCG: 74.5 ± 0.57), body length (cm) (UG: 74.0 ± 1.42 vsCG: 73.67 ± 0.70), slaughter weight (kg) (UG: 34.39 ± 1.76 vsCG: 36.56 ± 0.96), hot carcass yield (%) (UG: 47.37 ± 0.82 vsCG: 47.23 ± 0.72), or cold carcass yield (UG: 45.64 ± 0.60 vsCG: 45.84 ± 0.70). In conclusion, the addition of 1% urea in the DM to the diet of young male goats does not affect the performance of the animals or carcass traits.

Principal component analysis of linear measures of young horses national champions of Mangalarga Marchador breed / Análise de componentes principais das medidas lineares de equinos jovens campeões nacionais da raça Mangalarga Marchador

ABSTRACT: The conformation is directly related to the quality of the movements, and can direct the selection by equine aptitude. This study aimed to identify which are the morphometric measurements that explain the total variance available in the marcha batida and picada gaits of young Mangalarga Marchador horses. Analyses were performed by evaluating 20 linear measurements of 420 champion horses. Measures were separated by gender (male-M and female-F), type of marcha, (batida-MB e picada-MP) and divided into eight age groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify which measurements were most important in determining marcha variance by selecting principal component (PC) which sum of eigenvalues ​​was able to explain the minimum percentage of 80% of the total variation. The PC number varied randomly according to age groups, being 2 to 3 in both genders in MP, 3 to 4 for M-MB, and up to 5 for F-MB, suggesting lower overall variability in MP, and higher in F-MB. There was no defined pattern concerning the amount of PC per age group, demonstrating that each category may have independent variations. Although, some repetitions of variables occurred similarly in different ages, sexes, and marcha types, the responsibility for the highest occurrence of variation was the posterior cannon and gaskin length. The significant variance in the length of these segments, regardless of gender, age, and marcha, and the fact they are not measured daily suggested there is not only a lack of standardization of these segments, but there is also size compensation among them since the group evaluated is composed of breed champions.

RESUMO: A conformação pode estar diretamente relacionada a qualidade dos movimentos direcionando a seleção dos equinos por aptidão. Objetivou-se identificar quais medidas lineares explicam a variância total disponível nas marchas batida e picada em cavalos jovens da raça Mangalarga Marchador. As análises foram realizadas pela avaliação de 20 medidas lineares de 420 equinos campeões de exposições, separados por sexo (macho-M e fêmeas-F), tipo de marcha (batida-MB e picada-MP) e oito grupos etários. Utilizou-se análise de componentes principais (ACP) para identificar quais características eram mais importantes na determinação da variância das marchas, selecionando aquelas contidas em CP, cuja soma de autovalores foi capaz de explicar o percentual mínimo de 80% da variação total. O número de CP variou de acordo com as faixas etárias, sendo de 2 a 3 em M e F-MP, de 3 a 4 para M-MB e até 5 para F-MB, o que sugere menor variação em animais de MP, e maior em F-MB. Não houve padrão na quantidade de CP por classe etária demonstrando variações independentes entre categorias. A maior variância geral foi explicada pelo comprimento de canela posterior e perna. A grande variância no comprimento desses segmentos, independentemente de sexo, idade, tipo de marcha e o fato dos mesmos não serem mensurados cotidianamente, sugere que não ocorre somente a ausência de padronização, mas também há compensação de tamanho entre eles, visto que se avaliou apenas animais campeões da raça.

Principal component analysis of linear measures of young horses national champions of Mangalarga Marchador breed / Análise de componentes principais das medidas lineares de equinos jovens campeões nacionais da raça Mangalarga Marchador

The conformation is directly related to the quality of the movements, and can direct the selection by equine aptitude. This study aimed to identify which are the morphometric measurements that explain the total variance available in the marcha batida and picada gaits of young Mangalarga Marchador horses. Analyses were performed by evaluating 20 linear measurements of 420 champion horses. Measures were separated by gender (male-M and female-F), type of marcha, (batida-MB e picada-MP) and divided into eight age groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify which measurements were most important in determining marcha variance by selecting principal component (PC) which sum of eigenvalues was able to explain the minimum percentage of 80% of the total variation. The PC number varied randomly according to age groups, being 2 to 3 in both genders in MP, 3 to 4 for M-MB, and up to 5 for F-MB, suggesting lower overall variability in MP, and higher in F-MB. There was no defined pattern concerning the amount of PC per age group, demonstrating that each category may have independent variations. Although, some repetitions of variables occurred similarly in different ages, sexes, and marcha types, the responsibility for the highest occurrence of variation was the posterior cannon and gaskin length. The significant variance in the length of these segments, regardless of gender, age, and marcha, and the fact they are not measured daily suggested there is not only a lack of standardization of these segments, but there is also size compensation among them since the group evaluated is composed of breed champions.(AU)

A conformação pode estar diretamente relacionada a qualidade dos movimentos direcionando a seleção dos equinos por aptidão. Objetivou-se identificar quais medidas lineares explicam a variância total disponível nas marchas batida e picada em cavalos jovens da raça Mangalarga Marchador. As análises foram realizadas pela avaliação de 20 medidas lineares de 420 equinos campeões de exposições, separados por sexo (macho-M e fêmeas-F), tipo de marcha (batida-MB e picada-MP) e oito grupos etários. Utilizou-se análise de componentes principais (ACP) para identificar quais características eram mais importantes na determinação da variância das marchas, selecionando aquelas contidas em CP, cuja soma de autovalores foi capaz de explicar o percentual mínimo de 80% da variação total. O número de CP variou de acordo com as faixas etárias, sendo de 2 a 3 em M e F-MP, de 3 a 4 para M-MB e até 5 para F-MB, o que sugere menor variação em animais de MP, e maior em F-MB. Não houve padrão na quantidade de CP por classe etária demonstrando variações independentes entre categorias. A maior variância geral foi explicada pelo comprimento de canela posterior e perna. A grande variância no comprimento desses segmentos, independentemente de sexo, idade, tipo de marcha e o fato dos mesmos não serem mensurados cotidianamente, sugere que não ocorre somente a ausência de padronização, mas também há compensação de tamanho entre eles, visto que se avaliou apenas animais campeões da raça.(AU)

Replacing oat hay with coffee husk in the feed of finishing lambs / A casca de café em substituição ao feno de aveia na alimentação de cordeiros em terminação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of replacing oat hay with coffee husk for the feeding of confined lambs. In this study, 24 male Texel lambs of approximately 60 days of age and with a mean ± standard error weight of 21.95 ± 5.81 kg were examined. Their diet was composed of 30% oat hay and 70% concentrated feed per kilogram of dry matter. The experimental design was randomized and included four treatments (0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5% of coffee husk in the total dry matter), with six replicates of each treatment. The animals were slaughtered when they reached a mean live weight of 32 kg. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake and mean daily weight gain (which were 197 g day-1) among treatments. The mean daily weight gain (DWG) was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the replacement of oat hay with coffee husk in the diet, with the overall mean DWG being 215.05 g day-1. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatments in any of the studied carcass variables, and the mean true carcass yield was 53.9%. The lambs presented a mean finishing score of 2.96 (on a scale of 1 to 5) and a conformation of 4.21 (on a scale of 1 to 6), characterizing them as good carcasses. In terms of economic viability, the 7.5% diet stood out as the one that had the highest profitability, generating a profit of $ 3.25 USD per kg of carcass produced. Coffee husk can therefore replace oat hay in the feed of finishing lambs in concentrations of 0.075 to 0.225 kg kg-¹ of total dry matter with biological and economical efficacy and generating good commercial carcasses.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da substituição do feno de aveia pela casca de café na alimentação de cordeiros confinados. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos da raça Texel, com aproximadamente 60 dias de idade e pesando em média (21,95 kg ± 5,81). As rações foram compostas por 30% de feno de Aveia e 70% de concentrado por kg de matéria seca. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0; 7,5; 15 e 22,5 % de casca de café na matéria seca total da dieta) e seis repetições. O abate dos animais foi realizado quando atingiram a média de 32 kg de peso vivo. Não foram observadas variações no consumo de nutrientes, assim como no ganho de peso médio diário (197 g dia-1). O ganho de peso médio diário (GPD) não foi alterado (P > 0,05) com a substituição do feno de aveia pela casca de café na dieta, ficando com média de 215,05 g dia-1. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis de carcaça estudadas e o rendimento verdadeiro da carcaça foi em média 53,9%. Os cordeiros apresentaram média de 2,96 para grau de acabamento (escala de 1 a 5) e 4,21 de conformação, caracterizando boas carcaças. Com relação à viabilidade econômica, a dieta com 0,075 kg de casca de café teve destaque em lucratividade, gerando 3,25 U$ de lucro por kg de carcaça produzida. A casca de café pode substituir o feno de aveia na terminação de cordeiros, em teores de 7,5 a 22,5% da matéria seca total da dieta com eficácia biológica e econômica, gerando boas carcaças para a comercialização.

Replacing oat hay with coffee husk in the feed of finishing lambs / A casca de café em substituição ao feno de aveia na alimentação de cordeiros em terminação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of replacing oat hay with coffee husk for the feeding of confined lambs. In this study, 24 male Texel lambs of approximately 60 days of age and with a mean ± standard error weight of 21.95 ± 5.81 kg were examined. Their diet was composed of 30% oat hay and 70% concentrated feed per kilogram of dry matter. The experimental design was randomized and included four treatments (0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5% of coffee husk in the total dry matter), with six replicates of each treatment. The animals were slaughtered when they reached a mean live weight of 32 kg. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake and mean daily weight gain (which were 197 g day-1) among treatments. The mean daily weight gain (DWG) was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the replacement of oat hay with coffee husk in the diet, with the overall mean DWG being 215.05 g day-1. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatments in any of the studied carcass variables, and the mean true carcass yield was 53.9%. The lambs presented a mean finishing score of 2.96 (on a scale of 1 to 5) and a conformation of 4.21 (on a scale of 1 to 6), characterizing them as good carcasses. In terms of economic viability, the 7.5% diet stood out as the one that had the highest profitability, generating a profit of $ 3.25 USD per kg of carcass produced. Coffee husk can therefore replace oat hay in the feed of finishing lambs in concentrations of 0.075 to 0.225 kg kg-¹ of total dry matter with biological and economical efficacy and generating good commercial carcasses.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da substituição do feno de aveia pela casca de café na alimentação de cordeiros confinados. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos da raça Texel, com aproximadamente 60 dias de idade e pesando em média (21,95 kg ± 5,81). As rações foram compostas por 30% de feno de Aveia e 70% de concentrado por kg de matéria seca. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0; 7,5; 15 e 22,5 % de casca de café na matéria seca total da dieta) e seis repetições. O abate dos animais foi realizado quando atingiram a média de 32 kg de peso vivo. Não foram observadas variações no consumo de nutrientes, assim como no ganho de peso médio diário (197 g dia-1). O ganho de peso médio diário (GPD) não foi alterado (P > 0,05) com a substituição do feno de aveia pela casca de café na dieta, ficando com média de 215,05 g dia-1. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis de carcaça estudadas e o rendimento verdadeiro da carcaça foi em média 53,9%. Os cordeiros apresentaram média de 2,96 para grau de acabamento (escala de 1 a 5) e 4,21 de conformação, caracterizando boas carcaças. Com relação à viabilidade econômica, a dieta com 0,075 kg de casca de café teve destaque em lucratividade, gerando 3,25 U$ de lucro por kg de carcaça produzida. A casca de café pode substituir o feno de aveia na terminação de cordeiros, em teores de 7,5 a 22,5% da matéria seca total da dieta com eficácia biológica e econômica, gerando boas carcaças para a comercialização.(AU)

Multivariate analysis of morphometry effect on race performance in Thoroughbred horses

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of morphometric measurements on race performance (m/sec) of Thoroughbred horses. Data of morphometric measurements (withers height, rump height, chest girth, chest width, front chest width, chest depth, neck length, shoulder length, length of withers to rump, rump length, body length, head width, head length, and cannon circumference) were taken from 244 Thoroughbred horses chosen at random. A total of 2888 racing records were considered for race performance. The effects of environmental factors on morphometric measurements (stallion, gender, age, and mother age) and race performance (gender, age, mother age, year, hippodrome, race distance, racetrack, and race type) were analyzed using the least squares method. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for morphometric measurements, and then the factor loadings were rotated by Varimax method. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied for the significance of the obtained factors on race performance. Significant effects for stallion on all morphometric measurements, except head length and width, and for gender on withers height, cannon circumference, and head width were determined. Race performance was significantly influenced by stallion, gender, age, year, hippodrome, race distance, racetrack, and race type. After PCA, four factors with eigenvalues >1 were attained. The effects of factors on race performance were not significant, according to the results of multiple linear regression analysis. Therefore, the effects of the morphometric measurements examined on the race performance were not significant in Thoroughbred horses.(AU)

Análisis morfométrico de la apófisis coracoides mediante tomografía computarizada en Chile / Morphometric coracoid process analysis by computed tomography in Chile

OBJETIVO: Determinar la morfometría de la apófisis coracoides (Cor) mediante tomografía computarizada de hombro (TC hombro) en población chilena. MÉTODO: 162 TC hombro (90 género femenino y 72 masculino), edad promedio 55,9 20,2 años, fueron analizadas mediante sistema computacional IMPAX. RESULTADOS: Largo total Cor promedio de 41,0 2,5 mm. Largo promedio del pilar superior de 20,5 2 mm. Altura media pilar superior de 9,2 1,2 mm. Ancho promedio pilar superior de 10,3 1,5 mm. Altura media de la base de 13,4 1,8 mm. CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestra población el pilar superior es más ancho que alto y el largo total de Cor es aproximadamente el doble del largo del pilar superior. Todas las dimensiones de Cor son mayores en el género masculino versus femenino. Al comparar la morfometría de Cor, nuestra población es similar a otros grupos étnicos según lo descrito en la literatura. Nivel de evidencia: III.

PURPOSE: Define the morphometric measurements of the coracoid process (Cor) in Chilean population through the analysis of shoulder computed tomography (shoulder CT) METHOD: 162 shoulder TC (90 females and 72 males), average age 55.9 20.2 years, were analyzed by IMPAX software. RESULTS: The mean total Cor length was of 41.0 2.5 mm. Average upper pillar length was 20.5 2 mm. The mean upper pillar height was 9.2 1.2 mm. The mean upper pillar width was 10.3 1.5 mm. Average base height was 13.4 1.8 mm. CONCLUSIONS: In our population, upper pillar is wider than high and the total Cor length is approximately twice than upper pillar length. All Cor dimensions are greater in males versus females. The Cor morphometric measurements in our population is similar to other ethnic groups as described in the literature. Level of evidence: III.

Curva de crescimento em altura na cernelha de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador considerando-se heterocedasticidade / Growth curve for height at withers of Mangalarga Marchador horses with heterocedasticity

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar o ajuste dos modelos de Brody, Gompertz, Logístico e Von Bertalanffy aos dados de altura na cernelha de equinos Mangalarga Marchador, ponderando pelo inverso da variância, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade dos animais dessa raça. Foram utilizados dados de 230 equinos dos seis aos 176 meses de idade, os quais foram divididos por sexo e em 16 classes de idade. Os modelos estudados foram comparados segundo os avaliadores de qualidade: coeficiente de determinação (R2); desvio padrão residual (DPR) e critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). A estimação dos parâmetros dos modelos foi realizada pelo método de mínimos quadrados ponderado no software R. Todos os modelos avaliados se mostraram adequados para descrever a curva de crescimento em ambos os sexos. Perante os avaliadores utilizados, o modelo Logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever as curvas de crescimento em altura na cernelha nos dois sexos da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Observou-se também um crescimento acelerado nos primeiros meses de idade. Os animais machos atingiram uma altura adulta maior, porém as fêmeas são mais precoces, pois apresentaram maior estimativa para o índice de maturidade.(AU)

This work aimed to evaluate the fit of models Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy to height at the withers of Mangalarga Marchador horses, weighed by the inverse of variance, in order to select the best model and predict growth and maturity of this breed pf animals. We used data of 230 equines from 06 to 176 months of age who were divided by sex and 16 age classes. The models were compared according to the quality assessors: coefficient of determination (R2); residual standard deviation (RSD) and Akaike information criteria (AIC). The estimation of the parameters from models was performed by the weighted least squares method in Software R. All models evaluated were suitable to describe the growth curve in both sexes. In view of the evaluators used, the logistic model was the most suitable to describe the growth curves in withers height in both sexes for the race Mangalarga Marchador. A strong growth at first age was also observed. The males reached a greater adult height, but females did so sooner, because they presented higher estimates for the maturity index.(AU)

Curva de crescimento em altura na cernelha de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador considerando-se heterocedasticidade / Growth curve for height at withers of Mangalarga Marchador horses with heterocedasticity

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar o ajuste dos modelos de Brody, Gompertz, Logístico e Von Bertalanffy aos dados de altura na cernelha de equinos Mangalarga Marchador, ponderando pelo inverso da variância, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade dos animais dessa raça. Foram utilizados dados de 230 equinos dos seis aos 176 meses de idade, os quais foram divididos por sexo e em 16 classes de idade. Os modelos estudados foram comparados segundo os avaliadores de qualidade: coeficiente de determinação (R2); desvio padrão residual (DPR) e critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). A estimação dos parâmetros dos modelos foi realizada pelo método de mínimos quadrados ponderado no software R. Todos os modelos avaliados se mostraram adequados para descrever a curva de crescimento em ambos os sexos. Perante os avaliadores utilizados, o modelo Logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever as curvas de crescimento em altura na cernelha nos dois sexos da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Observou-se também um crescimento acelerado nos primeiros meses de idade. Os animais machos atingiram uma altura adulta maior, porém as fêmeas são mais precoces, pois apresentaram maior estimativa para o índice de maturidade.(AU)

This work aimed to evaluate the fit of models Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy to height at the withers of Mangalarga Marchador horses, weighed by the inverse of variance, in order to select the best model and predict growth and maturity of this breed pf animals. We used data of 230 equines from 06 to 176 months of age who were divided by sex and 16 age classes. The models were compared according to the quality assessors: coefficient of determination (R2); residual standard deviation (RSD) and Akaike information criteria (AIC). The estimation of the parameters from models was performed by the weighted least squares method in Software R. All models evaluated were suitable to describe the growth curve in both sexes. In view of the evaluators used, the logistic model was the most suitable to describe the growth curves in withers height in both sexes for the race Mangalarga Marchador. A strong growth at first age was also observed. The males reached a greater adult height, but females did so sooner, because they presented higher estimates for the maturity index.(AU)

Genetic group and heterosis on morphometric measurements during the growth of male beef cattle / Grupo genético e heterose sobre medidas morfométricas durante o crescimento de bovinos de corte machos

In the present study, the effects of genetic group and heterosis on body measurements of purebreds (Charolais - C and Nellore - N), first-generation crossbreds (G1) (1/2C1/2N and 1/2N1/2C), and second-generation crossbreds (G2) (3/4C1/4N and 3/4N1/4C) males from rotational crossbreeding were evaluated at 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Among the purebreds, the Nellore displayed greater rump height than the Charolais. The Charolais had greater thoracic perimeter than the Nellore, however this difference decreased gradually with advancing age, being equal between the two genetic groups at 24 months. For width of the rump, ischial opening and thoracic perimeter crossbred animals showed higher values than the purebred animals at all ages, but less pronounced at eight months of age. For all morphometric measurements, with exception of rump height, the differences of crossbreds males in relation to the purebreds, were more evident in relation to the Nellore. Heterosis was significant for morphometric measurements in male beef cattle. Morphometric measurements showed high correlation with each other and with body weight, thereby indicating that they are good indicators of body development.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de grupo genético e heterose nas medidas corporais de machos puros (Charolês - C e Nelore - N); mestiços de primeira geração (G1) (½ CN e ½ NC); e mestiços de segunda geração (G2) ( ¾ C » N e ¾ N » C) oriundos de cruzamento rotativo. Os animais foram avaliados aos 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade. Entre as raças puras, o Nelore apresentou maior altura da garupa do que o Charolês em todas idades. O Charolês foi superior ao Nelore em perímetro torácico, porém esta diferença decresceu gradativamente com o avanço da idade, sendo igual entre os dois grupos genéticos aos 24 meses. Para largura da garupa, abertura isquiática e perímetro torácico, os animais mestiços apresentaram valores médios mais elevados do que os machos puros, em todas as idades, porém menos acentuados aos oito meses de idade. Para as medidas avaliadas, com exceção para altura de garupa, as diferenças dos mestiços frente aos puros, foram mais evidentes em relação ao Nelore. A heterose se mostrou significativa para medidas morfométricas de bovinos de corte machos. As medidas corporais possuem alta correlação entre elas e com o peso corporal, sendo bons indicadores de desenvolvimento corporal.

Genetic group and heterosis on morphometric measurements during the growth of male beef cattle / Grupo genético e heterose sobre medidas morfométricas durante o crescimento de bovinos de corte machos

In the present study, the effects of genetic group and heterosis on body measurements of purebreds (Charolais - C and Nellore - N), first-generation crossbreds (G1) (1/2C1/2N and 1/2N1/2C), and second-generation crossbreds (G2) (3/4C1/4N and 3/4N1/4C) males from rotational crossbreeding were evaluated at 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Among the purebreds, the Nellore displayed greater rump height than the Charolais. The Charolais had greater thoracic perimeter than the Nellore, however this difference decreased gradually with advancing age, being equal between the two genetic groups at 24 months. For width of the rump, ischial opening and thoracic perimeter crossbred animals showed higher values than the purebred animals at all ages, but less pronounced at eight months of age. For all morphometric measurements, with exception of rump height, the differences of crossbreds males in relation to the purebreds, were more evident in relation to the Nellore. Heterosis was significant for morphometric measurements in male beef cattle. Morphometric measurements showed high correlation with each other and with body weight, thereby indicating that they are good indicators of body development.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos de grupo genético e heterose nas medidas corporais de machos puros (Charolês - C e Nelore - N); mestiços de primeira geração (G1) (½ CN e ½ NC); e mestiços de segunda geração (G2) ( ¾ C » N e ¾ N » C) oriundos de cruzamento rotativo. Os animais foram avaliados aos 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade. Entre as raças puras, o Nelore apresentou maior altura da garupa do que o Charolês em todas idades. O Charolês foi superior ao Nelore em perímetro torácico, porém esta diferença decresceu gradativamente com o avanço da idade, sendo igual entre os dois grupos genéticos aos 24 meses. Para largura da garupa, abertura isquiática e perímetro torácico, os animais mestiços apresentaram valores médios mais elevados do que os machos puros, em todas as idades, porém menos acentuados aos oito meses de idade. Para as medidas avaliadas, com exceção para altura de garupa, as diferenças dos mestiços frente aos puros, foram mais evidentes em relação ao Nelore. A heterose se mostrou significativa para medidas morfométricas de bovinos de corte machos. As medidas corporais possuem alta correlação entre elas e com o peso corporal, sendo bons indicadores de desenvolvimento corporal.(AU)

Complex Population Patterns of Eunica tatila Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with Special Emphasis on Sexual Dimorphism.

The species Eunica tatila (Herrich-Schäffer) is present in the Neotropical region and comprises three subspecies. In Mexico, only one subspecies is reported: E. t. tatila (Herrich-Schäffer). The Yucatan Peninsula, in southeastern Mexico, is located in a transitional geographical position, between southern Florida, the West Indies and Central America. It is part of a transitional region, important for the dispersion of insects from southern Florida via Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula. Considering the possibility of the overlapping and delimitation of described subspecies, we sampled different populations in the Yucatan Peninsula to possibly assign a subspecies name and evaluate the magnitude of sexual dimorphism. We collected 591 individuals (♀284, ♂307) in conserved areas. The study of male genitalia led to the identification of Eunica tatila tatilista (Kaye) as a subspecies; however, hypandrium structure and wing pattern analysis suggest a mix of E. t. tatila and E. t. tatilista characteristics. The analysis of sexual dimorphism provided evidence of more complex wing morphs for females, with 12 patterns instead of four as previously described. Our results demonstrate the complexity of characterizing E. tatila and suggest that the Yucatan Peninsula is a transitional zone for subspecies of some butterflies.

Genetic group and heterosis on morphometric measurements during the growth of male beef cattle / Grupo genético e heterose sobre medidas morfométricas durante o crescimento de bovinos de corte machos

In the present study, the effects of genetic group and heterosis on body measurements of purebreds (Charolais - C and Nellore - N), first-generation crossbreds (G1) (1/2C1/2N and 1/2N1/2C), and second-generation crossbreds (G2) (3/4C1/4N and 3/4N1/4C) males from rotational crossbreeding were evaluated at 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Among the purebreds, the Nellore displayed greater rump height than the Charolais. The Charolais had greater thoracic perimeter than the Nellore, however this difference decreased gradually with advancing age, being equal between the two genetic groups at 24 months. For width of the rump, ischial opening and thoracic perimeter crossbred animals showed higher values than the purebred animals at all ages, but less pronounced at eight months of age. For all morphometric measurements, with exception of rump height, the differences of crossbreds males in relation to the purebreds, were more evident in relation to the Nellore. Heterosis was significant for morphometric measurements in male beef cattle. Morphometric measurements showed high correlation with each other and with body weight, thereby indicating that they are good indicators of body development.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de grupo genético e heterose nas medidas corporais de machos puros (Charolês - C e Nelore - N); mestiços de primeira geração (G1) (½ CN e ½ NC); e mestiços de segunda geração (G2) ( ¾ C » N e ¾ N » C) oriundos de cruzamento rotativo. Os animais foram avaliados aos 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade. Entre as raças puras, o Nelore apresentou maior altura da garupa do que o Charolês em todas idades. O Charolês foi superior ao Nelore em perímetro torácico, porém esta diferença decresceu gradativamente com o avanço da idade, sendo igual entre os dois grupos genéticos aos 24 meses. Para largura da garupa, abertura isquiática e perímetro torácico, os animais mestiços apresentaram valores médios mais elevados do que os machos puros, em todas as idades, porém menos acentuados aos oito meses de idade. Para as medidas avaliadas, com exceção para altura de garupa, as diferenças dos mestiços frente aos puros, foram mais evidentes em relação ao Nelore. A heterose se mostrou significativa para medidas morfométricas de bovinos de corte machos. As medidas corporais possuem alta correlação entre elas e com o peso corporal, sendo bons indicadores de desenvolvimento corporal.

Genetic group and heterosis on morphometric measurements during the growth of male beef cattle / Grupo genético e heterose sobre medidas morfométricas durante o crescimento de bovinos de corte machos

In the present study, the effects of genetic group and heterosis on body measurements of purebreds (Charolais - C and Nellore - N), first-generation crossbreds (G1) (1/2C1/2N and 1/2N1/2C), and second-generation crossbreds (G2) (3/4C1/4N and 3/4N1/4C) males from rotational crossbreeding were evaluated at 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Among the purebreds, the Nellore displayed greater rump height than the Charolais. The Charolais had greater thoracic perimeter than the Nellore, however this difference decreased gradually with advancing age, being equal between the two genetic groups at 24 months. For width of the rump, ischial opening and thoracic perimeter crossbred animals showed higher values than the purebred animals at all ages, but less pronounced at eight months of age. For all morphometric measurements, with exception of rump height, the differences of crossbreds males in relation to the purebreds, were more evident in relation to the Nellore. Heterosis was significant for morphometric measurements in male beef cattle. Morphometric measurements showed high correlation with each other and with body weight, thereby indicating that they are good indicators of body development.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de grupo genético e heterose nas medidas corporais de machos puros (Charolês - C e Nelore - N); mestiços de primeira geração (G1) (½ CN e ½ NC); e mestiços de segunda geração (G2) ( ¾ C » N e ¾ N » C) oriundos de cruzamento rotativo. Os animais foram avaliados aos 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade. Entre as raças puras, o Nelore apresentou maior altura da garupa do que o Charolês em todas idades. O Charolês foi superior ao Nelore em perímetro torácico, porém esta diferença decresceu gradativamente com o avanço da idade, sendo igual entre os dois grupos genéticos aos 24 meses. Para largura da garupa, abertura isquiática e perímetro torácico, os animais mestiços apresentaram valores médios mais elevados do que os machos puros, em todas as idades, porém menos acentuados aos oito meses de idade. Para as medidas avaliadas, com exceção para altura de garupa, as diferenças dos mestiços frente aos puros, foram mais evidentes em relação ao Nelore. A heterose se mostrou significativa para medidas morfométricas de bovinos de corte machos. As medidas corporais possuem alta correlação entre elas e com o peso corporal, sendo bons indicadores de desenvolvimento corporal.

Growth of juvenile Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and Pseudoplatystoma spp. in pond / Crescimento de juvenis de Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum e Pseudoplatystoma spp. em viveiro

The growth of the fish is an important factor that determines the potential of various species for economic exploitation. The aim this work was evaluates the growth juvenile cachara and hybrid grown in pond. Information was collected of weight and morphometric measures during the experimental period. Total length gain, body height gain, body width gain, weight gain, growth index, morphometric ratios and body percentage were calculated. The methodology of generalized linear models was used, considering Gamma distribution and inverse link function. The variances and averages of variables were submitted tests F of the Snedecor and Chi-Square, respectively. The hybrids gained more weight in second and third biometrics, beyond of presented greater total length gain and body percentage. The head size and head width of cacharas were higher in three biometrics. The variances of hybrids were higher in the second and third biometrics. The hybrids presented better performance, but lesser standardization for traits evaluated than pure specie, confirming the need development genetic improvement programs that performs pure species selection for increased commercial production.(AU)

O crescimento dos peixes é um fator importante e que determina o potencial das várias espécies para a exploração econômica. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento de juvenis de cachara e de híbrido cultivados em viveiro. Informações de peso e das medidas morfométricas foram coletadas durante o período experimental. Foram calculados o ganho de comprimento total, ganhos de altura e largura do corpo, ganho de peso, índice de crescimento, as razões morfométricas e o percentual do corpo. Utilizou-se a metodologia de modelos lineares generalizados, considerando a distribuição Gamma e função de ligação inversa. As variâncias e médias das variáveis foram submetidas aos testes F de Snedecor e Qui-quadrado, respectivamente. Os híbridos obtiveram maior peso na segunda e terceira biometrias, além de apresentarem maior ganho de comprimento total e percentagem de corpo. O tamanho e a largura da cabeça dos cacharas foram maiores nas três biometrias. As variâncias dos híbridos foram maiores na segunda e terceira biometrias. Os híbridos apresentaram melhor desempenho, porém menor padronização para as características avaliadas que a espécie pura, confirmando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um programa de melhoramento genético que realize a seleção da espécie pura para incremento da produção comercial.(AU)

Frequência dos defeitos de aprumo em equinos da raça quarto de milha de modalidade esportiva / Comparison of postural defects in american quarter horses in sports modality

Posture defects are known to be predisposing factors in the development of musculo-skeleton lesions. The present study therefore aimed to investigate the frequency of postural defects, evaluating and comparing quarter horses in sports modalities of cutting and team penning. The posture of 30 quarter horses from the Sérgio Martins Stud in Uberlândia was evaluated, of which 20 practiced cutting and the remaining 10 did team penning. The animals posture was examined by visual evaluation, which involved three views, the cranial, lateral and caudal. The distribution of frequency and statistical analysis were carried out using Fisher"s Exact Test. In the cranial view, the defects found were open and closed posture at the front and knock-knees. The lateral view identified the following defects; leaning forward, buck-knees and camped back. From the caudal view, the defects found were open and closed hind posture and cow-hocks. On comparing, by means of statistical tests, the main postural defects that showed statistical significance, cowhock and closed hind posture were the most common for animals that did team penning. We can conclude that these animals had a higher frequency of cowhocks and closed hind posture than animals that practiced cutting.

Os defeitos de aprumo são conhecidos como fatores predisponentes no desenvolvimento de lesões no aparelho locomotor. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho averiguar a frequência de defeitos de aprumo, avaliando e comparando equinos da raça quarto de milha de modalidades esportivas apartação e team penning. Foram avaliados os aprumos de 30 equinos da raça quarto de milha, sendo 20 da modalidade esportiva apartação e 10 de team penning. Os animais foram examinados por avaliação visual dos aprumos, onde foram observados pelas três vistas, cranial, lateral e caudal. Foi realizada a distribuição de frequência e a análise estatística por meio do Fishers Exact Test. Na vista cranial, foram encontrados os defeitos de aprumo aberto e fechado de frente e joelho cambaio. Na vista lateral, identificou os seguintes defeitos; debruçado de frente e transcurvo e avançado e plantado de trás. Na vista caudal, encontrou os defeitos de aprumo aberto e fechado de trás e jarrete fechado. Ao comparar, por meio do teste estatístico, os maiores defeitos de aprumos foram os animais com defeito de jarrete fechado e com o defeito fechado de trás, na modalidade team penning. Portanto, os animais da modalidade team penning tiveram uma frequência para jarrete fechado e fechado de trás maior do que os animais de apartação.