Epidemics and epidemiology: back to the future.

The word "epidemiology" was written for the first time in a report on the plague in Alghero in 1583. Although its etymology has it intricacy. For centuries it has been concerned with understanding and trying to control and prevent epidemics. During the cholera epidemic in London in 1848 the London Society of Epidemiology was formed, main instrument of public health since then. The increase in chronic diseases -supposedly no communicable- gave way to the epidemiology of black boxes and the predominance of risk factors. And later to an enormous methodological progress increasingly complex and intricate but professionally very appealing. So few epidemiologists have experience in field control of epidemics. Thus, perhaps it is convenient to return, although partially, to the origins. Looking at the future.

Epidemics and epidemiology: back to the future / Epidemias y epidemiología: regreso al futuro

The word “epidemiology” was written for the first time in a report on the plague in Alghero in 1583. Although its etymology has it intricacy. For centuries it has been concerned with understanding and trying to control and prevent epidemics. During the cholera epidemic in London in 1848 the London Society of Epidemiology was formed, main instrument of public health since then. The increase in chronic diseases —supposedly no communicable— gave way to the epidemiology of black boxes and the predominance of risk factors. And later to an enormous methodological progress increasingly complex and intricate but professionally very appealing. So few epidemiologists have experience in field control of epidemics. Thus, perhaps it is convenient to return, although partially, to the origins. Looking at the future. (AU)

La palabra «epidemiología» se escribió por primera vez en un informe sobre la peste en Alghero, en 1583. Aunque su etimología tiene su intríngulis. Durante siglos se ha ocupado en comprender y tratar de controlar y prevenir las epidemias. Durante la epidemia de cólera en Londres en 1848 se creó la Sociedad de Epidemiología de Londres, principal instrumento de salud pública desde entonces. El aumento de las enfermedades crónicas —supuestamente no transmisibles— dio paso a la epidemiología de las cajas negras y al predominio de los factores de riesgo. Y más tarde a un enorme desarrollo metodológico cada vez más complejo e intrincado, pero profesionalmente muy atractivo. Muy pocos epidemiólogos tienen experiencia en el control de epidemias en el campo. Así, quizás convenga volver, aunque sea parcialmente, a los orígenes. Mirando al futuro. (AU)

Lalangue de la lettre / Lalíngua da letra / Lalangue of the letter

La psychanalyse entre dans la lettre par une faute d'orthographe qui bascule d'emblée la norme alphabétique : c'est le néologisme d'un « apprendre à lire en s'alphabêtissant ¼ avec lequel Lacan, en commettant cette première faute d'orthographe dans l'apprentissage alphabétique de l'écriture, déplace la lettre comme support phonétique différentiel minimal, dans le champ de la bêtise, ce qui oblige la psychanalyse de passer par une lecture de ce qui se dit et suppose de « prendre la fonction d'écrit pour un mode autre du parlant dans le langage ¼. Alors la question se pose pourquoi on parle de la lettre et de l'écriture si la psychanalyse est essentiellement une pratique de parole, un dispositif, depuis Freud, de l'association libre, et non pas une pratique de l'écriture au sens de représentation de la parole voire de l'analyse d'un écrit, qu'il soit littéraire ou pas : pour analyser, on a besoin de l'énonciation. La lettre sera donc prise comme fonction du langage et de la jouissance.

A psicanálise entra na letra através de um erro ortográfico que sacode de saída, a norma alfabética: É o neologismo "aprender a ler analfabetizando-se" com que Lacan, cometendo este primeiro erro ortográfico na aprendizagem alfabética da escrita, desloca a letra do lugar de suporte fonético diferencial mínimo, para o campo da estupidez, o que obriga a psicanálise a passar por uma leitura do que é dito e supõe "considerar a função de escrever como modo outro do ser falante na linguagem". Coloca-se então a questão de porque falamos da letra e da escrita se a psicanálise é essencialmente uma prática da fala, um dispositivo, desde Freud, de associação livre, e não uma prática da escrita como uma representação da fala ou mesmo da análise de uma obra escrita, literária ou não: para analisar, precisamos de enunciação. A letra será assim considerada como função da língua e do gozo.

Psychoanalysis enters the letter through a spelling error that shakes the alphabetic norm from the outset: It is the neologism "learning to read by becoming illiterate" with which Lacan, committing this first orthographic error in the alphabetic learning of writing, displaces the letter from the place of minimal differential phonetic support, into the field of stupidity, which forces psychoanalysis to undergo an interpretation of what is said and supposes "to consider the function of writing as another mode of the talking being in language". The question then arises as to why we speak of the letter and of writing if psychoanalysis is essentially a practice of speech, a device, since Freud, of free association, and not a practice of writing as a representation of speech or even the analysis of a written work, literary or otherwise: to analyze, we need enunciation. The letter will thus be considered as a function of language and enjoyment.

Lalíngua da letra / Lalangue de la lettre / Lalangue of the letter

A psicanálise entra na letra através de um erro ortográfico que sacode de saída, a norma alfabética: É o neologismo "aprender a ler analfabetizando-se" com que Lacan, cometendo este primeiro erro ortográfico na aprendizagem alfabética da escrita, desloca a letra do lugar de suporte fonético diferencial mínimo, para o campo da estupidez, o que obriga a psicanálise a passar por uma leitura do que é dito e supõe "considerar a função de escrever como modo outro do ser falante na linguagem". Coloca-se então a questão de porque falamos da letra e da escrita se a psicanálise é essencialmente uma prática da fala, um dispositivo, desde Freud, de associação livre, e não uma prática da escrita como uma representação da fala ou mesmo da análise de uma obra escrita, literária ou não: para analisar, precisamos de enunciação. A letra será assim considerada como função da língua e do gozo.

La psychanalyse entre dans la lettre par une faute d'orthographe qui bascule d'emblée la norme alphabétique : c'est le néologisme d'un « apprendre à lire en s'alphabêtissant ¼ avec lequel Lacan, en commettant cette première faute d'orthographe dans l'apprentissage alphabétique de l'écriture, déplace la lettre comme support phonétique différentiel minimal, dans le champ de la bêtise, ce qui oblige la psychanalyse de passer par une lecture de ce qui se dit et suppose de « prendre la fonction d'écrit pour un mode autre du parlant dans le langage ¼. Alors la question se pose pourquoi on parle de la lettre et de l'écriture si la psychanalyse est essentiellement une pratique de parole, un dispositif, depuis Freud, de l'association libre, et non pas une pratique de l'écriture au sens de représentation de la parole voire de l'analyse d'un écrit, qu'il soit littéraire ou pas : pour analyser, on a besoin de l'énonciation. La lettre sera donc prise comme fonction du langage et de la jouissance

Psychoanalysis enters the letter through a spelling error that shakes the alphabetic norm from the outset: It is the neologism "learning to read by becoming illiterate" with which Lacan, committing this first orthographic error in the alphabetic learning of writing, displaces the letter from the place of minimal differential phonetic support, into the field of stupidity, which forces psychoanalysis to undergo an interpretation of what is said and supposes "to consider the function of writing as another mode of the talking being in language". The question then arises as to why we speak of the letter and of writing if psychoanalysis is essentially a practice of speech, a device, since Freud, of free association, and not a practice of writing as a representation of speech or even the analysis of a written work, literary or otherwise: to analyze, we need enunciation. The letter will thus be considered as a function of language and enjoyment.

Linguistic analysis of neologism related to coronavirus (COVID-19).

The current study aimed to explore the linguistic analysis of neologism related to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Recently, a new coronavirus disease COVID-19 has emerged as a respiratory infection with significant concern for global public health hazards. However, with each passing day, more and more confirmed cases are being reported worldwide which has alarmed the global authorities including the World Health Organization (WHO). In this study, the researcher uses the term neologism which means the coinage of new words. Neologism played a significant role throughout the history of epidemic and pandemic. The focus of this study is on the phenomenon of neologism to explore the creation of new words during the outbreak of COVID-19. The theoretical framework of this study is based on three components of neologism, i.e. word formation, borrowing, and lexical deviation. The researcher used the model of neologism as a research tool which is presented by Krishnamurthy in 2010. The study is also compared with the theory of onomasiology by Pavol Stekauer (1998). The secondary data have been used in this study. The data were collected from articles, books, Oxford Corpus, social media, and five different websites and retrieved from January 2020 to April 2020. The findings of this study revealed that with the outbreak of COVID-19, the majority of the people on social media and state briefings, the word-formation is utilized in the form of nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The abbreviations and acronyms are also used which are related to the current situation of COVID-19. No doubt, neologisms present colorful portrayals of various social and cultural practices of respective societies the rationale behind them all remains the same.

Glossolalalararium Pandemiconium: A Meaningfully Irreverent, Queerelously Autoethnographic Essamblage for Trying Times.

If there is any throughline to COVID-19, it lies within a narrative of capriciousness. To explore the paradox of the pandemic as proliferation meets obliteration, I alternate randomization with redaction within a riotous essamblage combining essayistic principles of "prepositional thinking" with bricolage. Neologisms meet textracts of responses to the 21 prompts of the Massive and Micro experiment. Glossolalalararium Pandemiconium comes with a helping of "lala" in a froth of babble, doubt, rage, and whimsy. It is a textual grappling with the shock and awe of the everyday, girded by a notion of "meaningful irreverence" that underpins my current research.

Devising a new dialogue for nutrition science: how life course perspective, U-shaped thinking, whole organism thinking, and language precision contribute to our understanding of biological heterogeneity and forge a fresh advance toward precision medicine.

The process of designing and implementing individualized health-promoting interventions, nutritional or otherwise, is fraught with great difficulty owing to the heterogeneity inherent in factors that influence healthy longevity. This article proposes that careful attention to three principles-life course perspective, U-shaped thinking, and whole organism thinking-creates an attitudinal framework that can be used to reframe biological heterogeneity into the clinically relevant question: Who will benefit? The search for tools to cope with the complexity of this heterogeneity has been dominated by technological advances, including state-of-the-art "-omics" approaches and machine-based handling of "big data." Here, it is proposed that language precision and nuanced category usage could provide critical tools for coping with heterogeneity, thereby enabling interventionalists to design and implement strategies to promote healthy longevity with greater precision. The lack of a clear understanding of "Who will benefit?" stands as a major obstacle to the design and implementation of nutritional strategies to optimize healthy longevity. This article opens a new dialogue situating the principles of life course perspective, U-shaped thinking, and whole organism thinking, along with cultivating an attitude of language precision at the very core of accelerating creative discovery and refining practical advance in the field of nutrition science.

Logopenic progressive aphasia with neologisms: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Neologisms are commonly encountered in patients with acute cerebrovascular diseases, particularly in those with Wernicke's aphasia. However, few studies have investigated primary progressive aphasia with neologisms in neurodegenerative disease. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 74-year-old, right-handed man who developed logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) with neologisms. He was assessed with neuropsychological tests, magnetic resonance imaging, and single-photon emission computed tomography. Neologisms accounted for a relatively large portion of the paraphasic errors in the naming tests performed during the neuropsychological assessment. He had all the diagnostic features of LPA. Notably, the unique feature of this patient was the presentation of neologisms, which are seldom observed in typical LPA. CONCLUSIONS: Neologisms are considered rare symptoms in patients with early-stage LPA. Our findings in this case report provide new insights into the spectrum of clinical features in LPA.

A new concept for an old pain: "Carpalgia"; pain in the wrist. / Un nuevo concepto para un antiguo dolor: «carpalgia¼, dolor en la muñeca.

OBJECTIVE: The idea of this article is to propose to the general use of a new term to semiologically describe musculoskeletal wrist pain. FINDINGS: The use of terms with Greco-Latin roots is common in the medical field. The result is expressed in the newly coined word (neologism) "carpalgia", defined as musculoskeletal pain in the region of the wrist. CONCLUSIONS: The use of other terms related to musculoskeletal pain of the shoulder (omalgia), knee (gonalgia), metatarsus (metatarsalgia), spine (cervicalgia, lumbalgia), or hip (coxalgia) terms have demonstrated their importance through their applicability in different medical journals in recent years. Supported by the large number of cases that are seen by doctors, the application of the term "carpalgia" is an aid to scientific communication, as well as the publication and search for new article related to the topic. The use of this neologism will obtain favourable and reliable results on being supported by this work future. Of course, it is expected that like any process of universalisation, a review or update will involve the participation of medical societies and the members themselves for its gradual inclusion.

Phonological therapy in jargon aphasia: effects on naming and neologisms.

BACKGROUND: Jargon aphasia is one of the most intractable forms of aphasia with limited recommendation on amelioration of associated naming difficulties and neologisms. The few naming therapy studies that exist in jargon aphasia have utilized either semantic or phonological approaches, but the results have been equivocal. Moreover, the effect of therapy on the characteristics of neologisms is less explored. AIMS: This study investigates the effectiveness of a phonological naming therapy (i.e., phonological component analysis-PCA) on picture-naming abilities and on quantitative and qualitative changes in neologisms for an individual with jargon aphasia (FF). METHODS & PROCEDURES: FF showed evidence of jargon aphasia with severe naming difficulties and produced a very high proportion of neologisms. A single-subject multiple probe design across behaviours was employed to evaluate the effects of PCA therapy on the accuracy for three sets of words. In therapy, a phonological components analysis chart was used to identify five phonological components (i.e. rhymes, first sound, first sound associate, final sound and number of syllables) for each target word. Generalization effects-change in per cent accuracy and error pattern-were examined comparing pre- and post-therapy responses on the Philadelphia Naming Test, and these responses were analysed to explore the characteristics of the neologisms. The quantitative change in neologisms was measured by change in the proportion of neologisms from pre- to post-therapy and the qualitative change was indexed by the phonological overlap between target and neologism. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: As a consequence of PCA therapy, FF showed a significant improvement in his ability to name the treated items. His performance in maintenance and follow-up phases remained comparable with his performance during the therapy phases. Generalization to other naming tasks did not show a change in accuracy, but distinct differences in error pattern (an increase in proportion of real word responses and a decrease in proportion of neologisms) were observed. Notably, the decrease in neologisms occurred with a corresponding trend for increase in the phonological similarity between the neologisms and the targets. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a phonological therapy for improving naming abilities and reducing the amount of neologisms in an individual with severe jargon aphasia. The positive outcome of this research is encouraging, as it provides evidence for effective therapies for jargon aphasia and also emphasizes that use of the quality and quantity of errors may provide a sensitive outcome measure to determine therapy effectiveness, in particular for client groups who are difficult to treat.

Integrating mechanistic and polymorphism data to characterize human genetic susceptibility for environmental chemical risk assessment in the 21st century.

Response to environmental chemicals can vary widely among individuals and between population groups. In human health risk assessment, data on susceptibility can be utilized by deriving risk levels based on a study of a susceptible population and/or an uncertainty factor may be applied to account for the lack of information about susceptibility. Defining genetic susceptibility in response to environmental chemicals across human populations is an area of interest in the NAS' new paradigm of toxicity pathway-based risk assessment. Data from high-throughput/high content (HT/HC), including -omics (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) technologies, have been integral to the identification and characterization of drug target and disease loci, and have been successfully utilized to inform the mechanism of action for numerous environmental chemicals. Large-scale population genotyping studies may help to characterize levels of variability across human populations at identified target loci implicated in response to environmental chemicals. By combining mechanistic data for a given environmental chemical with next generation sequencing data that provides human population variation information, one can begin to characterize differential susceptibility due to genetic variability to environmental chemicals within and across genetically heterogeneous human populations. The integration of such data sources will be informative to human health risk assessment.

Os neologismos ativos e passivos em Jules Séglas [1892] / Active and passive neologism in Jules Séglas [1892]

Des troubles du langage chez les aliénés de Jules Séglas, publicada em 1892, teve grande repercussão nos estudos psicopatológicos, principalmente no que diz respeito, como nomeou G. Berrios, à "Language of the insane". No que diz respeito às dislogias, a classificação neologismos ativos e neologismos passivos distingue com rigor os fenômenos observados no delírio daqueles observados em outras doenças. Essa distinção, contudo, não se fez sem destacar a importância da linguagem na relação médico-paciente.

Des troubles du langage chez les aliénés de Jules Séglas, publicada en 1892, tuvo gran repercusión en los estudios psicopatológicos, principalmente en lo que respecta, como lo denominó Berrios, a la "Language of the insane". Respecto a las dislogias, la clasificación neologismos activos y neologismos pasivos distingue con rigor los fenómenos observados en el delirio de aquellos observados en otras molestias. Ésta distinción, sin embargo, no se hizo sin poner en destaque en la importancia del lenguaje en la relación médico-paciente.

Des troubles du langage chez les aliénés, par Jules Séglas, publié en 1892, a eu une grande répercussion sur les études psychopathologiques, surtout en ce quiconcerne le ®langage de l'insensé¼ (®language of the insane¼), d'après G. Berrios. À l'égard des dyslogies, la classification entre néologismes actifs et passifs différencie rigoureusement les phénomènes observés dans le délire de ceux observés dans les autres maladies. Cependant, cette distinction n'a pas été obtenue sans mettre en relief l'importance du langage dans le rapport médecin-patient.

Jules Séglas's Des troubles du langage chez les aliénés, published in 1892, had wide repercussions in the area of psychopathological studies, especially in regard to what G. Berrios calls the "Language of the Insane." Concerning dyslogias, the classification of active and of passive neologisms clearly distinguishes the phenomena found in delusions from those seen in other disorders. This distinction, however, could not be made without calling attention to the importance of language in the relationship between doctor and patient.

A case with probable herpes simplex encephalitis characterized by specific emotional and behavioral disorders and Gogi (word-meaning) aphasia-like syndrome with neologism and neologistic kanji processing.

A right-handed male patient with probable herpes simplex encephalitis is presented because of the rarity of the clinicial picture. Brain X-ray CT scans showed lesions located in the bilateral fronto-temporal regions primarily involving the left lower temporal lobe. The clinical picture following the acute phase of the disease was characterized by specific emotional and behavioral disorders, i.e. oral tendency, hyperactivity, thoughtless talkativeness, random speech and exhilaration, which were partly compatible with the Klüver-Bucy syndrome. Furthermore, this case was characterized by Gogi (word-meaning) aphasia-like transcortical sensory aphasia and neologism produced saliently when naming objects and peculiar neologistic kanji processing in writing to dictation and oral reading. Both the neologism and neologistic kanji processing varied in quantity in parallel with the specific emotional and behavioral disorders. The relationships of these clinical features to lesional sites demonstrated by X-ray CT are discussed.