A New Proposed Symbiotic Plant-Herbivore Relationship between Burkea africana Trees, Cirina forda Caterpillars and Their Associated Fungi Pleurostomophora richardsiae and Aspergillus nomius.

Burkea africana is a tree found in savannah and woodland in southern Africa, as well as northwards into tropical African regions as far as Nigeria and Ethiopia. It is used as fuel wood, medicinally to treat various conditions, such as toothache, headache, migraine, pain, inflammation, and sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhoea, but also an ornamental tree. The current study investigated the possible symbiotic relationship between B. africana trees and the C. forda caterpillars and the mutual role played in ensuring the survival of B. africana trees/seedlings in harsh natural conditions and low-nutrient soils. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolation and sequencing results revealed that the fungal species Pleurostomophora richardsiae was highly predominant in the leaves of B. africana trees and present in the caterpillars. The second most prominent fungal species in the caterpillars was Aspergillus nomius. The latter is known to be related to a Penicillium sp. which was found to be highly prevalent in the soil where B. africana trees grow and is suggested to play a role in enhancing the effective growth of B. africana trees in their natural habitat. To support this, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted, and a tree was constructed, which shows a high percentage similarity between Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. The findings of the study revealed that B. africana trees not only serve as a source of feed for the C. forda caterpillar but benefit from C. forda caterpillars which, after dropping onto the soil, is proposed to inoculate the soil surrounding the trees with the fungus A. nomius which suggests a symbiotic and/or synergistic relationship between B. africana trees and C. forda caterpillars.

Reciprocal innovation: A new approach to equitable and mutually beneficial global health partnerships.

Global health researchers often discount mutual learning and benefit to address shared health challenges across high and low- and middle-income settings. Drawing from a 30-year partnership called AMPATH that started between Indiana University in the US and Moi University in Kenya, we describe an innovative approach and program for mutual learning and benefit coined 'reciprocal innovation.' Reciprocal innovation harnesses a bidirectional, co-constituted, and iterative exchange of ideas, resources, and innovations to address shared health challenges across diverse global settings. The success of AMPATH in Kenya, particularly in HIV/AIDS and community health, resulted in several innovations being 'brought back' to the US. To promote the bidirectional flow of learning and innovations, the Indiana CTSI reciprocal innovation program hosts annual meetings of multinational researchers and practitioners to identify shared health challenges, supports pilot grants for projects with reciprocal exchange and benefit, and produces educational and training materials for investigators. The transformative power of global health to address systemic health inequities embraces equitable and reciprocal partnerships with mutual benefit across countries and communities of academics, practitioners, and policymakers. Leveraging a long-standing partnership, the Indiana CTSI has built a reciprocal innovation program with promise to redefine global health for shared wellbeing at a global scale.

Value creation and the internal goods of business.

In his early work, Moore argues that business itself was a MacIntyrean practice. He later rejected this view in response to criticisms from Beadle and others. Most subsequent work, including that of Moore, adopted a view of organizations, including firms, as institutions that house a core practice. We first recount Moore's early view, defend and it from various criticisms. We then briefly review research in management and finance arguing that this research supports a view of business consonant with Moore's early view. Thus, we argue that business is a distinct practice that integrates various productive and auxiliary practices to facilitate mutually beneficial transactions. We conclude by discussing implications of this view, noting that it might be viewed as a classical liberal appropriation of the MacIntyrean framework, and arguing that it poses a challenge to MacIntyreans working with a neo-Aristotelian perspective.

Review of the reverse innovation series in globalization and health - where are we and what else is needed?

Following advances in industrial strategy and organizational behaviour, as well as post-development debates in international relations, Globalization and Health launched the Reverse Innovation series in 2012, in order to forge an agenda to promote not just the innovativeness of low-income country health systems but to recognize current and advocate for future strengthened knowledge flow between the global south and global north. It was considered to be a timely antidote to a knowledge flow that has traditionally been characterised by unidirectionality of innovation and expertise. Since then, the series provides a repository of research, theory, commentary and debate through which a collective community of practice in Reverse Innovation might emerge and provide an evidence base to promote, support and mainstream this type of knowledge flow. In this Commentary, we review the series as a whole, explore what has been learnt and what needs to come next in terms of empirical research, business models, processes and theoretical contributions to inform reverse innovation.

Developing a blueprint for a civilian-military collaborative program in trauma training for Northern European countries: A South African experience.

BACKGROUND: Recent terrorist attacks and mass shooting incidents in major European and North American cities have shown the unexpected influx of large volumes of patients with complex multi-system injuries. The rise of subspecialisation and the low violence-related penetrating injuries among European cities, show the reality that most surgical programs are unable to provide sufficient exposure to penetrating and blast injuries. The aim of this study is to describe and create a collaborative program between a major South African trauma service and a NATO country military medical service, with synergistic effect on both partners. This program includes comprehensive cross-disciplinary training & teaching, and scientific research. METHODS: This is a retrospective descriptive study. The Pietermaritzburg hospital and Netherlands military trauma register databases were used for analysing patient data: Pietermaritzburg between September 2015 and August 2016, Iraq between May and July 2018 and Afghanistan from 2006 to 2010. Interviews were held to analyse the mutual benefits of the program. RESULTS: From the Pietermaritzburg study, mutual benefits focus on social responsibility, exchange of knowledge and experience and further mutual exploration. The comparison showed the numbers of surgical procedures over a one-month period performed in Iraq 12.7, in Afghanistan 68.8 and in Pietermaritzburg 152. CONCLUSION: This study has shown a significant volume of penetrating trauma in South Africa, that can provide substantial exposure over a relatively short period. This help to prepare civilian and military surgeons and deployable military medical personnel for casualties with blast - and/or penetrating injuries. The aforementioned findings and the willingness to shape the mutual benefits, create a platform for trauma electives, research, education and training.

When 'unintended effects' reveal hidden intentions: Implications of 'mutual benefit' discourses for evaluating development cooperation.

This article's starting point is that the dichotomy between intended and unintended effects is linked to official policy discourse on the overall purpose and objectives of development cooperation. It describes and discusses recent policy trends that move away from emphasizing developing country benefits toward the pursuit of 'mutual benefit' as the key motivating factor and aim for development cooperation as an area of public policy. A mix of motivations has always driven development cooperation, yet the current policy trend differs in that such motivations are made explicit. As a consequence, recent policies suggest that these different interests represent 'win-wins' rather than trade-offs and conceptualize a common development agenda for the donor and recipient countries. Given that political discourse promotes and prepares legal and accountability systems, public scrutiny and independent evaluation are a few steps behind and largely restricted to analyzing benefits for developing countries. The article argues that articulating all goals of development cooperation can facilitate evaluation practice in this changed setting, as effects considered to be 'unintended' from the perspective of promoting development goals may, in fact, be intentional or anticipated from a mutual benefit perspective.

CT tube purchasing patternexplore / 中国医学装备

Objective:To reduce the purchase cost as far as possible, avoid the risk, ensure the continuity of hospital’s work and minimize economic losses in the legal premise. Methods:Take Philips heat capacity 8M MRC tube for example, According to the reasonable and objective actual exposure seconds every month, hospital assumes no responsibility for the ending of life cycle in the process of tube use at any time , and the supplier must offer new tube unconditionally within 3 days. Results:Explore a new mode to use the second exposure time paid for the first time to purchase the ball tube, to achieve the collaboration, and mutual, benefit both sides for the supplier and the demander. Conclusions:Pay rate according to the reasonable and objective actual exposure seconds every month, Can avoid risk and pressure for demander, Meanwhile adjust the price dynamically in due time, is beneficial to both sides long-term good faith friendly cooperation, mutual benefit and win-win.

Scientific investment, standard management, equal status and mutual benefit: keys to improving international cooperation of science and technology of universities / 中华医学科研管理杂志

The restriction factors in organizing the high-level and substantiality international cooper-ation were analyzed in this paper from investments, managements, evaluation, intellectual property right pro-tection and independent innovation in previous titular, unequal and injured international cooperations. The effctive principles were suggested to promote the international cooperation level in china, such as insisting the reasonable investments, standardized managemet, equal status and mutual benefis.

Constructing a Harmonious Hospital in the Perspective of Economic Ethics / 中国医学伦理学

Constructing a harmonious hospital shares an important role in constructing a harmonious socialist society.Ethical factors are not only the foundation of constructing a harmonious hospital,but also the inherent requirement of clinical practice as well as the consistent goal and means of modern hospital management.Construction of a harmonious hospital in the new situation should embark from the hospital connotation construction,develop a top-grade group of medical staff,build up a transparent charging system,construct a graceful medical environment,search society public opinion support for strengthening mutual communication between doctors and patients,and reconstruct mutual trust between doctors and patients.

Mutual Benefit and Win-win:the Economic Ethical Basis of Harmonious Physician-patient Relationship / 中国医学伦理学

It was undoubted that doctor-patient relationship was becoming more and more worse,and this condition lead the doctors,patients,governments feel ve ry awkward.Every related side would be Faliures.Nowadays,the tensional doctor patient relationsh i p is a result of improper value choice and institutional arrangement in the back ground of market economy and high technology development.Building a harmonious doctor patient relationship and become double win is a key issue to affect medical service.It needs government,hospital,doctor and patient to work together.Therefore,we should promote the harmony of doctor-patient relationship in the respects of value choice and institutional arrangement.The action of benefiting others at the medical market includes benefiting for others unselfish and benefiting for others for self under the condition of market economy.Seeking patients' interests even at the expense of the professionals' own interests is the most essential moral criterion and professional obligation.