Traceability and control as levers to prevent leakage from legal circulation when legalizing medical cannabis.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To reveal traceability and control as levers to prevent leakage from legal circulation when legalizing medical cannabis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The methodological basis of this research work is based on a systematic approach. Methods of structural and logical analysis, bibliosemantic, abstraction and generalization were used in this article. RESULTS: Results: The analysis of the regulatory framework and regulatory initiatives in the field of circulation of narcotic drugs, in particular, cannabis (in total 56 documents) demonstrated repeated attempts to reform it in Ukraine in order to increase the availability and efficiency of medical and pharmaceutical services. Recently adopted law on the legalization of medical cannabis pays special attention to the traceability of the circulation of medical cannabis and cannabis-based medicines (CbMs) by digitalization and creation of the appropriate electronic information system. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: With the adoption of the law on the legalization of medical cannabis Ukraine became the 57th country in the world to legalize such cannabis. The study and analysis of the regulatory framework of Ukraine, taking into account the best world practices, showed that the legalization of medical cannabis will allow for providing more effective care to many patients including wounded defenders.

How new nanotechnologies are changing the opioid analysis scenery? A comparison with classical analytical methods.

Opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, raw opium, and morphine have become a serious threat to the world population in the recent past, due to their increasing use and abuse. The detection of these drugs in biological samples is usually carried out by spectroscopic and/or chromatographic techniques, but the need for quick, sensitive, selective, and low-cost new analytical tools has pushed the development of new methods based on selective nanosensors, able to meet these requirements. Modern sensors, which utilize "next-generation" technologies like nanotechnology, have revolutionized drug detection methods, due to easiness of use, their low cost, and their high sensitivity and reliability, allowing the detection of opioids at trace levels in raw, pharmaceutical, and biological samples (e.g. blood, urine, saliva, and other biological fluids). The peculiar characteristics of these sensors not only have allowed on-site analyses (in the field, at the crime scene, etc.) but also they are nowadays replacing the gold standard analytical methods in the laboratory, even if a proper method validation is still required. This paper reviews advances in the field of nanotechnology and nanosensors for the detection of commonly abused opioids both prescribed (i.e. codeine and morphine) and illegal narcotics (i.e. heroin and fentanyl analogues).

Ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal synthesis of tungsten(VI) oxide-TiO2 nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of non-narcotic drug paracetamol under natural solar light: insights into degradation pathway, mechanism, and toxicity assessment.

Photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical residues through natural solar radiation represents a green and economical treatment process. In this work, ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal synthesis of WO3-TiO2 nanocomposite was carried out at 140-150 °C for 5 h and calcinated at 600 °C. The structural and optical properties of the synthesized material were investigated using techniques like XRD, FESEM/EDX, HRTEM, BET surface area, UV-DRS optical analysis, and photocurrent response. The band gap of TiO2 was successfully reduced from 3.0 to 2.54 eV and thus making it effective under solar light. Complete degradation of paracetamol (50 ppm and natural pH of 6.5) was achieved in 3.5 h under natural sunlight at catalyst dose of 0.5 g/l. The extent of mineralization was evaluated by measuring the COD reduction. Based on the degradation products identified by GC-MS/LC-TOF-MS, the degradation process under natural solar-light could be interpreted to initiate through OH. radical species. The toxicity removal of the treated paracetamol solution under natural solar-light was evaluated by the seed germination test using Spinacia oleracea seeds and exhibited 66.70% seed germination, confirming the reduction in toxicity. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency of the nanocomposite is attributed to the higher surface area, low rutile content, lower band gap, and incorporation of WO3, which led to an extended absorption range and a slower rate of electron-hole recombination. The technical insights presented in this research offer a feasible approach for utilizing natural solar light driven photocatalysis for wastewater treatment in an efficient and sustainable way. The proposed degradation pathway, and seed germination test (toxicity removal) of the treated paracetamol solution under natural sunlight, has not been previously evaluated.

In-tube gel electromembrane extraction: A green strategy for the extraction of narcotic drugs from biological samples.

The development of green and miniature extraction methods is always a major and controversial challenge in the field of sample preparation. In this work, in-tube gel electromembrane extraction (IT-G-EME) was developed as a miniaturized extraction device for the extraction of six narcotic drugs (codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, tramadol, thebaine, and noscapine) from biological samples. A transparent capillary tube (∼6 cm) was used as a microextraction unit. The middle part of the tube was filled with a narrow plug (∼3 mm) of the agarose gel (3.0% w/v) as a membrane and the other sides were filled with aqueous extractant solution (pH 2.0, 20 µL) and sample solution (pH 5.0, 200 µL). By applying electrical potential (400 V), the target drugs with positive charge were migrated from sample solution toward the extractant solution through gel membrane during short extraction time (5 min). Then, the enriched analytes in extractant solution was analyzed by HPLC-UV. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear within the permissible range of 10.0-1500 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.991). Limits of detection and extraction recoveries were in the range of 3.0-4.5 ng/mL and 61.9-86.9%, respectively. On the basis of four replications, the repeatability of the method was also evaluated in terms of intra- and inter-day RSDs (%), which did not exceed from 6.6 and 7.9%, respectively in aqueous media. The figures of merit were also assessed in biological samples. Eventually, the developed method was profitably used for simultaneous determination of narcotic drugs in the real urine and plasma samples.

Long-term opioid medication profile of European adult spinal deformity patients: minimum five years follow-up study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: There remains significant variability in the use of postoperative opioids. On one end, it is proven that appropriate pain control is a critical aspect of patient management; on the other end, past few decades have been associated with major increases in opioid-related overdoses and addiction treatment. We hypothesized that several pre- and postoperative risk factors affecting long-term opioid use could be identified. PURPOSE: Evaluation of factors associated with minimum 5-year postoperative opioid use following adult spinal deformity surgery. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Prospectively followed study group database. PATIENT SAMPLE: Adult spinal deformity patients who underwent elective spine surgery between 2009 and 2016 were included. OUTCOME MEASURES: Opioid usage or otherwise at minimum 5 years follow-up. Use of nonopioid analgesics, weak and strong opioids METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing elective spinal deformity surgery. A total of 37 factors comprising patient characteristics, radiographic measurements, operative details, preoperative and early postoperative opioid use, and mechanical complications and revisions were analyzed. Details on identified factors were provided. RESULTS: A total of 265 patients (215F, 50M) from five sites were included. The mean follow-up duration was 68.4±11.7 (60-102) months. On average, 10.6±3.5 levels were fused. Preoperatively, 64 (24.2%) patients were using opioids. The rate of opioid users increased to 33.6% at 6 weeks and decreased to 21.5% at 6 months. During follow-up, there were patients who discontinued opioids, while others have started and/or restarted using opioids. As a result, 59 (22.3%) patients were still on opioids at the latest follow-up. Multivariate analyses showed that factors independently affecting opioid use at an average of 68 months postoperatively, in order of significance, were opioid use at sixth weeks, preoperative opioid use and opioid use at sixth months with the odds ratios of 2.88, 2.51, and 2.38 respectively. At these time points, factors such as age, number of comorbidities, tobacco use, the time of the last prior spine surgery and postoperative sagittal plane alignment affected opioid usage rates. CONCLUSIONS: Opioid usage at 6 weeks was found to be more predictive of long-term opioid use compared to preoperative use. Patients should be well informed to have realistic expectations regarding opioid use when considering adult spinal deformity surgery.

Study on the present situation of narcotic drugs equipment and management in 251 primary healthcare institutions from Qiandongnan prefecture / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the present equipment and management situation of narcotic drugs in primary healthcare institutions from Qiandongnan prefecture of Guizhou province. METHODS The questionnaire survey was conducted among pharmacy department heads and medical staff from primary healthcare institutions in Qiandongnan prefecture of Guizhou province. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the survey results. RESULTS Of 251 healthcare institutions in this survey， 29 healthcare institutions were equipped with narcotic drugs， accounting for 11.55%. The reasons for the narcotic drugs unequipped were mainly as follows: insufficient attention， no storage conditions for narcotic drugs， complex program of narcotic drug management， small amount usage and so on. Among the 29 primary healthcare institutions equipped with narcotic drugs， all of them did not monitor patient usage， accounting for 100%； 29 healthcare institutions did not implement a return visit or follow-up every 3 months， accounting for 100%. CONCLUSIONS The health administration departments should strengthen the administration of narcotic drugs in primary healthcare institutions. At the same time， training on standardized management and clinical rational application of narcotic drugs for medical staff in primary healthcare institutions should be enhanced by the health administrative department.

Substance Abuse Amongst Adolescents: An Issue of Public Health Significance.

Adolescence is a crucial time for biological, psychological, and social development. It is also a time when substance addiction and its adverse effects are more likely to occur. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to the negative long-term effects of substance use, including mental health illnesses, sub-par academic performance, substance use disorders, and higher chances of getting addicted to alcohol and marijuana. Over the past few decades, there have been substantial changes in the types of illegal narcotics people consume. The present article deals with the review of substance abuse as a public health problem, its determinants, and implications seen among adolescents. A systematic literature search using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken to search all relevant literature on teenage stimulant use. The findings have been organized into categories to cover essential aspects like epidemiology, neurobiology, prevention, and treatment. The review showed that substance addiction among adolescents between 12 to 19 years is widespread, though national initiatives exist to support young employment and their development. Research on psychological risk factors for teenage substance abuse is vast, wherein conduct disorders, including aggression, impulsivity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been mentioned as risk factors for substance use. Parents' attitudes toward drugs, alcohol, academic and peer pressure, stress, and physical outlook are key determinants. Teenage drug usage has a significant negative impact on users, families, and society as a whole. It was found that a lot has been done to provide correct intervention to those in need with the constant development of programs and rehabilitative centers to safeguard the delicate minds of youths and prevent them from using intoxicants. Still, there is much need for stringent policy and program guidelines to curb this societal menace.

Exploring Potential Regulatory Anesthetic Drugs Based on RNA Binding Protein and Constructing CESC Prognosis Model: A Study Based on TCGA Database.

Objective: To investigate the differential expression of RBPs in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC), analyze the regulatory effect of narcotic drugs on RBPs, and establish the prognostic risk model of CESC patients. Methods: RNA-SEQ data and clinical case data of cancer and normal samples from CESC patients were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Differentially expressed RBPs were screened by R language and enriched. The CMAP database is used to predict the anesthetic drugs that regulate the differential expression of RBPs. The prognostic risk score model was constructed by COX regression analysis. Risk score of each CESC patient was calculated and divided into high-risk group and low-risk group according to the median risk score. The prediction efficiency of prognostic risk model was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the correlation between prognostic risk model and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of RNASEH2A and HENMT1 in tissues. Results: There were 65 differentially expressed RBPs in CESC. Five anesthetics, including benzocaine, procaine, pentoxyverine, and tetracaine were obtained to regulate RBPs. Survival analysis showed that seven genes were related to the prognosis of patients, and the CESC risk score model was constructed by COX regression. The risk score can be used as an independent prognostic factor. RNASEH2A and HENMT1 are up-regulated in tumors, which can effectively distinguish normal tissues from tumor tissues. Conclusion: It is found that different anesthetic drugs have different regulatory effects on the differential expression of RBPs. Based on the differentially expressed RBPs, the prognostic risk score model of CESC patients was constructed. To provide ideas for the formulation of individualized precise anesthesia scheme and cancer pain analgesia scheme, which is helpful to improve the perioperative survival rate of cancer patients.

Drogas y sociedad en la España de la década de 2020: retos y propuestas político-legislativas / Drugs and society in Spain in the 2020s: Outlining alternatives to the biomedical-punitive model

Este artículo pretende esbozar las bases de una propuesta alternativa al tradicional abordaje de lapolítica de drogas y de las drogodependencias en España. Se parte de un análisis crítico del modelohegemónico predominante en la actualidad, al que se considera limitado por dos motivos fundamentales. El primero, por su enfoque excesivamente biomédico e individualizado para el tratamiento delos problemas de salud mental (y, por ende, de drogodependencias). El segundo, por su énfasis en lasmedidas represivas y punitivas para la gestión de los desafíos sociales relacionados con el uso adultorecreativo de drogas y, especialmente, de los problemas derivados de la existencia de los mercados ilícitos de drogas. Ambas limitaciones han hecho que, desde el ámbito de la política pública,se haga necesario gestionar no únicamente las consecuencias del uso de sustancias sino, además,las consecuencias de las propias políticas de drogas. Como alternativa, esbozamos un modelo quecombina una aproximación no estigmatizante hacia las sustancias psicoactivas, con la centralidad delos derechos humanos como eje fundamental que debe guiar las políticas de drogas. Nos centraremos en los casos específicos de los psicótropos (psilocibina, LSD y MDMA) y de plantas psicoactivasde origen tradicional, como la ayahuasca o la hoja de coca. Con una intención más reflexiva queacadémica, pero fruto de la trayectoria de los autores en la investigación y en la incidencia política eneste ámbito, este artículo perfila algunos elementos que podrían tomarse en consideración a la horade diseñar una política de drogas más centrada en la salud comunitaria y en los cuidados, que estéfundamentada en los derechos humanos, en la participación de la sociedad civil y en la evaluaciónobjetiva de las políticas públicas. (AU)

This article aims to outline the basis of an alternative proposal to the traditional approach todrug policy and drug dependence in Spain. It is based on a critical analysis of the currently predominant hegemonic model, which is considered to be limited for two fundamental reasons.The first is its excessively biomedical and individualised approach to the treatment of mentalhealth problems (and, therefore, drug dependence). The second is its emphasis on repressiveand punitive measures to manage the social challenges related to adult recreational drug useand, especially, the problems arising from the existence of illicit drug markets. Both limitationshave made it necessary for public policy to manage not only the consequences of substanceuse but also the consequences of drug policies themselves. As an alternative, we outline amodel that combines a non-stigmatising approach to psychoactive substances with the centrality of human rights as the fundamental axis that should guide drug policies. We will focuson the specific cases of psychotropic substances (psilocybin, LSD and MDMA) and psychoactive plants of traditional origin, such as ayahuasca or coca leaf. With a more reflexive thanacademic intention, but as a result of the authors’ experience in research and advocacy in thisfield, this article outlines some elements that could be taken into consideration when designinga drug policy that is more focused on community health and care, based on human rights, theparticipation of civil society and the objective evaluation of public policies (AU)

Drugs and society in Spain in the 2020s:Outlining alternatives to the biomedical-punitive model / Drogas y sociedad en la España de la década de 2020: retos y propuestas político-legislativas

This article aims to outline the basis of an alternative proposal to the traditional approach todrug policy and drug dependence in Spain. It is based on a critical analysis of the currently predominant hegemonic model, which is considered to be limited for two fundamental reasons.The first is its excessively biomedical and individualised approach to the treatment of mentalhealth problems (and, therefore, drug dependence). The second is its emphasis on repressiveand punitive measures to manage the social challenges related to adult recreational drug useand, especially, the problems arising from the existence of illicit drug markets. Both limitationshave made it necessary for public policy to manage not only the consequences of substanceuse but also the consequences of drug policies themselves. As an alternative, we outline amodel that combines a non-stigmatising approach to psychoactive substances with the centrality of human rights as the fundamental axis that should guide drug policies. We will focuson the specific cases of psychotropic substances (psilocybin, LSD and MDMA) and psychoactive plants of traditional origin, such as ayahuasca or coca leaf. With a more reflexive thanacademic intention, but as a result of the authors’ experience in research and advocacy in thisfield, this article outlines some elements that could be taken into consideration when designinga drug policy that is more focused on community health and care, based on human rights, theparticipation of civil society and the objective evaluation of public policies (AU)

Este artículo pretende esbozar las bases de una propuesta alternativa al tradicional abordaje de lapolítica de drogas y de las drogodependencias en España. Se parte de un análisis crítico del modelohegemónico predominante en la actualidad, al que se considera limitado por dos motivos fundamentales. El primero, por su enfoque excesivamente biomédico e individualizado para el tratamiento delos problemas de salud mental (y, por ende, de drogodependencias). El segundo, por su énfasis en lasmedidas represivas y punitivas para la gestión de los desafíos sociales relacionados con el uso adultorecreativo de drogas y, especialmente, de los problemas derivados de la existencia de los mercados ilícitos de drogas. Ambas limitaciones han hecho que, desde el ámbito de la política pública,se haga necesario gestionar no únicamente las consecuencias del uso de sustancias sino, además,las consecuencias de las propias políticas de drogas. Como alternativa, esbozamos un modelo quecombina una aproximación no estigmatizante hacia las sustancias psicoactivas, con la centralidad delos derechos humanos como eje fundamental que debe guiar las políticas de drogas. Nos centraremos en los casos específicos de los psicótropos (psilocibina, LSD y MDMA) y de plantas psicoactivasde origen tradicional, como la ayahuasca o la hoja de coca. Con una intención más reflexiva queacadémica, pero fruto de la trayectoria de los autores en la investigación y en la incidencia política eneste ámbito, este artículo perfila algunos elementos que podrían tomarse en consideración a la horade diseñar una política de drogas más centrada en la salud comunitaria y en los cuidados, que estéfundamentada en los derechos humanos, en la participación de la sociedad civil y en la evaluaciónobjetiva de las políticas públicas. (AU)

[Opioid agonist therapy and the German Narcotic Drugs Prescription Ordinance from the pharmacist's perspective]. / Opioidsubstitutionstherapie im Rahmen der neuen Betäubungsmittel-Verschreibungsverordnung aus Sicht von Apothekerinnen und Apothekern.

BACKGROUND: Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) has been established to be the most important therapy option for improving health and social burdens of people with opioid dependence. Pharmacies provide drug substitutes to substitution practices or outpatient clinics and administer drugs to substituted patients (medication under visual control) or supply prescriptions for unsupervised, at-home use by patients. Given the gaps in medical care, the relevance of pharmacies for the comprehensive treatment of opioid-dependent patients will become even more important in the future. The 3rd Revision of the Narcotic Drugs Prescription Ordinance (NDPO) adopted sweeping reforms to the framework of OAT in 2017. This paper examines the impact of this reform from the pharmacist's perspective. METHODS: Between November 2020 and March 2021, pharmacists in the German federal states of Hamburg, North-Rhine Westphalia, Saxony, and Bavaria were informed by their State Chambers of Pharmacists about participation in this online study. A total of 480 questionnaires were evaluated. The analysis differentiates between pharmacists who are currently involved in the substitution of opioid-dependent patients (54.2%), pharmacists who were involved in the past (21.4%), and those who have never been involved in opioid substitution (24.4%). RESULTS: Pharmacists involved in OAT have not seen any positive changes resulting from the 3rd Revision of the NDPO. According to 97.9% of the pharmacists, remuneration for administering medication under visual control should be analogous to remuneration in doctors' practices. Mixed prescriptions (prescription of take-home dose and intermediate medication under visual control) increase the administrative workload and have been rejected by a quarter of the pharmacists. Non-involved pharmacists significantly overestimated the occurrence of critical situations with substituted patients in the pharmacy. While only 2.7% of pharmacists involved in OAT reported drug emergencies, 23.1% of non-involved pharmacists expressed such concerns. 39.3% of the pharmacists felt they could be motivated to participate in OAT if they were approached directly, and 73.9% of the pharmacists who are currently involved in OAT said they could provide substitution medication under visual control to additional opioid-dependent patients. CONCLUSIONS: The 3rd Revision of the NDPO has no influence on the situation and willingness of pharmacists to be involved in OAT. However, to ensure that pharmacists continue to be actively involved in OAT and attract new substituting pharmacies, their importance for comprehensive OAT must be upgraded. This includes, and not least, the funding of pharmacists' administration of substitution drugs under visual control. In addition, knowledge about OAT, attitudes toward opioid-dependent patients, and contact anxiety could be addressed by promoting educational awareness and training.

Expert consensus on quality control management of key links for narcotic drugs and class Ⅰ psychotropic substances in medical institutions of Yunnan province / 中国药房

Narcotic drugs and class Ⅰ psychotropic substances have always been special management drugs in medical institutions. Although relevant policies and regulations have been introduced at the national level ，there are problems of poor policy understanding and inconsistent implementation in medical institutions in the process of policy implementation. In order to standardize the management of narcotic drugs and class Ⅰ psychotropic substances in medical institutions of Yunnan province ， based on the preliminary research and Delphi expert consultation ，this editing group finally formed the Expert Consensus on Key Links Quality Control Management of Narcotic Drugs and Class I Psychotropic Substances in Medical Institutions of Yunnan Province by focusing on the key aspects of quality control of key links for narcotic drugs and class Ⅰ psychotropic substances in medical institutions ，aiming to provide reference for the clinical use and management of narcotic drugs and class Ⅰ psychotropic substances in medical institutions of Yunnan province.

Evaluating trends and stakeholders in the international drug control regime complex.

This article examines the recent trends in international, in particular multilateral, drug policy and the implications of these changes for shifting alignments and coalitions of actors and stakeholders. It places these changes in the context of the system's historical developments and applies previously unutilised analyses of other international governance structures. It suggests that the the international drug control system is undergoing a long-term process of fragmentation and evolution towards a 'regime complex'. In the short to medium term it suggests that exogenous challenges to the system remain somewhat limited. This is due to institutional battles over issue suzerainty and a limited funding incentive for other agencies to become involved. Instead, endogenous challenges and changes within the system represent the main avenues of adaptation. It continues on to suggest that in the longer term these endogenous changes will encourage and accelerate exogenous interactions with the system from other regimes and issue areas and thereby expand the terrain for cross-issue and cross-sectoral engagements. Thus, the short to medium term trends within drug control, while in some cases appearing to be in stasis or moving backwards, continue the overarching trend of regime fragmentation and shifting into an archetypal regime complex.

Comparison between ropivacaine and lidocaine in prostatic peripheral nerve block anesthesia / 中华泌尿外科杂志

The present study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 137 patients who underwent prostate in North Jiangsu People's Hospital from June 2020 to May 2021. All patients underwent peripheral prostatic nerve block anesthesia (PPNB). The observation group received 1% ropivacaine 32 ml local, and the control group received the same dose of lidocaine. There was no significant difference in general data before puncture between the two groups ( P>0.05). All 137 cases were performed by the same surgeon. The number of puncture needles in the observation group and the control group was (20.2±2.8) and (20.2±2.9), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The visual analogue scores (VAS-1) of pain during puncture in the observation group and the control group were (2.62±0.74) and (2.48±0.79) points, respectively. The visual numeric score (VNS-1) was (3.03±0.88) points and (3.15±0.80) points, respectively, and there was no significant difference ( P>0.05). 30 min after puncture, VAS-2 was (0.48±0.53) points and (0.30±0.47) points, VNS-2 was (3.31±0.48) points and (3.55±0.71) points, respectively.The differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in overall complication rate between the two groups ( P=0.661).

O julgamento de adolescentes varejistas do tráfico de drogas no Brasil: uma análise de processos judiciais / Legal sentences of adolescents for small-scale drug trafficking in Brazil: an analysis of judicial decisions / Sentencias judiciales contra adolescentes del microtráfico de drogas en Brasil: un análisis de las decisiones judiciales

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo do artigo é analisar os processos judiciais relativos ao ato infracional de tráfico de drogas, em Petrolina-PE (2011-2014), com base na revisão analítica das instituições e leis historicamente voltadas para a menoridade, segundo a Theory of Sentencing. Apreciou-se o conteúdo social das variáveis legais e extralegais, analisando o efeito cumulativo dos determinantes das sentenças. As decisões judiciais mais encontradas foram extinção processual e absolvição. Medidas socioeducativas de advertência, liberdade e semiliberdade são mais recorrentes que a internação. No entanto, há disparidades das sentenças em casos análogos e imputação de penas análogas em casos díspares. Conclui-se que o sistema penal é produtor e reprodutor de desigualdades sociais e a punição é percebida e utilizada como técnica de controle e transformação de adolescentes pobres apreendidos com pequenas quantidades de drogas.

Abstract (analytical) The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal sentences for drug trafficking offense in Petrolina, a city in the state of Pernambuco, in the period 2011-2014 based on the analytical review of institutions and laws that have historically targeted minorities and the Theory of Sentencing. The social content of legal and extralegal variables was analyzed, analyzing the cumulative effect of determinants for the sentences. The most frequent judicial decisions were procedural extinction and acquittal. Socioeducational measures of warnings, dropping of all charges and suspended sentences are more common than imprisonment. However, there are disparities in sentences for similar cases and the handing down of analogous sentences in disparate cases. It is concluded that the penal system is a producer and reproducer of social inequalities and punishment is perceived and used as a technique for the control and transformation of poor adolescents who are caught with small amounts of drugs.

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo del artículo es analizar los procesos judiciales de tráfico de drogas, en Petrolina-PE (2011-2014) de adolescentes, basado en la revisión analítica de las instituciones y leyes históricamente orientadas hacia las minorías y la Theory of Sentencing. Se apreció el contenido social de las variables legales y extralegales, analizando el efecto acumulativo de los determinantes de las sentencias. Las decisiones judiciales más encontradas fueron la extinción procesal y la absolución. Las medidas socioeducativas de advertencia, libertad y semilibertad son más recurrentes que la internación. Sin embargo, hay disparidades de sentencias en casos análogos e imputación de penalización análogas en casos dispares. Se concluye que el sistema penal es productor de desigualdades sociales y el castigo es percibido y utilizado como técnica de control y transformación de adolescentes pobres incautados con pequeñas cantidades de drogas.

[Research progress on current situation and preventive measures for the narcotic and psychotropic drugs abuse in the elderly].

Both narcotic and psychotropic drugs are more often used to alleviate related multiple physical or mental health problems, but these drugs are very easily addicted to. With the aging of population, abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs among the elderly are called for more attention. In this paper, harms caused by the abuse of anesthetic and psychotropic drugs, current situation and causes related to the abuse of anesthetic and psychotropic drugs as well as risk factors and preventive measures regarding the abuse of anesthetic and psychotropic drugs, among the elderly, are reviewed.

Provisions for Health Sector Response to Substance Use Disorders in the Indian Policy: A Critique of the National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

This article reviews the provisions of Indian national policy on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in context of the health sector services for (illicit) psychoactive substances and substance use disorders (SUD). For the the current review, a checklist was developed based on recommendations from various agencies and organizations. The document on Indian national policy on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances was reviewed based on the checklist. Themes such as identification in the aims/objectives/vision of the policy, including those highlighting treatment-related needs for SUD; establishment of minimum standards of care for treatment; evaluation of treatment programs for SUD; government regulation of public and private drug treatment services; capacity building for treatment services; and harm reduction services to reduce bloodborne infections were documented in the policy. Others such as transparency of the policy making process; situation analysis; implementation of substance abuse prevention and treatment programs that target key populations; impetus on evidence-based programs and practices were inadequately documented. Finally, integration of treatment into existing health care systems; services for co-occurring disorders (medical and psychiatric); monitoring and performance evaluation of prevention programs; harm reduction services to reduce overdose; budget allocations and provisions for implementation were not documented in the current policy.

Analysis on the use of narcotic drugs for inpatients / 药学实践杂志

Objective To investigate and analyze the inpatient use of narcotic drugs, provide reference for clinical norms and rational use of narcotic drugs. Methods The narcotic prescription number, usage and cost were analyzed statistically. The inpatient narcotic use was analyzed by screening the dose form, indication, and dosage. Results The injections topped the list of narcotic prescriptions from year 2016 to 2019 with 15 820 (61.4%), 15 813 (61.5%), 16 682 (64.7%) and 17 293 (71.5%) prescriptions respectively. The oral and topical narcotic drugs were less prescribed. Although pethidine hydrochloride injection prescriptions decreased year by year, it still topped in the narcotic use with 8 009 (31.1%), 7 707 (30.0%), 7 151 (27.7%) and 6 844 (28.3%) prescriptions each year. Pethidine hydrochloride injection was mostly used for patients with cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Conclusion Doctors preferred to use injectable narcotics for patients with moderate to severe pain. Improper use of narcotic drugs was noticed, such as unsuitable choice of dose form, inappropriate use of pethidine hydrochloride injection, etc. Pharmacists should keep vigilant in prescription review and medication intervention for narcotic drugs to improve the standardization and rational use of narcotics.

[Forms of interaction between the legal investigator and forensic medical expert in drug crime investigation]. / Formy vzaimodeistviia sledovatelia i spetsialista v oblasti sudebnoi meditsiny pri rassledovanii prestuplenii, sviazannykh s nezakonnym oborotom narkoticheskikh sredstv.

The objective of the article is to attract attention of legal investigators and forensic medical experts to the necessity of a closer cooperation in criminal cases related to illicit traffic in narcotic drugs with the aim of better investigation of such cases. The author shows one of the peculiar features of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs, which means that all crimes in this sphere are closely interconnected, mutually interdependent, and in principle cannot be executed independently. The author underlines the role of a forensic medical examination of material evidences not only in order to determine persons involved in illegal actions with narcotic drugs, but also to determine their functional responsibilities in the structure of a criminal organization engaged in this traffic. There is a conclusion about the necessity of further close cooperation between legal investigators and forensic medical experts on the basis of the forms of cooperation proposed by the author.