Pathogenicity Islands Distribution in Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC).

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens associated with outbreaks and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle and meat foods are the main reservoir and infection source, respectively. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) play an important role in STEC pathogenicity, and non-locus of the enterocyte effacement(LEE) effector (nle) genes present on them encode translocated substrates of the type III secretion system. A molecular risk assessment based on the evaluation of the nle content has been used to predict which STEC strains pose a risk to humans. The goal was to investigate the distribution of the PAIs OI (O-island)-36 (nleB2, nleC, nleH1-1, nleD), OI-57 (nleG2-3, nleG5-2, nleG6-2), OI-71 (nleA, nleF, nleG, nleG2-1, nleG9, nleH1-2) and OI-122 (ent/espL2, nleB, nleE, Z4321, Z4326, Z4332, Z4333) among 204 clinical, food and animal isolates belonging to 52 non-O157:H7 serotypes. Differences in the frequencies of genetic markers and a wide spectrum of PAI virulence profiles were found. In most LEE-negative strains, only module 1 (Z4321) of OI-122 was present. However, some unusual eae-negative strains were detected, which carried other PAI genes. The cluster analysis, excluding isolates that presented no genes, defined two major groups: eae-negative (determined as seropathotypes (SPTs) D, E or without determination, isolated from cattle or food) and eae-positive (mostly identified as SPTs B, C, or not determined).

Resistência anti-helmíntica em rebanhos caprinos nos biomas Caatinga e Mata Atlântica / Anthelmintic resistance in goat herds in the Caatinga and Mata Atlântica biomes

A utilização de anti-helmínticos por longos períodos como principal medida de controle das parasitoses gastrintestinais de ruminantes levou a ineficácia aos levamisol, benzimidazóis e avermectinas. Este estudo descreve a atividade anti-helmíntica in vivo em populações naturais de nematoides trichostrongilídeos de caprinos. Foram selecionados 18 rebanhos provenientes dos biomas Caatinga (n=12) e Mata Atlântica (n=6), do Estado da Bahia, Brasil, criados em pastagens comunais em região semiárida. Grupos de oito a 10 animais foram tratados com albendazol (ABZ), ivermectina (IVM), levamisol (LEV), moxidectina (MOX) e closantel (CLOS). Os resultados do Teste de Redução da Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes indicaram resistência simultânea dos gêneros Haemonchus sp. e Trichostrongylus spp. para o ABZ, IVM, LEV, MOX e CLOS. As percentagens de eficácia variaram de 0-92%, 0-75%, 0-91%, 69-97% e 0-85% para o ABZ, IVM, LEV, MXD e CLOS, respectivamente, no bioma Caatinga e 0-59% para o ABZ e 9-59% para o IVM no bioma Mata Atlântica. Verificou-se nos rebanhos eficácia inferior a 95% para estes anti-helmínticos, com exceção de um único rebanho no qual a eficácia para MOX foi de 97%, o que sugere a presença de NGIs resistentes aos principais classes de anti-helmínticos em rebanhos caprinos destes biomas.(AU)

The use of anthelmintic drugs for long periods as the main measure control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) has led to the inefficacy of levamisole, benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones. This study describes the in vivo anthelmintic activity against natural trichostrongyle nematodes populations in goats. We selected 18 herds from the Caatinga (n=12) and Mata Atlântica (n=6) biomes, Bahia State, Brazil, raised in communal pastures in semiarid region. Groups of 8 to 10 goats were treated with albendazole (ABZ), ivermectin (IVM), levamisole (LEV), moxidectin (MOX), and closantel (CLOS). The results of the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test indicated simultaneous resistance of Haemonchus sp. and Trichostrongylus spp. genera against albendazole (ABZ), ivermectin (IVM), levamisole (LEV), moxidectin (MOX), and closantel (CLOS). The efficacy percentages ranged from 0 to 92%, 0 to 75%, 0 to 91%, 69 to 97%, and 0 to 85% for ABZ, IVM, LEV, MXD and CLOS respectively in the Caatinga bioma, and 0 to 59% for ABZ and 9 to 59% for IVM in the Mata Atlântica biome. Most herds showed efficacy lower than 95% for anthelmintics, with the exception of one herd in which the efficacy for MOX was 97%. The results indicated the presence of GINs resistant to main anthelmintics classes in goat herds in these biomes.(AU)

Histochemistry profile of the biceps brachii muscle fibres of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella, Linnaeus, 1758) / Perfil histoquímico das fibras do músculo bíceps braquial do macaco-prego (Cebus apella, Linnaeus, 1758)

A general analysis of the behaviour of “Cebus” shows that when this primate moves position to feed or perform another activity, it presents different ways of locomotion. This information shows that the brachial biceps muscle of this animal is frequently used in their locomotion activities, but it should also be remembered that this muscle is also used for other development activities like hiding, searching for objects, searching out in the woods, and digging in the soil. Considering the above, it was decided to research the histoenzimologic characteristics of the brachial biceps muscle to observe whether it is better adpted to postural or phasic function. To that end, samples were taken from the superficial and deep regions, the inserts proximal (medial and lateral) and distal brachial biceps six capuchin monkeys male and adult, which were subjected to the reactions of m-ATPase, NADH-Tr. Based on the results of these reactions fibres were classified as in Fast Twitch Glycolitic (FG), Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolitic (FOG) and Slow Twitc (SO). In general, the results, considering the muscle as a whole, show a trend of frequency FOG> FG> SO. The data on the frequency were studied on three superficial regions FOG=FG>SO; the deep regions of the inserts proximal FOG=FG=SO and inserting the distal FOG>FG=SO. In conclusion, the biceps brachii of the capuchin monkey is well adapted for both postural and phasic activities.(AU)

Uma análise geral do comportamento do “Cebus apella” mostra que este primata quando desloca para se alimentar ou realizar outra atividade apresenta diferentes maneiras de locomoção. Estas informações mostram que o músculo bíceps braquial deste animal é usado freqüentemente nas suas atividades de locomoção, mas deve ser lembrado ainda que este músculo é usado também para desenvolvimento de outras atividades como esconder-se, procurar objetos, vasculhar arboredos, além de cavar o chão. Considerando-se o exposto acima decidiu-se pesquisar as características histoenzimológicas do músculo bíceps braquial do macaco-prego com o objetivo de comparar se este músculo esta melhor adaptado para funções posturais ou fásicas. As amostras foram retiradas das regiões superficiais e profundas; inserções proximais (medial e lateral) e distal de seis macacos-prego machos e adultos, os quais foram submetidos às reações de m-ATPase, NADH-Tr. Baseado nos resultados das reações, as fibras foram classificadas em Fast Twitch Glycolitic (FG), Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolitic (FOG) e Slow Twitch (SO). Quanto à área dos diferentes tipos de fibras, os resultados encontrados foram semelhantes em todas as amostras estudadas, e as fibras de contração rápida foram sempre maiores do que as de contração lenta (FG=FOG>SO). Os dados obtidos sobre a frequência foram: nas três regiões superficiais estudadas FOG=FG>SO; nas regiões profundas das inserções proximais FOG=FG=SO e na inserção distal FOG>FG=SO. Baseado nestes dados pode-se concluir que o músculo bíceps braquial do macaco-prego está bem adaptado tanto para atividades posturais como fásicas.(AU)

Evaluation and classification of bovine embryos

Bovine Embryo transfer has been used widely to reproduce the most valuable females in the herd with about 750,000 embryos produced annually from superovulated donors and more than 450,000 embryos produced are the safest and most cost affective alternatives to move genetics internationally because og their low risk of transmitting diseases. One of most important factors associated with the success and widepread application of this technologie is evaluation of the embryos before freezing and/or transfer to a recipient. Embryos are usually classified based on a number code system for their stage of development (1 to 9) and for their quality (1 to 4). The basic principles of embryo evaluation are briefly described.(AU)

Evaluation and classification of bovine embryos

Bovine Embryo transfer has been used widely to reproduce the most valuable females in the herd with about 750,000 embryos produced annually from superovulated donors and more than 450,000 embryos produced are the safest and most cost affective alternatives to move genetics internationally because og their low risk of transmitting diseases. One of most important factors associated with the success and widepread application of this technologie is evaluation of the embryos before freezing and/or transfer to a recipient. Embryos are usually classified based on a number code system for their stage of development (1 to 9) and for their quality (1 to 4). The basic principles of embryo evaluation are briefly described.

Adenocarcinoma ventricular em arara-canindé (Ara ararauna linnaeus, 1758) / Ventricular adenocarcinoma in gold macaw (Ara ararauna linnaeus, 1758)

Relatam-se as características clínicas e anatomopatológicas de uma Arara Canindé (Ara ararauna), fêmea, adulta, com adenocarcinoma ventricular. Perda de peso progressiva e polifagia foram observadas durante o exame clínico. O diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma do ventrículo foi obtido pelo exame microscópico. O exame histopatológico do ventrículo mostrou células neoplásicas epiteliais organizadas em estruturas tubulares. As células tumorais apresentaram núcleos arredondados a ovalados, com vários nucléolos proeminentes. Vacuolização intracitoplasmática foi observada em algumas células neoplásicas. Observaram-se também anisocitose e anisocariose intensas. Adenocarcinoma ventricular deve ser incluído no diagnóstico diferencial das aves que apresentam disfunção do trato digestivo(AU)

The clinical and pathology features of a female Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) with ventricular adenocarcinoma are described. Progressive weight loss and polyphagia were evident on clinical examination. The diagnosis of ventricular adenocarcinoma was obtained by microscopic examination. The histopathology exam of ventricle showed epithelial neoplastic cells arranged in tubular structures. Tumour cells showed round to oval nuclei, with multiple nucleoli. Intracytoplasmatic vacuolization were observed in some neoplastic cells. Marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were observed also.Ventricular adenocarcinoma may be included in the differential diagnosis of birds showing digestive tract dysfunction(AU)

Adenocarcinoma ventricular em arara-canindé (Ara ararauna linnaeus, 1758) / Ventricular adenocarcinoma in gold macaw (Ara ararauna linnaeus, 1758)

Relatam-se as características clínicas e anatomopatológicas de uma Arara Canindé (Ara ararauna), fêmea, adulta, com adenocarcinoma ventricular. Perda de peso progressiva e polifagia foram observadas durante o exame clínico. O diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma do ventrículo foi obtido pelo exame microscópico. O exame histopatológico do ventrículo mostrou células neoplásicas epiteliais organizadas em estruturas tubulares. As células tumorais apresentaram núcleos arredondados a ovalados, com vários nucléolos proeminentes. Vacuolização intracitoplasmática foi observada em algumas células neoplásicas. Observaram-se também anisocitose e anisocariose intensas. Adenocarcinoma ventricular deve ser incluído no diagnóstico diferencial das aves que apresentam disfunção do trato digestivo

The clinical and pathology features of a female Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) with ventricular adenocarcinoma are described. Progressive weight loss and polyphagia were evident on clinical examination. The diagnosis of ventricular adenocarcinoma was obtained by microscopic examination. The histopathology exam of ventricle showed epithelial neoplastic cells arranged in tubular structures. Tumour cells showed round to oval nuclei, with multiple nucleoli. Intracytoplasmatic vacuolization were observed in some neoplastic cells. Marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were observed also.Ventricular adenocarcinoma may be included in the differential diagnosis of birds showing digestive tract dysfunction