Translating Open-Ended Questions in Cross-Cultural Qualitative Research: A Comprehensive Framework.

INTRODUCTION: Globalization has increased the importance of multicultural research to address health disparities and improve healthcare outcomes for underrepresented communities. The International Nursing Network for HIV Research (The Network) serves as a platform for researchers to collaborate on cross-cultural and cross-national HIV studies. This article discusses the Network's approach to overcoming barriers in multicultural and multinational research in a qualitative context. METHODS: The network created a protocol to guide decision-making throughout the translation process of qualitative data collected from participants in their native languages. The protocol includes aspects of why, when, what, who, how, where, and by what means the translation is completed. RESULTS: The protocol has allowed researchers to enhance the validity, reliability, and cultural sensitivity of translation process, ensuring the clarity and impact of their research findings. DISCUSSION: Rigorous translation practices promote cross-cultural understanding and respect for participants' perspectives, fostering global collaborations and knowledge exchange.

Structuralizing Culture: Multicultural Neoliberalism, Migration, and Mental Health in Santiago, Chile.

The arrival of Afro-descendant migrants, mainly from Haiti and the Dominican Republic, has led to the emergence of new discourses on migration, multiculturalism, and mental health in health services in Chile since 2010. In this article, I explore how mental health institutions, experts, and practitioners have taken a cultural turn in working with migrant communities in this new multicultural scenario. Based on a multisited ethnography conducted over 14 months in a neighbourhood of northern Santiago, I focus on the Migrant Program-a primary health care initiative implemented since 2013. I argue that health practitioners have tended to redefine cultural approaches in structural terms focusing mainly on class aspects such poverty, social stratification, and socioeconomic inequalities. I affirm that this structural-based approach finds its historical roots in a political and ideological context that provided the conditions for the development of community psychiatry experiences during the 1960s and 1970s, as well as in multicultural and gender policies promoted by the state since the 1990s. This case reveals how health institutions and practitioners have recently engaged in debates on migration and intersectionality from a structural approach in Chile.

Normative Data in Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Instruments in Spaniards and Colombians Living in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Cross-Cultural Dementia Screening (CCD), Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS), and European Cross-cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB) are three novel neuropsychological instruments developed from a cross-cultural perspective to reduce the impact of culture in cognitive assessment and improve the assessment in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to collect and present normative data on these tests in a majority population sample (Spaniards living in Spain) and in a minority population sample (Colombians living in Spain). METHODS: CCD, RUDAS, and CNTB were administered to a group of 300 cognitively healthy participants (150 Spaniards and 150 Colombians). Linear regression modeling strategy was used to provide adjusted norms for demographic factors and to explore the influence of these factors on test performance. RESULTS: Most of the CCD and CNTB scores were predicted by age and years of education, with some tests only predicted by age or showing a ceiling effect. The comparison of normative data between the two samples confirmed the favorable cross-cultural properties of these instruments, with only some differences in processing speed and executive functioning scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our study finds a comparable influence of demographic factors in both populations on the performance of CCD, RUDAS, and CNTB, confirming their adequate cross-cultural properties. We provide normative data for these tests in Spaniards and Colombians living in Spain.

Prosocial behaviour axioms and values: Influence of gender and volunteering.

To promote prosocial behaviour, in the present study, we observed the human values that may predict it within the realms of the transcendental views of life, society's shared culture and the world of personal and interpersonal affections. To do this, we started with two hypotheses: (1) prosocial behaviour differs according to gender and participation in volunteering; and (2) the variables of transcendental values, cultural development, affective development, gender and participation in volunteering predict prosocial behaviour.To do so, we conducted a quantitative study based on the cross-sectional, social analytical-empirical research method. We used a validated instrument with a large sample of 1,712 individuals living in the multicultural context of the Spanish city of Melilla, located in North Africa and one of only two land borders between Europe and Morocco. Values that could promote prosocial behaviour were grouped into four dimensions to locate relevant factors that helped identify which values are linked to specific actions, both formal and informal, through an inferential analysis focusing on regression and multivariate analysis of variance.Our findings highlighted the linkage of the transcendent dimension of the individual in relation to his or her level of prosocial behaviour and the role of women as socialising agents.

Prosocial behaviour axioms and values: Influence of gender and volunteering

Abstract To promote prosocial behaviour, in the present study, we observed the human values that may predict it within the realms of the transcendental views of life, society's shared culture and the world of personal and interpersonal affections. To do this, we started with two hypotheses: (1) prosocial behaviour differs according to gender and participation in volunteering; and (2) the variables of transcendental values, cultural development, affective development, gender and participation in volunteering predict prosocial behaviour. To do so, we conducted a quantitative study based on the cross-sectional, social analytical-empirical research method. We used a validated instrument with a large sample of 1,712 individuals living in the multicultural context of the Spanish city of Melilla, located in North Africa and one of only two land borders between Europe and Morocco. Values that could promote prosocial behaviour were grouped into four dimensions to locate relevant factors that helped identify which values are linked to specific actions, both formal and informal, through an inferential analysis focusing on regression and multivariate analysis of variance. Our findings highlighted the linkage of the transcendent dimension of the individual in relation to his or her level of prosocial behaviour and the role of women as socialising agents.

Individual characteristics on multicultural team performance: does the role played by leaders and team members matter?

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of individual characteristics of cultural sensitivity, adaptability, cohesion, and cultural diversity on the multicultural team performance. Also, we analyzed the moderating effect of being a team member or a team leader on the relationships mentioned above. To test out hipotheses, data were collected from 415 members of multicultural teams specifically, from 304 team members and 111 leaders. The findings provided evidence to support a positive relationship between cultural sensitivity, adaptability, cohesion, and team performance. Cultural diversity did not show a significant impact on team performance. The study also showed that the leaders and members had different perceptions about the factors that influence team performance. For instance, team members consider that cohesion influences team performance, while leaders consider adaptability as the key factor to achieve performance. Main implications from findings are discussed.

Whose self-control development suffers or benefits in the face of adversity? A longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth followed from age 10 to 16.

This study assessed the co-development of adversity and effortful control based on a sample of Mexican-origin youth (N = 674) and their parents. We used a four-wave longitudinal design and followed target participants from age 10 to 16. At each time point, we measured adversity experienced by the children and their parents and children's effortful control (self- and parent-reported). We also assessed children's shift-and-persist coping strategies at ages 14 and 16. Across time, we found slight decreases in child-adversity and slight increases in parent-adversity. Based on bivariate LGC analyses, we found that the strongest effects surfaced for child- (vs. parent-) adversity. Specifically, we found that greater increases in child-adversity were associated with greater decreases in effortful control from ages 10 to 16. Moreover, we found a positive association between initial levels of child-adversity and the slope of effortful control, as well as a cross-sectional negative association between child- and parent-adversity and effortful control (at age 10). We found no evidence of moderation by shift-and-persist coping strategies. In sum, our results suggest that, on average, Mexican-origin youth exposed to more adversity might experience more maladaptive change with respect to effortful control.

A Inclusão escolar de alunos multiculturais a partir da percepção dos pais / The school inclusion of multicultural students from parental perception / La inclusión escolar de alumnos multiculturales a partir de la percepción de los padres

Neste estudo exploratório foi investigada a experiência escolar de crianças e adolescentes multiculturais. Participaram pais e mães de 39 estudantes de ensino fundamental que já haviam vivido em outros países e residiam no Brasil. Por meio de um questionário com 27 questões foi analisado o processo de inclusão escolar dos estudantes multiculturais considerando tempo de estudo, tipo de escola, desempenho escolar, relação com professores e colegas, transição, aceleração e reprovação. O idioma de ensino foi destacado pelos pais como vantagem, quando se mantém desde a escola anterior, e como desafio, quando é diferente. Programas de formação em segunda língua, oferecidos complementarmente ao currículo regular, facilitam a inclusão desses alunos. A adequação entre ano letivo, currículo, idade e série é um imbróglio enfrentado no processo de transição de diferentes países que demanda acompanhamento da família e dos docentes e que se sujeita à flexilibilidade da instuição escolar. Observou-se a importância do clima escolar, que envolve o compartilhamento de expectativas, políticas e medidas práticas, e impacta o acolhimento, a formação de laços sociais e o desempenho acadêmico dos alunos multiculturais. Salienta-se a necessidade de políticas pedagógicas governamentais para a inclusão de alunos de origem estrangeira para garantir os princípios básicos de uma educação de qualidade.

This exploratory study investigated the school experience of multicultural children and adolescents. The participants were parents of 39 primary school students who had lived in other countries and were then living in Brazil. Through a questionnaire with 27 questions the process of school inclusion of the multicultural students was analyzed considering lenght of study, type of school, school performance, relationship with teachers and peers, transition, acceleration and school failure. The school's language was highlighted by parents as an advantage, when it was the same from the previous school, and as a challenge, when it was different. Second-language training programs, offered in addition to the regular curriculum, facilitate the inclusion of these students. The process of matching school year, curriculum, age and grade is a problem faced in the process of transition between different countries that demands follow-up of family and teachers alike and which depends on the flexibility of the school. It was observed the importance of the school climate, which involves the sharing of expectations, policies and practical measures, and impacts the reception, the formation of social bonds and the academic performance of multicultural students. It is highlighted the need for governmental pedagogical policies for the inclusion of foreign students to guarantee the basic principles of a quality education.

En este estudio exploratorio se investigó la experiencia escolar de niños y adolescentes multiculturales. Padres y madres de 39 estudiantes de enseñanza fundamental, que ya habían vivido en otros países y residían en Brasil participaron de la investigación. Por medio de un cuestionario con 27 preguntas se analizó el proceso de inclusión escolar de los estudiantes multiculturales considerando tiempo de estudio, tipo de escuela, desempeño escolar, relación con profesores y colegas, transición, aceleración y reprobación. El idioma de enseñanza fue destacado por los padres, como ventaja, cuando se mantiene desde la escuela anterior, y como desafío, cuando es diferente. Los programas de formación en segunda lengua, ofrecidos complementariamente al currículo regular, facilitan la inclusión de los alumnos. La adecuación entre el año escolar, el currículo, la edad y la serie es un imbróglio enfrentado en el proceso de transición de diferentes países que exigen acompañamiento de la familia y de los docentes y que depende de la flexibilidad de la enseñanza escolar. Se observó la importancia del clima escolar, que implica el compartir las expectativas, políticas y medidas prácticas; e impacta la acogida, la formación de lazos sociales y el desempeño académico de los alumnos multiculturales. Se destaca la necesidad de políticas pedagógicas gubernamentales para la inclusión de alumnos de origen extranjero, garantizando los principios básicos de una educación de calidad.

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and somatisation in recently arrived refugees in Germany: an epidemiological study.

AIMS: Despite recent worldwide migratory movements, there are only a few studies available that report robust epidemiological data on the mental health in recent refugee populations. In the present study, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and somatisation were assessed using an epidemiological approach in refugees who have recently arrived in Germany from different countries. METHODS: The study was conducted in a reception facility for asylum-seekers in Leipzig, Germany. A total of 1316 adult individuals arrived at the facility during the survey period (May 2017-June 2018), 569 of whom took part in the study (N = 67 pilot study and N = 502 study sample; response rate 43.2%). The questionnaire (11 different languages) included sociodemographic and flight-related questions as well as standardised instruments for assessing PTSD (PCL-5), depression (PHQ-9) and somatisation (SSS-8). Unweighted and weighted prevalence rates of PTSD, depression and somatisation were presented stratified by sex and age groups. RESULTS: According to established cut-off scores, 49.7% of the respondents screened positive for at least one of the mental disorders investigated, with 31% suffering from somatisation, 21.7% from depression and 34.9% from PTSD; prevalence rates of major depression, other depressive syndromes and PTSD were calculated according to the DSM-5, which indicated rates of 10.3, 17.6 and 28.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underline the dramatic mental health burden present among refugees and provide important information for health care planning. They also provide important information for health care systems and political authorities in receiving countries and strongly indicate the necessity of establishing early psychosocial support for refugees suffering from psychological distress.

Influencia de las variables sociodemográficas sobre la ansiedad y el rendimiento académico adolescente: el contexto pluricultural de Ceuta / Influence of Sociodemographic Variables on Anxiety and Academic Achievement in Adolescence: The Pluricultural Context of Ceuta

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar la ansiedad y el rendimiento académico, sus tipos y niveles en función de edad, género, cultura y estrato socioeconómico, así como contemplar las relaciones entre ambas. Se contó con 811 participantes. El 71.6% de la muestra eran musulmanes, mientras que el 28.4% eran cristianos; el 46.1% hombres y el 53.9% mujeres. Como instrumentos de evaluación se empleó el STAIC (Spielberger, 2001) y las calificaciones del alumnado. Se reflejan niveles medio-bajos en ansiedad y medios en rendimiento académico. En la ansiedad influyen edad, género, cultura/religión y estatus socio-económico-cultural. Sobre el rendimiento actúan la edad, la cultura y el estatus. No se halló relación estadísticamente significativa entre ansiedad y rendimiento académico.

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to analyze the types and levels of Anxiety and Academic Achievement according to age, gender, culture and socioeconomic and cultural, as well as the relationships between both variables. We focused on 811 participants 71.6% of whom were Muslims and 28.4% Christian; 46.1% male and 53.9% female. The techniques used in this survey were the STAIC (Spielberger, 2001) as well as the students' grades. The results reflect medium-low levels in Anxiety and medium levels in Achievement. Anxiety is influenced by age, gender, culture and status. Academic Achievement is influenced by age, culture and socioeconomic and cultural. There is no statistically significant relationship between Anxiety and Achievement, except in Mathematics, increasing as the Anxiety scores are lower.

The relationship between multicultural competencies and intercultural contact: multicultural personality and cultural intelligence / A relação entre as competências multiculturais e contacto intercultural: personalidade multicultural e inteligência cultural / La relación entre las competencias multiculturales y el contacto intercultural: personalidad multicultural e inteligencia cultural

Abstract The everyday contact with people from different nationalities is nowadays a reality. Cultural Intelligence and Multicultural Personality are individual competencies that are becoming important to deal with this reality. In this study, with 313 Portuguese participants, of both genders, with different types of intercultural contact, our purpose is to observe the effect of the intercultural contact on cultural intelligence and multicultural personality levels. The results show that there is a significant relation between the cultural intelligence and multicultural personality levels and the type of contact with individuals from different nationalities. Both cultural intelligence and multicultural personality have strong implications for a work context that is more and more characterized by cultural diversity.

Resumo O contacto diário com pessoas de diferentes nacionalidades é hoje uma realidade. A inteligência cultural e a personalidade multicultural são competências individuais que têm se tornado de extrema importância para lidar com esta realidade. Neste estudo, com uma amostra de 313 portugueses de ambos os géneros, com diferentes tipos de contacto intercultural, o nosso objetivo é observar o efeito do contacto intercultural nos níveis de inteligência cultural e de personalidade multicultural. Os resultados mostram a existência de uma relação significativa entre a inteligência cultural e a personalidade multicultural e o contacto intercultural. Ambas as competências têm fortes implicações no contexto de trabalho, caracterizado, cada vez, mais pela diversidade cultural.

Resumen El contacto diario con personas de diferentes nacionalidades es un hecho cotidiano en la actualidad. La inteligencia cultural y la personalidad multicultural son habilidades individuales que se han vuelto extremadamente importantes para hacer frente a esta realidad. En este estudio, con una muestra de 313 participantes portugueses de ambos géneros, con diferentes tipos de contacto intercultural, nuestro objetivo es observar el efecto del contacto intercultural en los niveles de inteligencia cultural y personalidad multicultural. Los resultados mostraron que existe una relación significativa entre inteligencia cultural y personalidad multicultural y el contacto intercultural. Tanto la inteligencia cultural como la personalidad multicultural poseen una gran relevancia en el contexto laboral, cada vez más caracterizado por la diversidad cultural.

Predictores de la Felicidad y la Inteligencia Emocional en la Educación Secundaria / Predictors of Happiness and Emotional Intelligence in Secondary Education / Preditores da Felicidade e da Inteligência Emocional na Educação Secundária

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar los predictores de felicidad e inteligencia emocional, considerando edad, género, cultura y estatus, así como contemplar las relaciones entre las variables. Se contó con 811 participantes, de los cuales el 71.6% fueron musulmanes y el 28.4% cristianos, siendo el 46.1% varones y el 53.9% mujeres. Como instrumentos se han empleado un cuestionario para evaluar la felicidad y otro para valorar la inteligencia emocional. Los resultados reflejan que los predictores de la felicidad fueron edad, cultura, estatus y género, mientras que los de inteligencia emocional fueron edad, cultura y género. Se halló una relación estadísticamente significativa y directamente proporcional entre felicidad e inteligencia emocional.

Abstract This study analyzed predictors of happiness and emotional intelligence taking into account age, sex, culture and status and the relationship among these variables. 811 persons participated; 71.6% were Muslims and 28.4% Christians, with 46.1% males and 53.9% females. One questionnaire was used to evaluate happiness and another to evaluate emotional intelligence. The results indicate that predictors of happiness are age, culture, status and sex, while those of emotional intelligence are age, culture and sex. The study found that there is a statistically significant and direct correlation between happiness and emotional intelligence.

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo fundamental analisar os preditores de felicidade e inteligência emocional, considerando idade, gênero, cultura e status, bem como abranger as relações entre as variáveis. Contou-se com 811 participantes, dos quais 71.6 % foram muçulmanos e 28.4 % cristãos; 46.1 % homens e 53.9 % mulheres. Como instrumentos, utilizaram-se um questionário para avaliar a felicidade e outro para avaliar a inteligência emocional. Os resultados refletem que os preditores da felicidade foram idade, cultura e gênero. Constatou-se uma relação estatisticamente significativa e diretamente proporcional entre felicidade e inteligência emocional.

Identifying and Addressing Genetic Counseling Challenges among Indigenous People of Oaxaca-One Center's Experience with Two Immigrant Farmworker Families in the Central Valley of California.

An important aspect of genetic counseling is the recognition of and adaptation to the socio-cultural uniqueness of the different populations that a genetics clinic serves. The Central Valley of California is home to a large population from Mexico, with a significant proportion of indigenous ancestry originating from the state of Oaxaca. We report on our experience with two families of this community-one extended family with an early lethal inborn error of metabolism and the other with a chronic disfiguring form of ichthyosis. We identified multiple important factors that needed to be considered, including the matching of language dialects, adaptation to different social interaction conventions, acknowledgement of traditional medicine beliefs, and effective transmission of genetic terms and concepts, all of which should be incorporated into the interactions with these families when aiming to provide comprehensive genetic counseling.

The Impact of Cultural Dissonance and Acculturation Orientations on Immigrant Students' academic performance / El impacto de la disonancia cultural y las orientaciones de aculturación en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes inmigrantes

Abstract Prior research has documented meaningful differences between school performance of immigrant and native students. Multicultural education has been associated with academic failure of foreign students. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a set of psychosocial variables on the perceived academic achievement of first generation immigrant adolescents from public secondary schools in Northern Spain. Results showed that 46% of the variability in foreign students' perceived academic performance was explained by home-school cultural dissonance. We also explored the impact of acculturation orientation to separation, perception of discrimination from teachers, school adjustment, and psychological well-being in academic performance. Any multicultural education context should take into account psychosocial adjustment, given its influence on academic performance of all students.

Resumen Se han hallado diferencias significativas entre el rendimiento académico de los inmigrantes y el de los estudiantes nativos. Sin embargo, hay una escasa evidencia acerca de los aspectos psicosociales de este fenómeno. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el impacto de un conjunto de variables psicosociales: disonancia cultural y orientaciones de aculturación en el rendimiento académico percibido de adolescentes inmigrantes de primera generación de centros de Educación Secundaria en el Norte de España. Los resultados mostraron que alrededor del 46% de la variabilidad en el rendimiento era explicada por la disonancia cultural entre escuela y hogar. Cualquier contexto de educación multicultural ha de tomar en consideración el ajuste psicosocial, dada su influencia en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes.

Supernatural versus medical: Responses to mental illness from undergraduate university students in Trinidad.

Background/Introduction: Perceptions about the aetiology of mental illness are likely to influence help-seeking behaviour. Understanding help-seeking behaviour will improve service provision and access. Therefore, this is likely to improve treatment outcomes. METHODS: We assessed the perceptions and help-seeking behaviours surrounding mental illness in a Trinidadian population of 158 tertiary-level students (136 female, 22 male; mean age 30) by analysing their responses to a questionnaire which asked for responses regarding a case vignette of a 25-year-old young woman exhibiting symptoms suggestive of schizophrenia. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 32.3% attributed the symptoms to supernatural causes. Specifically, 27.8% to someone doing her bad and 24.1% to evil spirits. In all, 77.2% of respondents indicated that mental illness was caused by medical problems and 63.3% to work stress. A minimum of 9.5% of the students therefore have dual perceptions regarding causation (77.2 + 32.3 = 109.5) Those who perceived causation to be supernatural said they would seek help from both medical ( p = .000) and supernatural ( p = .000) modalities. This also applied significantly to those who said the causation was medical, that is, seeking both religious intervention ( p = .000) and medical intervention (.000) as the first path in the health-seeking pathway. CONCLUSION: Dual help-seeking behaviour seems to be the functional result of an integration of religious and medical models of mental illness causation even in respondents who clearly identified only one of these as the likely cause of the illness behaviour.

Culturally diverse attitudes and beliefs of students majoring in speech-language pathology

ABSTRACT Purpose Academic education in speech-language pathology should prepare students to provide professional services that mirror current knowledge, skills, and scope of practice in a pluralistic society. This study seeks to examine the impact of speech-language pathology (SLP) students prior multicultural experiences and previous formal education on attitudes and beliefs toward language diversity. Methods A survey to investigate SLP students attitudes toward language diversity was applied. After the research study and instructions to complete the consent form questionnaire was presented by a research assistant, an announcement was given by a graduate student who speaks English as a second language with an accent. The participants then completed a questionnaire containing questions related to attitudes about the presentation of the announcement in particular and toward language diversity in general. Results Responses suggested a relationship between self-reported cultural bias and ability to concentrate on speech with an accent, and the extent of interaction with individuals from a cultural and linguistic diverse (CLD) background. Additional outcomes revealed that cultural bias may be predicted by factors related to amount of CLD exposure. Conclusion Results of this study indicated critical areas that need to be considered when developing curricula in speech-language pathology programs. The results will be useful in determining procedures applicable in larger investigations, and encourage future research on attitudes and beliefs toward aspects of cultural diversity.

The impact of multicultural personality on tolerance of diversity in a sample of portuguese university students / O impacto da personalidade multicultural na tolerância à diversidade em alunos de uma universidade portuguesa / El impacto de la personalidad multicultural en la tolerancia al diversidad en estudiantes de una universidad portuguesa

This article focused on studying the impact of multicultural personality on tolerance towards diversity among a sample of 245 Portuguese university students. With the use of correlation analysis, the findings revealed that all multicultural personality dimensions (cultural empathy, open-mindedness, emotional stability, social initiation, and flexibility) were highly associated with tolerance of diversity, demonstrating close relationship between multicultural personality and tolerance to representatives of different cultural background. At the same time, only open-mindedness was investigated to be positive predictor of tolerance in intercultural context. Practical implications of the research are also discussed.

O presente artigo examina a relação entre a personalidade multicultural e a tolerância à diversidade, junto de um grupo de 245 alunos universitários portugueses. As análises de correlação permitiram observar a relação entre as várias dimensões da personalidade multicultural (empatia cultural, abertura de espírito, iniciação social e flexibilidade) conforme definição do constructo e do instrumento de medida e a existência de uma forte associação entre a personalidade multicultural e a tolerância a membros de diferentes comunidades culturais. Simultaneamente, o fator 'abertura de espírito' revelou-se como um preditor positivo de tolerância em contextos interculturais. São ainda discutidas no estudo implicações práticas dos resultados encontrados.

En este artículo se analiza la relación entre la personalidad multicultural y la tolerancia a la diversidad basada en un grupo de 245 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. El análisis de correlación permitió observar la relación entre las diversas dimensiones de la personalidad multicultural (la empatía cultural, la apertura mental, iniciación social y flexibilidad), de acuerdo con la construcción y el instrumento de medición. Se observó que existe una fuerte asociación entre la personalidad multicultural y la tolerancia para los miembros de las diferentes comunidades culturales. Simultáneamente, el factor de la "apertura mental" resultó ser un predictor positivo de la tolerancia en contextos interculturales. Además, se discuten las implicaciones prácticas de estos resultados.

Multicultural Evidence-Based Assessment Using the Achenbach System Of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) For Ages ½-90+ / Evaluación multicultural Basada en evidencia usando el achenbach system of empirically based assessment (ASEBA) para edades ½ - 90+

Evidence-based assessment is a prerequisite for evidence-based mental health services. This article reviews the development, components, and multicultural applications of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). The ASEBA includes standardized forms for obtaining self-and collateral-reports of evidence for behavioral, emotional, social, and thought problems and strengths. The problems are scored on empirically based syndromes and DSM-oriented scales. The syndromes have been supported by confirmatory factor analyses of ASEBA data from 54 societies. The strengths are scored on competence, adaptive functioning, and personal strengths scales. Translations of ASEBA forms are available in more than 100 languages. Reports of the ASEBA's use have been published for more than 100 societies and cultural groups. Multicultural norms incorporate data from population samples in 54 societies. ASEBA software enables users to systematically compare data from self- and informant-reports regarding the person being assessed. The Multicultural Family Assessment Module (MFAM) compares scores for children and their parents in relation to norms for age, gender, the type of informant, and user-selected societies. Standardized multicultural evidence-based assessment facilitates communication and collaboration between mental health providers and researchers around the world.

Mary Seacole: global nurse extraordinaire.

AIMS: A discussion of recently discovered literature that reveals how after the Crimean War ended in 1856, Jamaican nurse, doctress and entrepreneur Mary Seacole travelled more widely and gained further international recognition than had previously been appreciated. BACKGROUND: New findings demonstrate that Seacole's international charitable and business activities were reported more widely than realised. Recently discovered literature uncovers her networking and strategic skills in various social milieus. A former Scutari nurse and 39 other women, offered their service to Seacole to nurse British soldiers in India. Newspapers also reported the medal she had been awarded from the Turkish government. DESIGN: Discussion paper. DATA SOURCES: Digitized 19th-century newspaper reports, and 1857 Dutch and 1858 French translations of Seacole's autobiography and a recently discovered handwritten letter dated 1 October 1857 from Seacole to Sir Henry Storks, at the time Secretary for Military Correspondence at the War Office, London. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Awareness of the findings affords a more thorough understanding of the scope and diversity of nursing history. This can provide valuable role models for the 21st century generations of competent and self-confident healthcare professionals. The new evidence offers further testimony that Seacole can truly be considered as one such figurehead. CONCLUSIONS: British and international primary sources reveal Mary Seacole as an historical and charismatic global phenomenon, more than had been previously realised.

Use of an online community to provide support to caregivers of people with dementia.

One challenge faced by many family members caring for persons with dementia is lack of information about how to take care of others and themselves. This is especially important for persons from ethnic minority groups, because linguistically and culturally appropriate information is often not available. In response to these needs, we developed a web site for Spanish-speaking caregivers. Cuidatecuidador.com provides bilingual information on dementia and caregiver issues. Content was developed and then evaluated by caregivers residing in 3 countries. Findings suggest trends that exposure to information may be related to a higher sense of mastery and a reduction of depressive symptomatology.