Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the Midwestern and Southeastern regions of Brazil / Comunidades de zooplâncton e sua relação com a qualidade da água em oito reservatórios das regiões Centro-Oeste e Sudeste do Brasil

Zooplankton are widely recognised as being regulated primarily by predators and food availability. In reservoirs, the quantity and quality of food resources are generally affected by the characteristics of the water, which in turn are controlled by the flow pulse generated by operation of the dams. In this study, we investigated the relationship between zooplankton, water quality and food availability (phytoplankton) in eight hydroelectric reservoirs located in Brazil. Samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods between 2008 and 2009. In general, the reservoirs exhibited mesotrophic conditions and Cyanobacteria were the predominant phytoplankton. The results showed that the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp., and Polyarthra vulgaris were present, indicating nutrient-rich environments. In addition, the copepod Thermocyclops decipiens occurred in eutrophic environments. In contrast, the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri and copepod Notodiaptomus henseni were considered indicators of more desirable water quality, owing to their relationship with waters with lower levels of nutrients and suspended solids. The results support the use of these organisms as a useful tool for understanding changes in water quality and in the ecosystem processes involved.(AU)

O zooplâncton é amplamente reconhecido como sendo regulado principalmente por predadores e pela disponibilidade de alimento. Em reservatórios, a quantidade e a qualidade de recursos alimentares são afetadas pelas características da água que, por sua vez, são controladas pelo pulso de fluxo gerado pela operação das barragens. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre o zooplâncton, qualidade dágua e a disponibilidade de alimento (fitoplâncton) em oito reservatórios hidrelétricos localizados no Brasil. Amostras foram coletadas durante os períodos chuvoso e seco, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Em geral, os reservatórios exibiram condições mesotróficas e Cyanobacteria foi o fitoplâncton predominante. Os resultados mostraram que os rotíferos Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp. e Polyarthra vulgaris foram indicadores de ambientes ricos em nutrientes. Além disso, o copépode Thermocyclops decipiens ocorreu em ambientes eutróficos. Por outro lado, o cladócero Daphnia gessneri e o copépode Notodiaptomus henseni foram considerados indicadores de melhor qualidade da água, devido a sua relação com águas com baixos níveis de nutrientes e sólidos em suspensão. Os resultados suportam o uso desses organismos como uma ferramenta útil para o entendimento das mudanças na qualidade dágua e nos processos ecossistêmicos envolvidos.(AU)

Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil / Comunidades de zooplâncton e sua relação com a qualidade da água em oito reservatórios das regiões Centro-Oeste e Sudeste do Brasil

Abstract Zooplankton are widely recognised as being regulated primarily by predators and food availability. In reservoirs, the quantity and quality of food resources are generally affected by the characteristics of the water, which in turn are controlled by the flow pulse generated by operation of the dams. In this study, we investigated the relationship between zooplankton, water quality and food availability (phytoplankton) in eight hydroelectric reservoirs located in Brazil. Samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods between 2008 and 2009. In general, the reservoirs exhibited mesotrophic conditions and Cyanobacteria were the predominant phytoplankton. The results showed that the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp., and Polyarthra vulgaris were present, indicating nutrient-rich environments. In addition, the copepod Thermocyclops decipiens occurred in eutrophic environments. In contrast, the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri and copepod Notodiaptomus henseni were considered indicators of more desirable water quality, owing to their relationship with waters with lower levels of nutrients and suspended solids. The results support the use of these organisms as a useful tool for understanding changes in water quality and in the ecosystem processes involved.

Resumo O zooplâncton é amplamente reconhecido como sendo regulado principalmente por predadores e pela disponibilidade de alimento. Em reservatórios, a quantidade e a qualidade de recursos alimentares são afetadas pelas características da água que, por sua vez, são controladas pelo pulso de fluxo gerado pela operação das barragens. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre o zooplâncton, qualidade d'água e a disponibilidade de alimento (fitoplâncton) em oito reservatórios hidrelétricos localizados no Brasil. Amostras foram coletadas durante os períodos chuvoso e seco, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Em geral, os reservatórios exibiram condições mesotróficas e Cyanobacteria foi o fitoplâncton predominante. Os resultados mostraram que os rotíferos Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp. e Polyarthra vulgaris foram indicadores de ambientes ricos em nutrientes. Além disso, o copépode Thermocyclops decipiens ocorreu em ambientes eutróficos. Por outro lado, o cladócero Daphnia gessneri e o copépode Notodiaptomus henseni foram considerados indicadores de melhor qualidade da água, devido a sua relação com águas com baixos níveis de nutrientes e sólidos em suspensão. Os resultados suportam o uso desses organismos como uma ferramenta útil para o entendimento das mudanças na qualidade d'água e nos processos ecossistêmicos envolvidos.

A long-term study on zooplankton in two contrasting cascade reservoirs (Iguaçu River, Brazil): effects of inter-annual, seasonal, and environmental factors.

BACKGROUND: In reservoirs, zooplankton strongly interact with the physical and chemical characteristics of water, and this interaction is mainly influenced by climate variation and the different methods used to manage the dam water level. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate how the distinct operating modes of two cascade reservoirs affected the richness, abundance, and composition of zooplankton, both spatially (intra and inter-reservoirs) and temporally (annual and seasonal). In this study, the upstream reservoir (Salto Santiago) operates using the storage method, with a water retention time (WRT) of 51 days, whereas the downstream reservoir (Salto Osório) operates using the run-of-river method, with a WRT of 16 days. METHODS: Zooplankton samples were collected for 16 consecutive years from the two reservoirs located on the Iguaçu River, Brazil. A total of 720 samples were collected. Four-way ANOVAs were used to determine the differences in richness and abundance of the zooplankton among years, periods, reservoirs, and environments. Multidimensional non-metric scaling (NMDS) and an analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) were used to describe similarity patterns in species composition. Finally, a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to select the environmental predictors that best explained the variation in zooplankton abundance data. RESULTS: We identified a total of 115 taxa in this study, and rotifers were the richest group. In contrast, the copepods were the most abundant. The four-way ANOVA results showed significant differences in the species richness and abundance of the zooplankton among years, periods, reservoirs, and environments. The NMDS ordination and ANOSIM test indicated that the largest differences in zooplankton species composition were annual and seasonal differences. Finally, the CCA showed that these differences were mainly associated with changes in water transparency, temperature, and the chlorophyll a, phosphorus, and total dissolved solids concentrations. DISCUSSION: Inter-annual changes in zooplankton species composition showed that over time, large filters-feeders (e.g., large daphinids and calanoid copepods) were replaced by small cladocerans (e.g., bosminids) and generalist rotifers. The highest species richness was associated with the fluvial environment, whereas the highest abundance was associated with the transitional and lacustrine reservoir environments. Variations in water temperature, nutrients, and food availability explained the annual and seasonal changes in community structure, whereas variations in the water flow characteristics of the environments explained the longitudinal changes in the richness and abundance of zooplankton in reservoirs. The differences in zooplankton structure between the two reservoirs can be explained by the functional differences between the two systems, such as their WRTs and morphometrics.

Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil

Abstract Zooplankton are widely recognised as being regulated primarily by predators and food availability. In reservoirs, the quantity and quality of food resources are generally affected by the characteristics of the water, which in turn are controlled by the flow pulse generated by operation of the dams. In this study, we investigated the relationship between zooplankton, water quality and food availability (phytoplankton) in eight hydroelectric reservoirs located in Brazil. Samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods between 2008 and 2009. In general, the reservoirs exhibited mesotrophic conditions and Cyanobacteria were the predominant phytoplankton. The results showed that the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp., and Polyarthra vulgaris were present, indicating nutrient-rich environments. In addition, the copepod Thermocyclops decipiens occurred in eutrophic environments. In contrast, the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri and copepod Notodiaptomus henseni were considered indicators of more desirable water quality, owing to their relationship with waters with lower levels of nutrients and suspended solids. The results support the use of these organisms as a useful tool for understanding changes in water quality and in the ecosystem processes involved.

Resumo O zooplâncton é amplamente reconhecido como sendo regulado principalmente por predadores e pela disponibilidade de alimento. Em reservatórios, a quantidade e a qualidade de recursos alimentares são afetadas pelas características da água que, por sua vez, são controladas pelo pulso de fluxo gerado pela operação das barragens. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre o zooplâncton, qualidade dágua e a disponibilidade de alimento (fitoplâncton) em oito reservatórios hidrelétricos localizados no Brasil. Amostras foram coletadas durante os períodos chuvoso e seco, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Em geral, os reservatórios exibiram condições mesotróficas e Cyanobacteria foi o fitoplâncton predominante. Os resultados mostraram que os rotíferos Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp. e Polyarthra vulgaris foram indicadores de ambientes ricos em nutrientes. Além disso, o copépode Thermocyclops decipiens ocorreu em ambientes eutróficos. Por outro lado, o cladócero Daphnia gessneri e o copépode Notodiaptomus henseni foram considerados indicadores de melhor qualidade da água, devido a sua relação com águas com baixos níveis de nutrientes e sólidos em suspensão. Os resultados suportam o uso desses organismos como uma ferramenta útil para o entendimento das mudanças na qualidade dágua e nos processos ecossistêmicos envolvidos.

Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil

Abstract Zooplankton are widely recognised as being regulated primarily by predators and food availability. In reservoirs, the quantity and quality of food resources are generally affected by the characteristics of the water, which in turn are controlled by the flow pulse generated by operation of the dams. In this study, we investigated the relationship between zooplankton, water quality and food availability (phytoplankton) in eight hydroelectric reservoirs located in Brazil. Samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods between 2008 and 2009. In general, the reservoirs exhibited mesotrophic conditions and Cyanobacteria were the predominant phytoplankton. The results showed that the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp., and Polyarthra vulgaris were present, indicating nutrient-rich environments. In addition, the copepod Thermocyclops decipiens occurred in eutrophic environments. In contrast, the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri and copepod Notodiaptomus henseni were considered indicators of more desirable water quality, owing to their relationship with waters with lower levels of nutrients and suspended solids. The results support the use of these organisms as a useful tool for understanding changes in water quality and in the ecosystem processes involved.

Resumo O zooplâncton é amplamente reconhecido como sendo regulado principalmente por predadores e pela disponibilidade de alimento. Em reservatórios, a quantidade e a qualidade de recursos alimentares são afetadas pelas características da água que, por sua vez, são controladas pelo pulso de fluxo gerado pela operação das barragens. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre o zooplâncton, qualidade dágua e a disponibilidade de alimento (fitoplâncton) em oito reservatórios hidrelétricos localizados no Brasil. Amostras foram coletadas durante os períodos chuvoso e seco, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Em geral, os reservatórios exibiram condições mesotróficas e Cyanobacteria foi o fitoplâncton predominante. Os resultados mostraram que os rotíferos Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp. e Polyarthra vulgaris foram indicadores de ambientes ricos em nutrientes. Além disso, o copépode Thermocyclops decipiens ocorreu em ambientes eutróficos. Por outro lado, o cladócero Daphnia gessneri e o copépode Notodiaptomus henseni foram considerados indicadores de melhor qualidade da água, devido a sua relação com águas com baixos níveis de nutrientes e sólidos em suspensão. Os resultados suportam o uso desses organismos como uma ferramenta útil para o entendimento das mudanças na qualidade dágua e nos processos ecossistêmicos envolvidos.