Does the heterotrophic system influence the cellular immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp? In vitro phagocytosis indices and superoxide anion production comparisons.

Aquaculture production has increased in the last decades, with crustacean production contributing with 9.8% of the total production. However, fisheries and aquaculture sectors present several challenges, such as fish stocks fished beyond biological sustainability, animal diseases, biosecurity, and environmental impact. It is important to improve shrimp production with healthy animals, avoiding environmental impacts, e.g. with the use of heterotrophic rearing system. It is known that the heterotrophic system can stimulate the activation of immune genes, but how it affects the shrimp immune system is unknown. To assess if a heterotrophic system influences the cellular immune response in shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp were reared in heterotrophic and clear water systems. Cellular immune response parameters such as total and differential hemocyte counts, phagocytosis indices and the production of the superoxide anion were evaluated after 60, 120 and 180 days. After 60 days, total haemocyte counts were higher in shrimps reared in the clear water system, while after 120 days it was higher in shrimps reared in the heterotrophic system. No significant difference was observed after 180 days. Hyaline, granular and semi-granular cells showed similar behavior, peaking after 120 days in the heterotrophic system. By the 60th day, phagocytic capacity was higher in the heterotrophic system, while no differences were found for the 120th and 180th day. No differences were detected concerning the phagocytic index or superoxide anion production. The heterotrophic system can affect total and differential shrimp haemocyte counts and phagocytic capacity, depending on the period of time they were maintained in this system. However, the phagocytic index and superoxide anion production are not affected by the heterotrophic system at the time points evaluated herein.

Establishing a blood fructosamine reference range for the Brazilian population based on data from ELSA - Brasil.

OBJECTIVES: The fructosamine test is used in the monitoring of diabetes mellitus, particularly in cases with restrictions on the use of glycated hemoglobin (mainly in the setting of altered red blood cell lifespan and interference by hemoglobin variants). It could also provide additional information on shorter-term glycemic control. The objective of the study is to establish the reference range of the fructosamine in the Brazilian population. DESIGN AND METHODS: The reference interval was defined as suggested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The study participants were from a Brazilian cohort (The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health - ELSA-Brasil) with baseline data collected between 2008 and 2010. A total of 466 subjects were selected after exclusion of diabetic individuals, and those with altered glycemic markers and renal function tests. RESULTS: The reference interval was 186-248 µmol/L for women and 196-269 µmol/L for men. Fructosamine levels were higher in men than in women (p = 0.006) and in the non-white population (p = 0.034) and had a negative correlation with the body mass index (r = -0.117; p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The reference intervals for fructosamine were affected by sex. Reference intervals stratified by sex would be more adequate in the interpretation of the fructosamine test.

Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant properties from mushrooms.

Preventive medicine and food industry have shown an increased interest in the development of natural antioxidants, since those most commonly used synthetic antioxidants may have restricted use in food. This could explain why there is currently much research on the antioxidant properties from natural products such as mushrooms. Many mushrooms have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, which enable them to neutralize free radicals. The oxygen molecule is a free radical, which lead to the generation of the reactive oxygen species and can damage the cells. Cell damage caused by free radicals appears to be a major contributor to aging and degenerative diseases. Mushrooms antioxidant components are found in fruit bodies, mycelium and culture both, which include polysaccharides, tocopherols, phenolics, carotenoids, ergosterol and ascorbic acid among others. Fruit bodies or mycelium can be manipulated to produce active compounds in a relatively short period of time, which represent a significant advantage in antioxidant compounds extraction from mushrooms. Antioxidant compounds may be extracted to be used as functional additives or mushrooms can be incorporated into our food regime, representing an alternative source of food to prevent damage caused by oxidation in the human body.

Comparação entre duas metodologias para a realização do teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) em caprinos / Comparison among two methodologys at realization nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT) in caprines

O teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) é um dos métodos mais utilizados para a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Porém, o custo por amostra e o tempo de utilização do corante são desvantagens do método. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar duas metodologias para realização do teste do NBT a fim de maximizar a sua utilização e diminuir o custo por amostra processada. Foram utilizadas 10 cabras, adultas clinicamente sadias e colhidas amostras de sangue por meio de venipunção jugular em tubos de 10mL sendo retirada uma alíquota de 500µL em tubo "eppendorff" contendo 2µL de heparina. Através desta alíquota foram realizadas três metodologias para o teste do NBT: A) técnica original Park & Good (1970); B) redução de 50% do volume do corante; C) redução de 50% e armazenamento do corante a -20°C por 180 dias. Foram confeccionados e corados esfregaços sanguíneos (May Grünwald-Giemsa) das amostras com as metodologias propostas e realizada contagem de 100 neutrófilos em microscopia óptica para determinar o percentual de neutrófilos reativos ao NBT. A análise estatística pelo método de Análise de Medidas Repetida (ANOVA) demonstrou diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os dois métodos e o original (A=14,4±4,6; B=1,9±1,4; C=1,1±0,9), porém apresentou alta correlação pelo teste de Spearman entre os métodos (rs=0,82 (AxB), rs=0,75 (BxC) e rs=0,93 (AxC)). Conclui-se que o teste de Redução do Tetrazólio Nitroazul (NBT) segundo a metodologia descrita por Park & Good (1970) e a redução do corante em 50% do seu volume e a sua redução associada ao congelamento por 180 dias a -20ºC podem ser realizadas em caprinos, porém os valores devem ser comparados com as respectivas metodologias utilizadas.(AU)

The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT) is one of the most used methods to evaluate the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils. However, the cost for each sample and dye's life-time are disadvantages of the method. This paper aim was to compare two NBT test methodologies in order to maximize its use and decrease the cost for each sample. It was made using 10 adult and healthy goats and blood samples were taken through venipuncion in jugular vein, using 10mL tubes, and then a 500µL sample was taken in eppendoff tubes with 2µL of heparin. Using this sample were made three methodologies for the NBT test: A) Park & Good (1970) original technique; B) dye reduction in 50% of the volume; C) 50% reduction and dye storage at -20°C for 180 days. It was made and dyed the blood smear (May Grünwald-Giemsa) from the samples, using the proposed methodologies and then made the counting of 100 neutrophils in optic microscopy, to determinate the percentage of NBT reactive neutrophils. The statistic analysis by the method of Repeated Measuring Analysis (ANOVA) evinced significant differences (P<0,05) between the two methods and the original (A=14.4±4.6; B=1.9±1.4; C=1.1±0.9), however it showed high correlation by the Spearman test between the methods (rs=0,82 (AxB), rs=0,75 (BxC) e rs=0.93 (AxC)). It was concluded that the original Park & Good (1970) method and two methodologies for dye reduction in 50% and it's reduction associated with NBT dye freezing for 180 days can be used in caprines, but the values should be compared with their respective methodologies.(AU)

Comparação entre duas metodologias para a realização do teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) em caprinos

Abstract: The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT) is one of the most used methods to evaluate the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils. However, the cost for each sample and dye's life-time are disadvantages of the method. This paper aim was to compare two NBT test methodologies in order to maximize its use and decrease the cost for each sample. It was made using 10 adult and healthy goats and blood samples were taken through venipuncion in jugular vein, using 10mL tubes, and then a 500L sample was taken in eppendoff tubes with 2L of heparin. Using this sample were made three methodologies for the NBT test: A) Park & Good (1970) original technique; B) dye reduction in 50% of the volume; C) 50% reduction and dye storage at -20°C for 180 days. It was made and dyed the blood smear (May Grünwald-Giemsa) from the samples, using the proposed methodologies and then made the counting of 100 neutrophils in optic microscopy, to determinate the percentage of NBT reactive neutrophils. The statistic analysis by the method of Repeated Measuring Analysis (ANOVA) evinced significant differences (P 0,05) between the two methods and the original (A=14.4±4.6; B=1.9±1.4; C=1.1±0.9), however it showed high correlation by the Spearman test between the methods (rs=0,82 (AxB), rs=0,75 (BxC) e rs=0.93 (AxC)). It was concluded that the original Park & Good (1970) method and two methodologies for dye reduction in 50% and it's reduction associated with NBT dye freezing for 180 days can be used in caprines, but the values should be compared with their respective methodologies.

Resumo: O teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) é um dos métodos mais utilizados para a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Porém, o custo por amostra e o tempo de utilização do corante são desvantagens do método. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar duas metodologias para realização do teste do NBT a fim de maximizar a sua utilização e diminuir o custo por amostra processada. Foram utilizadas 10 cabras, adultas clinicamente sadias e colhidas amostras de sangue por meio de venipunção jugular em tubos de 10mL sendo retirada uma alíquota de 500L em tubo "eppendorff" contendo 2L de heparina. Através desta alíquota foram realizadas três metodologias para o teste do NBT: A) técnica original Park & Good (1970); B) redução de 50% do volume do corante; C) redução de 50% e armazenamento do corante a -20°C por 180 dias. Foram confeccionados e corados esfregaços sanguíneos (May Grünwald-Giemsa) das amostras com as metodologias propostas e realizada contagem de 100 neutrófilos em microscopia óptica para determinar o percentual de neutrófilos reativos ao NBT. A análise estatística pelo método de Análise de Medidas Repetida (ANOVA) demonstrou diferenças significativas (P 0,05) entre os dois métodos e o original (A=14,4±4,6; B=1,9±1,4; C=1,1±0,9), porém apresentou alta correlação pelo teste de Spearman entre os métodos (rs=0,82 (AxB), rs=0,75 (BxC) e rs=0,93 (AxC)). Conclui-se que o teste de Redução do Tetrazólio Nitroazul (NBT) segundo a metodologia descrita por Park & Good (1970) e a redução do corante em 50% do seu volume e a sua redução associada ao congelamento por 180 dias a -20ºC podem ser realizadas em caprinos, porém os valores devem ser comparados com as respectivas metodologias utilizadas.

Comparação entre duas metodologias para a realização do teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) em caprinos

Abstract: The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT) is one of the most used methods to evaluate the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils. However, the cost for each sample and dye's life-time are disadvantages of the method. This paper aim was to compare two NBT test methodologies in order to maximize its use and decrease the cost for each sample. It was made using 10 adult and healthy goats and blood samples were taken through venipuncion in jugular vein, using 10mL tubes, and then a 500L sample was taken in eppendoff tubes with 2L of heparin. Using this sample were made three methodologies for the NBT test: A) Park & Good (1970) original technique; B) dye reduction in 50% of the volume; C) 50% reduction and dye storage at -20°C for 180 days. It was made and dyed the blood smear (May Grünwald-Giemsa) from the samples, using the proposed methodologies and then made the counting of 100 neutrophils in optic microscopy, to determinate the percentage of NBT reactive neutrophils. The statistic analysis by the method of Repeated Measuring Analysis (ANOVA) evinced significant differences (P 0,05) between the two methods and the original (A=14.4±4.6; B=1.9±1.4; C=1.1±0.9), however it showed high correlation by the Spearman test between the methods (rs=0,82 (AxB), rs=0,75 (BxC) e rs=0.93 (AxC)). It was concluded that the original Park & Good (1970) method and two methodologies for dye reduction in 50% and it's reduction associated with NBT dye freezing for 180 days can be used in caprines, but the values should be compared with their respective methodologies.

Resumo: O teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) é um dos métodos mais utilizados para a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Porém, o custo por amostra e o tempo de utilização do corante são desvantagens do método. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar duas metodologias para realização do teste do NBT a fim de maximizar a sua utilização e diminuir o custo por amostra processada. Foram utilizadas 10 cabras, adultas clinicamente sadias e colhidas amostras de sangue por meio de venipunção jugular em tubos de 10mL sendo retirada uma alíquota de 500L em tubo "eppendorff" contendo 2L de heparina. Através desta alíquota foram realizadas três metodologias para o teste do NBT: A) técnica original Park & Good (1970); B) redução de 50% do volume do corante; C) redução de 50% e armazenamento do corante a -20°C por 180 dias. Foram confeccionados e corados esfregaços sanguíneos (May Grünwald-Giemsa) das amostras com as metodologias propostas e realizada contagem de 100 neutrófilos em microscopia óptica para determinar o percentual de neutrófilos reativos ao NBT. A análise estatística pelo método de Análise de Medidas Repetida (ANOVA) demonstrou diferenças significativas (P 0,05) entre os dois métodos e o original (A=14,4±4,6; B=1,9±1,4; C=1,1±0,9), porém apresentou alta correlação pelo teste de Spearman entre os métodos (rs=0,82 (AxB), rs=0,75 (BxC) e rs=0,93 (AxC)). Conclui-se que o teste de Redução do Tetrazólio Nitroazul (NBT) segundo a metodologia descrita por Park & Good (1970) e a redução do corante em 50% do seu volume e a sua redução associada ao congelamento por 180 dias a -20ºC podem ser realizadas em caprinos, porém os valores devem ser comparados com as respectivas metodologias utilizadas.

Leucograma e metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos em cabras da raça Saanen nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto / Leukocyte count and neutrophil oxidative burst in Saanen goats in the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum periods

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação do leucograma e do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos em fêmeas caprinas da raça Saanen, nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 20 fêmeas nulíparas da raça Saanen, clinicamente sadias por venipunção jugular aos 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), sete (M7), três (M8) dias antes do parto, no dia do parto (M9), três (M10) e sete (M11) dias após o parto, para a realização do leucograma e dosagens séricas de cortisol, estradiol e progesterona. A partir de 28 dias (M4) antes do parto até sete dias do pós-parto (M11) foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos por meio do teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT). Os resultados demonstraram que no dia do parto houve aumento nas concentrações séricas de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona, leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. No sétimo dia do pós-parto houve leucocitose por neutrofilia e aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito. Não houve nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto alterações significativas no metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Conclui-se que o parto determina elevação da concentração sérica de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona determinando quadro de leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, com diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutróflo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. Ao sétimo dia do pós-parto há leucocitose por neutrofilia, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito e do fibrinogênio. A gestação, o parto e o período do pós-parto não alteram o metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos avaliado por meio do teste de redução do NBT.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the leukocyte count and the oxidative metabolism of neutrophil in Saanen goats during periods of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Were used 20 Saanen goats, clinically healthy and serologically negative for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), seven (M7), three (M8) days before the parturition, on the day of birth (M9), three (M10) and seven (M11) days postpartum, for the leukocyte count, and serum for cortisol, estradiol and progesterone determination. From 28 days (M4) before parturition until seven days postpartum (M11) blood samples were collected for evaluation of oxidative metabolism of neutrophils by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT). The results showed that at parturition day there were an increase in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum, neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, decrease of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. There was a neutrophilic leukocytosis and an increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte on the seventh day postpartum. There were not significant alterations in oxidative metabolism of neutrophils during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. It was concluded that parturition causes an elevation in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum determining a neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, with a reduction of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil:lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. Neutrophilic leukocytosis, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte and fibrinogen are detected on the seventh day postpartum. Pregnancy, parturition and the postpartum do not change the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils evaluated by NBT reduction test.

Leucograma e metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos em cabras da raça Saanen nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto / Leukocyte count and neutrophil oxidative burst in Saanen goats in the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum periods

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação do leucograma e do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos em fêmeas caprinas da raça Saanen, nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 20 fêmeas nulíparas da raça Saanen, clinicamente sadias por venipunção jugular aos 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), sete (M7), três (M8) dias antes do parto, no dia do parto (M9), três (M10) e sete (M11) dias após o parto, para a realização do leucograma e dosagens séricas de cortisol, estradiol e progesterona. A partir de 28 dias (M4) antes do parto até sete dias do pós-parto (M11) foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos por meio do teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT). Os resultados demonstraram que no dia do parto houve aumento nas concentrações séricas de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona, leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. No sétimo dia do pós-parto houve leucocitose por neutrofilia e aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito. Não houve nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto alterações significativas no metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Conclui-se que o parto determina elevação da concentração sérica de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona determinando quadro de leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, com diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutróflo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. Ao sétimo dia do pós-parto há leucocitose por neutrofilia, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito e do fibrinogênio. A gestação, o parto e o período do pós-parto não alteram o metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos avaliado por meio do teste de redução do NBT.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the leukocyte count and the oxidative metabolism of neutrophil in Saanen goats during periods of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Were used 20 Saanen goats, clinically healthy and serologically negative for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), seven (M7), three (M8) days before the parturition, on the day of birth (M9), three (M10) and seven (M11) days postpartum, for the leukocyte count, and serum for cortisol, estradiol and progesterone determination. From 28 days (M4) before parturition until seven days postpartum (M11) blood samples were collected for evaluation of oxidative metabolism of neutrophils by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT). The results showed that at parturition day there were an increase in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum, neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, decrease of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. There was a neutrophilic leukocytosis and an increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte on the seventh day postpartum. There were not significant alterations in oxidative metabolism of neutrophils during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. It was concluded that parturition causes an elevation in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum determining a neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, with a reduction of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil:lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. Neutrophilic leukocytosis, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte and fibrinogen are detected on the seventh day postpartum. Pregnancy, parturition and the postpartum do not change the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils evaluated by NBT reduction test.(AU)

Biological evaluation of morin and its new oxovanadium(IV) complex as antioxidant and specific anti-cancer agents.

It is known that flavonoids possess, among others, antioxidant and antitumoral properties that depend on their molecular structure. The central objective if this study was to investigate the potential antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of the flavonol morin and its new oxovanadium(IV) complex (VOmor) that was synthesized in order to modify the morin chemical structure. Two osteoblast (UMR106 and MC3T3E1), two breast tumor (T47D and SKBR3) and breast epithelial cell lines in culture were used for the antitumoral determinations. Additionally, a comparative study of their antioxidant capacities using different radicals (DPPH, ABTS(+), OH, O2(-), ROO) was performed. Selected mechanisms of action were studied using the breast cancer cell lines. Results obtained show that morin and its complex behaved as good antioxidant agents for some of the radicals and that the complexation improved the behavior with respect to OH and O2(-) radicals being morin more effective as ROO scavenger. A considerable variation in sensitivity was observed in the breast cancer cells but non-specificity was found for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Moreover, the compounds did not affect the normal proliferation of the breast epithelial mammal cells. The mechanistic studies demonstrated that the complex did not generate reactive oxygen species in the cells (confirming the in vitro studies) and did not produce any damage of DNA. The plasmatic membrane was observed to be damaged only in the SKBR3 cell line. In contrast, the perturbation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the activation of caspase 3/7 for the breast tumor cells revealed an apoptotic cell death process. All these results collectively suggested that VOmor complex could serve as promising pharmacologically active substance against breast cancer treatment.

The antioxidant effect of the mesoionic compound SYD-1 in mitochondria.

The sydnone SYD-1 (3-[4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl]-1,2,3-oxadiazolium-5-olate] possesses important antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich tumors. We previously showed that SYD-1 depresses mitochondrial phosphorylation efficiency, which could be involved in its antitumoral activity. Considering the important role of mitochondria in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the involvement of ROS in cell death mechanisms, we evaluated the effects of SYD-1 on oxidative stress parameters in rat liver mitochondria. SYD-1 (0.5 and 0.75µmolmg(-1) protein) inhibited the lipoperoxidation induced by Fe(3+)/ADP-oxoglutarate by approximately 75% and promoted total inhibition at the highest concentration tested (1.0µmolmg(-1) protein). However, SYD-1 did not affect lipoperoxidation started by peroxyl radicals generated by α-α'-azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride. The mesoionic compound (0.25-1.0µmolmg(-1) protein) demonstrated an ability to scavenge superoxide radicals, decreasing their levels by 9-19%. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase did not change in the presence of SYD-1 (0.25-1.0µmolmg(-1) protein). SYD-1 inhibited mitochondrial swelling dependent on the formation/opening of the permeability transition pore induced by Ca(2+)/phosphate by approximately 30% (1.0µmolmg(-1) protein). When Ca(2+)/H2O2 were used as inducers, SYD-1 inhibited swelling only by approximately 12% at the same concentration. NADPH oxidation was also inhibited by SYD-1 (1.0µmolmg(-1) of protein) by approximately 48%. These results show that SYD-1 is able to prevent oxidative stress in isolated mitochondria and suggest that the antitumoral activity of SYD-1 is not mediated by the increasing generation of ROS.

Efeito inibidor do soro urêmico sobre o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães / Inhibitory effect of uremic serum on neutrophils oxidative metabolism from dogs

Foi testada a hipótese de que, à semelhança do que ocorre em humanos, os componentes do soro urêmico inibem o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães. Para isto, o sangue total de 10 cães foi incubado com soro homólogo urêmico e não urêmico e posteriormente comparado quanto à produção neutrofílica de superóxido estimada pelo método citoquímico de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT). A produção de superóxido gerada pelo metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos tratados com soro urêmico apresentou significante redução (P<0,05) em relação aos tratados com plasma autólogo e homólogo com níveis normais de ureia. Concluiu-se que os componentes presentes no soro urêmico inibem ex vivo o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães portadores de insuficiência renal e que, portanto, têm sua imunidade inata comprometida.

The hypothesis that the uremic compounds decrease the neutrophil oxidative metabolism in dogs, as occurs in humans was tested. Whole blood from 10 dogs was incubated with uremic and non-uremic homologous sera and the superoxide production by activated neutrophils was quantified by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT). The superoxide production generated by neutrophils in the presence of uremic serum was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in comparison with autologous and homologous sera with normal urea levels. It was concluded that the presence of components of uremic serum inhibits the ex vivo neutrophil oxidative metabolism in dogs, suggesting that, similarly to humans, dogs with renal failure may have the innate immunity response compromised.

Efeito inibidor do soro urêmico sobre o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães / Inhibitory effect of uremic serum on neutrophils oxidative metabolism from dogs

Foi testada a hipótese de que, à semelhança do que ocorre em humanos, os componentes do soro urêmico inibem o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães. Para isto, o sangue total de 10 cães foi incubado com soro homólogo urêmico e não urêmico e posteriormente comparado quanto à produção neutrofílica de superóxido estimada pelo método citoquímico de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT). A produção de superóxido gerada pelo metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos tratados com soro urêmico apresentou significante redução (P<0,05) em relação aos tratados com plasma autólogo e homólogo com níveis normais de ureia. Concluiu-se que os componentes presentes no soro urêmico inibem ex vivo o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães portadores de insuficiência renal e que, portanto, têm sua imunidade inata comprometida.(AU)

The hypothesis that the uremic compounds decrease the neutrophil oxidative metabolism in dogs, as occurs in humans was tested. Whole blood from 10 dogs was incubated with uremic and non-uremic homologous sera and the superoxide production by activated neutrophils was quantified by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT). The superoxide production generated by neutrophils in the presence of uremic serum was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in comparison with autologous and homologous sera with normal urea levels. It was concluded that the presence of components of uremic serum inhibits the ex vivo neutrophil oxidative metabolism in dogs, suggesting that, similarly to humans, dogs with renal failure may have the innate immunity response compromised.(AU)

Leucograma e metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães com leishmaniose visceral antes e após o tratamento com antimoniato de meglumina e alopurinol / Luekogram and neutrophil oxidative metabolism of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment with meglumine antimonate and allopurinol

Compararam-se o leucograma e o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de dez cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV) antes e após o início do tratamento com antimoniato de meglumina (AM) e com a associação de antimoniato de meglumina e alopurinol (AMA). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que os neutrófilos de cães com LV não perdem sua capacidade de reduzir o tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) e, na maioria dos casos, o metabolismo oxidativo apresentou-se mais ativo que o normal. Cães com LV apresentaram uma diminuição do metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos após o tratamento com AM e AMA. O conjunto dos resultados sugere que a diminuição da taxa de redução do NBT está relacionada com a diminuição da carga parasitária de leishmania e a um possível efeito inibidor dessas drogas sobre o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos.

Leukogram and neutrophil oxidative metabolism from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were compared before and after treatment with meglumine antimoniate (AM) and with an association of meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol (AMA). The results obtained demonstrated that neutrophils of dogs with VL do not lose their capacity of reducing NBT and that oxidative metabolism has been more active in the majority of the cases. After treatment with AM and AMA, dogs with VL presented a redution of neutrophils oxidative metabolism, suggesting that this decrease was related with the decrease in the number of parasites and a probable inhibitor effect of these drugs on neutrophils oxidative metabolism.

Leucograma e metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães com leishmaniose visceral antes e após o tratamento com antimoniato de meglumina e alopurinol / Luekogram and neutrophil oxidative metabolism of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment with meglumine antimonate and allopurinol

Compararam-se o leucograma e o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de dez cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV) antes e após o início do tratamento com antimoniato de meglumina (AM) e com a associação de antimoniato de meglumina e alopurinol (AMA). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que os neutrófilos de cães com LV não perdem sua capacidade de reduzir o tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT) e, na maioria dos casos, o metabolismo oxidativo apresentou-se mais ativo que o normal. Cães com LV apresentaram uma diminuição do metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos após o tratamento com AM e AMA. O conjunto dos resultados sugere que a diminuição da taxa de redução do NBT está relacionada com a diminuição da carga parasitária de leishmania e a um possível efeito inibidor dessas drogas sobre o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos.(AU)

Leukogram and neutrophil oxidative metabolism from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were compared before and after treatment with meglumine antimoniate (AM) and with an association of meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol (AMA). The results obtained demonstrated that neutrophils of dogs with VL do not lose their capacity of reducing NBT and that oxidative metabolism has been more active in the majority of the cases. After treatment with AM and AMA, dogs with VL presented a redution of neutrophils oxidative metabolism, suggesting that this decrease was related with the decrease in the number of parasites and a probable inhibitor effect of these drugs on neutrophils oxidative metabolism.(AU)

Reducción del nitroazul de tetrazolio por leucocitos polimorfonucleares neutrófilos del recién nacido

Se realizó la prueba de reducción del nitroazul de tetrazolio (NBT) en granulocitos obtenidos de sangre del cordón umbilical, de 46 recién nacidos a término y de más de 2 500 g. El grupo control estuvo conformado por 80 adultos sanos, donantes de sangre voluntarios. Para valorar los efectos de diferentes niveles de complemento se utilizaron como fuentes de éste, suero de adulto normal, suero humano inactivado a 56 oC o suero fresco de ratón. El porcentaje de leucocitos polimorfonucleares neutrófilos (PMN) reductores fue significativamente inferior en el recién nacido (16,7 ± 3,6 %) en relación con el adulto (25,5 ± 4,2 %) cuando se utilizó suero humano inactivado como fuente de opsoninas, y no se hallaron diferencias significativas al utilizar suero fresco de ratón o suero adulto activo. Se destaca además el incremento de la capacidad reductora del leucocito PMN del recién nacido (58 y 95 %) de incremento al utilizar suero de adulto activo o ratón respectivamente contra el adulto (7,8 y 39,2 %) en iguales condiciones.

The test for reducing nitroblue tetrazolium in granulocytes obtained from blood of the umbilical cord of 46 at term newborns with more than 2 500 g was performed. The control group was composed of 80 sound adults, who were volunteer blood donors. Normal adult serum, inactivated human serum at 56 oC, or mouse's fresh serum were used as sources to assess the different complement levels. The percentage of reducing neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) was remarkably inferior in the newborn (16,7 ± 3,6 %) compared with the adult (25.5 ± 4,2 %) when inactivated human serum was used as a source of opsonins. No significant differences were found on utilizing mouse's fresh serum or active adult serum. It is also stressed the reducing capacity of the PMN leucocyte in the newborn (58 and 95 %) on using active adult serum or the mouse's fresh serum, respectively, against the adult (7.8 and 39.2 %) under equal conditions.