Diagnosis, performance and added value of assessing ventricular dyssynchrony by phase analysis in patients with three-vessel disease: A single-center cross-sectional study in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Three-vessel disease (3VD) is a cardiovascular disorder that affects the three main coronary arteries. Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT (GMPS) evaluates ventricular function, synchrony, and myocardial perfusion. However, the diagnostic performance of GMPS parameters to assess 3VD has not been fully explored. AIMS: To assess the univariate performance capacity of GMPS parameters, and to evaluate whether phase parameters could provide additional predictive value for the detection of patients with 3VD compared to control subjects. METHODS: We designed paired retrospective samples of GMPS images of patients with 3VD (stenosis > 70% of left anterior descending, right coronary, and circumflex coronary arteries) and without 3VD. A GMPS in rest-stress protocol was performed using 99mTc-Sestamibi and thallium and analyzed with the 3D method. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUROC), decision curve analyses and diagnostic test performance were obtained for univariable analyses and stepwise binomial logistic regression for multivariable performance. RESULTS: 474 Patients were included: 237 with 3VD (84% males, mean age 61.7 ± 9.9 years) and 237 with normal GMPS (51% women, mean age 63.8 ± 10.6 years). The highest AUROC for perfusion parameters were recorded for SSS, SRS and TID. For dyssynchrony parameters, both entropy and bandwidth in rest and stress phases displayed the highest AUROC and diagnostic capacity to detect 3VD. A multivariate model with SRS ≥ 4, SDS ≥ 2, TID > 1.19 and sBW ≥ 48° displayed the highest diagnostic capacity (0.923 [95% CI 0.897-0.923]) to detect 3VD. CONCLUSION: Perfusion and dyssynchrony were the parameters which were most able to discriminate patients with 3VD from those who did not have CAD.

Precondiciones clínicas y ecocardiográficas en la enfermedad obstructiva de tronco coronario izquierdo

Introducción: Las patologías cardiovasculares son la principal causa de defunciones en el mundo, de esta la enfermedad multivaso aporta una cifra elevada de pacientes, con una mortalidad anual significativamente más alta que la de pacientes con enfermedad de un solo vaso. Objetivo: Relacionar factores clínicos y ecocardiográficos asociados a la enfermedad de tronco coronario izquierdo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio del Centro de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, analítico, no experimental de casos y controles (grupo de casos 100 pacientes; grupo control 300 pacientes), durante el periodo comprendido entre 2017-2021. Se emplearon pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, se calculó la razón de disparidad (OR) y la prueba de Durbin-Watson. Resultados: Se constató dominio de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación segmento ST pacientes 326 (81,5 %) teniendo valor de p ≤ 0,05 (0,048); la presencia de complicaciones tuvo altísima significación estadística con valor p≤0,05 (0,00714), se evidenció que el índice de motilidad parietal ˂1,7 puntos, mostró un valor de p ≤ 0,05 (0,006) con un OR: 2,063; LI 1,229 y LS 3,463. La ecuación predijo un riesgo del 59,7 % de padecer una enfermedad multivaso en aquellos pacientes que presentaron: fracción de eyección menor de 50 % diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo >58 mm, presión de aurícula izquierda >25 mmHg, PMAP > 15 mmHg y función sistólica del ventrículo derecho disminuida. Conclusiones: La presencia de complicaciones, el tipo de infarto agudo miocardio y parámetros ecocardiográficos tales como índice de motilidad parietal, fueron predictores de enfermedad multivaso en contexto del evento agudo.

Introduction: Cardiovascular pathologies are currentely the leading cause of death in the world, of which multivessel disease provides a high number of patients, with a marked annual mortality rate higher than those with single-vessel disease. Objective: To relate clinical and echocardiographic factors associated with left main coronary artery disease in patients with acute myocardial infarction at the Centro de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Method: A prospective, analytical, non-experimental case-control study was conducted (case group 100 patients; control group 300 patients), during the period marked from 2017-2021. It were applied tests of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method and, the odds ratio (OR) and the Durbin-Watson test were calculated. Results: The prevalence of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation was found in 326 patients (81.5%) with a value of p ≤ 0.05 (0.048); the presence of complications had a very high statistical significance with p ≤ 0.05 (0.00714) as related value; the parietal motility index ˂1.7 points showed a value of p ≤ 0.05 (0.006) with an OR of 2.063; LI 1.229 and LS 3.463. The equation predicted at a 59.7% the risk of acquiring a multivessel disease in patients with: ejection fraction less than 50% in left ventricular diameter >58 mm, left atrial pressure >25 mmHg, PMAP > 15 mmHg and decreased right ventricular systolic function. Conclusions: The presence of complications, the type of acute myocardial infarction, and echocardiographic parameters such as parietal motility index were predictors of multivessel disease present in the acute events.

Introdução: As patologias cardiovasculares são a principal causa de mortes no mundo, das quais a doença multiarterial contribui com um elevado número de doentes, com uma mortalidade anual significativamente superior à dos doentes uniarteriais. Objetivo: Relacionar fatores clínicos e ecocardiográficos associados à doença da artéria coronária esquerda em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio no Centro de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Método: Estudo prospectivo, analítico, não experimental de casos e controles (grupo caso 100 pacientes; grupo controle 300 pacientes) foi realizado durante o período de 2017-2021. Foram utilizados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, calculado o odds ratio (OR) e o teste de Durbin-Watson. Resultados: 326 pacientes (81,5%) apresentaram domínio de infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, com valor de p ≤ 0,05 (0,048); a presença de complicações teve uma significância estatística muito alta com valor de p ≤ 0,05 (0,00714), ficou evidenciado que o índice de motilidade parietal ˂1,7 pontos, apresentou valor de p ≤ 0,05 (0,006) com OR: 2,063; LI 1.229 e LS 3.463. A equação previu um risco de 59,7% de sofrer de doença multiarterial naqueles pacientes que apresentavam: fração de ejeção menor que 50%, diâmetro ventricular esquerdo >58 mm, pressão atrial esquerda >25 mmHg, PMAP > 15 mmHg e função sistólica do ventrículo direito diminuída. Conclusões: A presença de complicações, o tipo de infarto agudo do miocárdio e os parâmetros ecocardiográficos, como o índice de motilidade da parede, foram preditores de doença multiarterial no contexto do evento agudo.

Inter-observer variation of Syntax score among cardiac surgeons, clinical and interventional cardiologists.

BACKGROUND: Despite the complexity of SYNTAX score (SS), guidelines recommend this tool to help choosing between coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with left main of three-vessel coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to compare the inter-observer variation in SS performed by clinical cardiologists (CC), interventional cardiologists (IC), and cardiac surgeons (CS). METHODS: Seven coronary angiographies from patients with left main and/or three-vessel disease chosen by a heart team were analyzed by 10 CC, 10 IC and 10 CS. SS was calculated via SYNTAX website. RESULTS: Kappa concordance was very low between CC and CS (k = 0.176), moderate between CS and IC (k = 0.563), and moderate between CC and IC (0.553). There was a statistically significant difference between CC, who classified more cases as low complexity (70%), and CS, who classified more cases as moderate complexity (80%) (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Concordance between SS analyzed by CC, CS and IC is low. The usefulness of SS in decision-making of revascularization strategy is undeniable and evidence supports its use. However, this study highlights the importance of well-trained professionals on calculating the SS. It could avoid misclassification of borderline cases.

Appropriate use of noninvasive ischemia testing to guide revascularization decision making following acute ST elevation myocardial infarction in Latin American countries: Results from an expert panel meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency. / Uso adecuado de las pruebas no invasivas de isquemia para guiar la toma de decisión sobre revascularización tras un infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en países iberoamericanos: Resultados de la reunión de un panel de expertos de la International Atomic Energy Agency.

Across Latin American and Caribbean countries, cardiovascular disease and especially ischemic heart disease is currently the main cause of death both in men and in women. For most Latin American and Caribbean countries, public and community health efforts aim to define care strategies which are both clinically and cost effective and promote primary and secondary prevention, resulting in improved patient outcomes. The optimal approach to deal with acute events such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a matter of controversy; however, there is an expanding role for assessing residual ischemic burden in STEMI patients following primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Although randomized clinical trials have established the value of staged fractional flow reserve-guided revascularization, the use of noninvasive functional imaging modalities may play a similar role at a much lower cost. For LAC, available stress imaging techniques could be applied to define residual ischemia in the non-infarct related artery and to target revascularization in a staged procedure after primary percutaneous coronary intervention The use of nuclear cardiac imaging, supported by its relatively wide availability, moderate cost, and robust quantitative capabilities, may serve to guide effective care and to reduce subsequent cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. This noninvasive approach may avert potential safety issues with repeat and lengthy invasive procedures, and serve as a baseline for subsequent follow-up stress testing following the index STEMI event. This consensus document was devised from an expert panel meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency, highlighting available evidence with a focus on the utility of stress myocardial perfusion imaging in post-STEMI patients. The document could serve as guidance to the prudent and appropriate use of nuclear imaging for targeting therapeutic management and avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures within Latin American and Caribbean countries, where resources could be scarce.

El cirujano cardiovascular y la puntuación Syntax / The cardiovascular surgeon and the Syntax score

Se estableció la puntuación Syntax como herramienta para determinar la complejidad de la enfermedad coronaria y como guía para tomar decisiones entre la cirugía de revascularización coronaria y el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo. El propósito de esta revisión es examinar de manera sistemática qué es la puntuación Syntax, cómo el cirujano debe integrar la información en la selección y tratamiento del paciente. Revisamos los resultados del estudio SYNTAX, las guías de práctica clínica, así como los beneficios y las limitaciones de la puntuación. Finalmente, el rumbo hacia el futuro que tomará la puntuación Syntax.

The Syntax score has been established as a tool to determine the complexity of coronary artery disease and as a guide for decision-making among coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine what the Syntax score is, and how the surgeon should integrate the information in the selection and treatment of patients. We reviewed the results of the SYNTAX Trial, the clinical practice guidelines, as well as the benefits and limitations of the score. Finally we discuss the future directions of the Syntax score.

[The cardiovascular surgeon and the Syntax score]. / El cirujano cardiovascular y la puntuación Syntax.

The Syntax score has been established as a tool to determine the complexity of coronary artery disease and as a guide for decision-making among coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine what the Syntax score is, and how the surgeon should integrate the information in the selection and treatment of patients. We reviewed the results of the SYNTAX Trial, the clinical practice guidelines, as well as the benefits and limitations of the score. Finally we discuss the future directions of the Syntax score.

Angioplastia con stent vs. cirugía de revascularización coronaria en enfermedad multivaso (ACIRE) / Coronary angioplasty with stenting vs. coronary bypass revascularization surgery in multivessel disease

La enfermedad coronaria de múltiples vasos, es causa frecuente de procedimientos de revascularización percutánea o quirúrgica. La evolución de los pacientes sometidos a cualquier tipo de intervención, ha sido objeto de variados estudios clínicos aleatorizados y sus resultados han sido diversos a favor de uno u otro procedimiento. En este estudio prospectivo de cohorte, se analiza el desenlace clínico de 400 pacientes con enfermedad coronaria de dos o más vasos y se comparan resultados entre cirugía de revascularización y angioplastia con stent. Las poblaciones fueron comparables en sus características basales. Resultados: la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria, al mes, seis y doce meses es similar en ambos procedimientos de revascularización. Sin embargo, la morbilidad intra-hospitalaria es mayor en el grupo de bypass con una tasa de infarto inmediato post-procedimiento mayor en dicho grupo cuando se compara con el percutáneo: 4,5% vs. 0% (p=0,005), una tasa de infecciones superior: 15,8% vs. 1,6% (p=0,001) y una estancia hospitalaria en unidad de cuidado intensivo más prolongada: 21,8% vs. 1,1% (p=0,001). La tasa de MACE (muerte, infarto, necesidad de revascularización del vaso previamente tratado) intra-hospitalaria asociada a la cirugía de revascularización, es significativamente mayor que la encontrada en el grupo de estrategia percutánea 8,4% vs. 1,6% (p=0,002) a expensas de una mayor tasa de infartos en el grupo quirúrgico. Los MACE a un mes y seis meses son similares en ambos grupos (tasa de 8,9% y 10,4% respectivamente para el grupo quirúrgico y del 5,7% y 15,5% para el grupo percutáneo) (p=NS). A 12 meses la tasa de MACE fue menor en el grupo quirúrgico (11,9%) cuando se comparó con el grupo percutáneo (19,2%) (p=0,045). Dicha diferencia se explica por una mayor necesidad de procedimientos de revascularización por falla del vaso tratado en el grupo de intervencionismo coronario percutáneo. Conclusiones: en la población evaluada, con enfermedad coronaria de dos o más vasos, la cirugía de revascularización ofrece un riesgo significativamente mayor de morbilidad intra-hospitalaria sin comprometer la mortalidad posterior hasta doce meses. En este grupo de pacientes, la angioplastia con stent ofrece mejor perfil de morbilidad post-procedimiento y mayor tasa de reintervención del vaso por falla a 12 meses de seguimiento. Tanto la cirugía como la angioplastia con stent, ofrecen tasas equivalentes de mortalidad hasta los doce meses de seguimiento.

Multivessel coronary heart disease is a common cause of revascularization procedures either surgical or by percutaneous intervention with angioplasty and stenting. Clinical outcomes of patients treated by any of these strategies have been addressed in different randomized clinical trials with diverse results favoring one or another procedure. This is a prospective cohort clinical trial aiming to analyze clinical outcomes of 400 patients with coronary heart disease involving two or more vessels comparing the outcomes between surgery and percutaneous intervention with coronary stenting. Baseline clinical characteristics were comparable between these groups. Results: in-hospital mortality rate at 1, 6 and 12 months is similar in both revascularization procedures. Nevertheless, in-hospital morbidity is significantly higher in the coronary artery bypass graft group with higher immediate post-procedural infarct-rate compared to that of the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) group (4,5% vs. 0%; p = 0,005), a higher infection rate (15,8% vs. 1,6%; p = 0,001) and an extended in-hospital stay in the intensive care unit (21.8% vs. 1,1%; p = 0,001). MACE in-hospital rate associated to revascularization surgery is signifficantly higher than that found in the percutaneous group (8,9% and 10,4% respectively for the surgical group and 5,7% and 15,5% for the percutaneous group; p = NS). MACE rate at 12 months was lower in the surgical group (11,9%) when compared to the percutaneous group (19,2%; p = 0,045). This difference can be explained by a furthermore need of revascularization due to failure in the target vessel in the percutaneous coronary intervention group. Target vessel (s) failure was 4% at 30 days (p = 0.059), 12% at 6 months (p = 0.001) and 18% at 12 months of follow-up (p < 0.0001) in the stenting group versus 0% at any time in the surgical group. There was no statistical difference in mortality at 12 months. Conclusions: in this cohort of patients with two or more vessel-coronary disease, surgical revascularization offers a statistically significant higher risk of in-hospital morbidity without compromising mortality up till 12 months after the procedure. Coronary stenting was found to offer a better post-procedural morbidity profile and higher risk of vessel reintervention at 6 and 12 months due to target vessel failure. Both coronary surgical revascularization and coronary stenting offer equivalent mortality rates and MACE incidence up to 1 year of follow-up.