Front-of-Package-Label-Style Health Logos on Menus-Do Canadian Consumers Really Care about Menu Health Logos?

Public health policies have been widely utilized to improve population nutrition, such as the newly announced front-of-pack labels (FOPLs) that will be applied to Canadian prepackaged foods to help consumers make healthier selections. However, research on similar health logos in the food service sector has been limited. This study explores the potential application of FOPL-style health logos in the food service sector and its impact on consumer behaviors. A survey was conducted among 1070 Canadians to assess their awareness, perception, and support for health logos on restaurant menus. The results indicate that while participants value healthy food options when dining out, taste, price, and convenience remain the primary factors influencing their choices. Most participants were unaware of existing FOPL policies and demonstrated mixed responses regarding the influence of similar health logos on their restaurant selection. However, a majority expressed a desire to see FOPL-style health logos on menus, and nutrient profile ratings and logos indicating nutrient limitations or encouragements were listed as preferred health logos. Notably, females indicated higher supportiveness for FOPL-style health logos on menus and individuals with food allergies exhibited higher agreement in the likelihood of eating at a restaurant displaying labels. Additionally, findings revealed that FOPL-style health logos alone may not significantly deter consumers from purchasing labelled menu items, especially if price is affected. Overall, this study highlights the need for further understanding consumer perceptions to effectively develop and implement FOPL initiatives in the food service sector.

Enteral nutrition consensus report from KEPAN: Indications, choice, practical application, and follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: Clinicians are in need of guidance that will ease the application of medical nutrition therapy. In order to facilitate the application and success of medical nutrition therapy, the Turkish Clinical Enteral & Parenteral Nutrition Society (KEPAN) planned a report that is short, is clear, and has clear-cut recommendations that will guide health care professionals in the indications, choice, practical application, follow-up, and stopping of enteral nutrition. METHODS: The enteral nutrition consensus report on enteral nutrition use in medical nutrition therapy was developed by a study group (12 working group academicians and 17 expert group academicians) under the organization of KEPAN. The enteral nutrition consensus report was generated in 5 online and face-to-face phases from December 2019 through October 2022. At the end (Delphi rounds), a total of 24 questions and subjects, recommendations, and comments were sent to the enteral nutrition working group and the expert group via e-mail. They were asked to score the criteria by using the Likert scale. RESULTS: The first round of the study resulted in acceptance of all 24 recommendations. None of the criteria was rejected. Only some minor editing for wording was recommended by the panelists during the first and second rounds of the Delphi study. The final report was sent to all 29 panelists and was approved without any revision suggestions. CONCLUSION: This report provides 24 clear-cut recommendations in a question-answer format. We believe that this report could have a significant effect on the optimum use of enteral nutrition in the context of medical nutrition therapy when clinicians manage everyday patients.

Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional de la República Argentina, análisis de sus dimensiones y de los planes de acción. Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Nutritional Food Security in Argentina: analysis of its dimensions and food action plans. A systematic literature review

Fundamentos: La alimentación es un derecho humano y se encuentra íntimamente relacionado con el concepto de seguridad alimentaria nutricional. Para intentar garantizarlo, el Estado argentino ha implementado planes de acción. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son determinar el estado de cumplimiento de las dimensiones de la Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional e identificar los planes de acción en respuesta a la Inseguridad Alimentaria Nutricional, en la República Argentina entre 1984 y 2017. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos publicados en cinco bases de datos electrónicas: Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, BVS y Redalyc. Las categorías analizadas fueron las dimensiones de la Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional y los planes de acción. Resultados: Tras la búsqueda se seleccionaron 41 artículos para su análisis. Conclusiones: La seguridad alimentaria nutricional en Argentina no se encuentra garantizada, esto es debido a la falla en la dimensión acceso económico a los alimentos y en la disponibilidad (no es plena en las frutas, hortalizas y lácteos). El acceso económico puede disminuir o aumentar, dependiendo de las políticas públicas que el Estado pueda implementar en materia ingresos. Casi todos los planes de acción, son medidas asistencialistas y focalizadas, solucionando de una manera parcial, paliativa y transitoria la seguridad alimentaria nutricional. (AU)

Background: Food is a human right and is closely related to the concept of food security and nutrition. In order to guarantee it, Argentina has implemented action plans. The objectives of this work are to determine the status of compliance with the dimensions of food security and nutrition and identify action plans in response to Nutritional Food Insecurity in Argentina, between 1984 and 2017. Methods: A systematic search of articles was conducted of the following five electronic databases: Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, BVS and Redalyc. The categories analyzed were the dimensions of food security and nutrition and action plans. Results: After the search, 41 articles were included in the analysis. Conclusions: Food security and nutrition in Argentina is not guaranteed, this is mainly due to the failure in the economic access to food and availability (it is no full in fruits, vegetables and dairy products). This access to food can decrease or increase, depending on the public policies that the state can implement in terms of income. Almost all the action plans are assistanceoriented and focused, solving the food security and nutrition in a partial, palliative and transitory way. (AU)

Healthy or Not Healthy? A Mixed-Methods Approach to Evaluate Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels as a Tool to Guide Consumers.

This study explored how South African food labels could be improved, to enhance customer evaluation of the overall healthiness of packaged food. Focus was given to the comparison of front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labels as a quick assessment tool. The exploratory sequential mixed-methods design used qualitative interviews (n = 49) to gain insight into labeling challenges and select FOP nutrition labels for consumer testing. Consumers (n = 1261) randomly assessed two out of six possible FOP nutrition labels relative to a 'no-label' control in one of 12 online surveys, applied to a fictitious cereal product. A mixed-model analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in health ratings for the different FOP nutrition labels. The interviews revealed three themes for label improvement, that are presented over three time horizons. In terms of helping consumers identify less healthy products, the effect sizes were most prominent for health warnings (p < 0.01) and low health star ratings (p < 0.01). The findings of this research not only clarify whether FOP nutrition labeling formats used in other regions such as Europe, South America and Australia could be useful in the South African context, but they can assist policymakers and decision-makers in selecting an effective FOP label.

Child development as an intermediate element of food and nutrition in public policies / Desenvolvimento infantil como elemento intermediário nas políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição

Abstract Objectives: to carry out a reflection in relation between food and nutrition along with child development. Methods: a bibliographic survey of Brazilian public policies on food and nutrition, followed by a descriptive-reflexive analysis about its nuances facing child development. Results: food and nutritional policies, although they do not bring the theme as the central axis of their actions, contemplating as an intermediate element dealing with the promotion of adequate and healthy food for the Brazilian population and the control and prevention of nutritional deficiencies, through food and nutritional education actions, national supplementation programs, addressed to the maternal and child population and the mandatory fortification of food. Conclusions: despite the emphasis on food and nutritional programs, it is imperative to draw attention to the necessary integration along with other areas related to child development promoting them entirety.

Resumo Objetivos: realizar uma reflexão acerca da relação da alimentação e nutrição com o desenvolvimento infantil. Métodos: levantamento bibliográfico das políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição Brasileiras, seguido da análise descritiva-reflexiva acerca de suas nuances frente ao desenvolvimento infantil. Resultados: as políticas de alimentação e nutrição, apesar de não trazerem o tema como eixo central de suas ações, o contemplam como um elemento intermediário ao tratar da promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável para a população brasileira e do controle e prevenção de carências nutricionais, por meio de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional, de programas nacionais de suplementação, dirigidas ao público materno-infantil e da fortificação mandatória de alimentos. Conclusões: apesar do destaque a programas de alimentação e nutrição, imperativo chamar atenção para a sua necessária integração com as demais áreas ligadas ao desenvolvimento infantil para que o mesmo seja promovido em sua totalidade.

Ambiente alimentar de estações de metrô: um estudo no município de São Paulo, Brasil / Food environment at subway stations: a study in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar o ambiente alimentar no interior de estações de metrô da cidade de São Paulo e descrever a disponibilidade de alimentos e bebidas segundo vulnerabilidade social da área onde as estações se localizam. Foi realizado um estudo transversal envolvendo 19 estações de metrô. Para a auditoria dos pontos comerciais e das vending machines foram utilizados instrumentos do tipo checklist. Para caracterização do local onde as estações estavam inseridas, utilizou-se o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social. Foram encontrados 66 pontos comerciais. A mediana de pontos comerciais por estação foi a mesma em todas as categorias de vulnerabilidade social do território (mediana=2 estabelecimentos/estação). Os tipos de alimentos comercializados mais frequentes foram os de conveniência, presentes em 100% dos pontos comerciais. A vulnerabilidade do território não resultou em diferença na disponibilidade de alimentos marcadores saudáveis e não saudáveis. O ambiente alimentar das estações de metrô é marcado pela grande disponibilidade de alimentos e bebidas ultraprocessados em todos os pontos comerciais.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize the food environment within subway stations in São Paulo and describe the availability of food and drinks according to the social vulnerability of the area where the stations are located. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 19 subway stations, and checklist instruments were used to audit outlets and vending machines. The São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index was adopted to characterize the location of the stations. Sixty-six outlets were found. The median of outlets per station was the same in all categories of the territory's social vulnerability (median=2 establishments/station). The most frequent types of food sold were convenience foods, present in all of the outlets. The territory's vulnerability did not result in a difference in the availability of healthy and unhealthy marker foods. The food environment at subway stations is marked by the high availability of ultra-processed food and drinks at all outlets.

[Use of simulation models in health economic evaluation studies of dietary salt-reduction policies for cardiovascular disease prevention].

Objectives　Social security costs related to the healthcare and long-term care of patients with cardiovascular diseases is a national burden that is expected to grow as Japan's population ages. Nutritional policies for improving the nation's diet could prevent cardiovascular diseases, but scientific evidence on their costs and outcomes is limited. This study gives an overview of health economic evaluation studies on population-wide dietary salt-reduction policies that have been instituted for the purposes of cardiovascular disease prevention. Thus, this study provides background information for the development of evaluation methods that can be utilized in Japan for analyzing the effects of nutritional policies on public health and social security cost containment.Methods　We extracted representative health economic simulation models that are used for predicting the effects of cardiovascular disease-related interventions: Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model, IMPACT Coronary Heart Disease Policy and Prevention Model, US IMPACT Food Policy Model, Assessing Cost-Effectiveness (ACE) approach to priority-setting, and Prevention Impacts Simulation Model (PRISM). Next, we collected original articles on studies that used these models for assessing the costs and effects of national population-wide dietary salt-reduction policies. We then outlined the background, structure, and applied studies associated with each model.Results　The five models utilized Markov cohort simulation, microsimulation, proportional multistate life tables, and system dynamics to predict the effect of dietary salt-reduction policies on blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular disease prevention. The models were applied to countries such as Australia, England, and the United States to simulate long-term (10 years to lifetime) costs and effects. These applied studies examined policies that included health promotion campaigns, sodium labels on the front of food packages, and mandatory or voluntary reformulation by the food industry to reduce the salt content of processed foods.Conclusion　Health economic simulation modeling is actively being used to evaluate scientific evidence on the costs and outcomes of national dietary salt-reduction policies. Similarly, leveraging simulation modeling techniques could facilitate the evaluation and planning of dietary salt-reduction policies and other nutritional policies in Japan.

Comparison of appropriateness of Nutri-Score and other front-of-pack nutrition labels across a group of Moroccan consumers: awareness, understanding and food choices.

BACKGROUND: The front of pack nutrition label Nutri-Score, intended to help consumers orient their choices towards foods that are more favorable to health, was developed in France and applied in several European countries. Consideration is underway for its use in Morocco. This study aims to assess Moroccan consumers' perception and objective understanding of Nutri-Score and 4 other nutritional information labels (Health Star Rating, Health warning, Reference Intakes and Multiple Trafic Light) and their impact on purchase intentions. METHODS: 814 participants were asked to choose among 3 food classes (yoghurts, biscuits and cold cuts), which ones they would prefer to buy among three products with different nutritional profiles and then to rank them according to their nutritional quality. Participants first performed these tasks without a visible nutritional label, and then, after being randomized to one of five labels tested, with the nutritional label visible on front of packs. Next, the full set of tested labels was presented to the participants who were asked a series of questions regarding their preferences, the attractiveness of the labels, their perceptions, intention to use and the trustworthiness placed in the labels. RESULTS: Compared to the Reference Intake, the Nutri-Score (OR = 2.48 [1.53-4.05], p < 0.0001), was associated with the highest improvement in the ability to correctly classify foods based on their nutritional quality. The percentage of participants who improved their food choice was higher than those who worsened it for all the labels. For yogurts and cookies, the most significant improvements were observed for the Nutri-Score and the Reference Intakes: Concerning the perception of labels, the Nutri-Score is the label that received the highest number of positive responses, whether concerning the ease of being spotted (82.2%), of being understood (74%), and to provide rapid information (68.8%). The Nutri-Score was ranked as the preferred label by 64.9% of the participants. CONCLUSION: The Nutri-Score appears to be the most effective nutritional information system to inform consumers about the nutritional quality of foods in Morocco, where it could constitute a useful tool to help consumers in their food choices in situations of purchase.

Avaliação da composição de cardápios de escolas públicas do município de São Paulo utilizando o índice de qualidade da Coordenação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e o método de análise qualitativa das preparações do cardápio / Evaluation of the composition of public-school menu in the municipality of São Paulo using the quality index of the Food and Nutrition Security Coordination and the method of qualitative analysis of menu preparations

Introdução: Na infância, a escola tem importante impacto na formação de hábitos alimentares. A alimentação qualitativa e quantitativamente adequada é essencial para garantir o crescimento e o desenvolvimento e, nesse cenário, o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar tem por objetivo realizar ações de educação alimentar e nutricional e oferecer refeições que garantam as necessidades nutricionais durante o período letivo. Objetivo: Avaliar quanti-qualitativamente a composição dos cardápios do Programa de Alimentação Escolar da rede municipal de São Paulo. Métodos: A coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de agosto a outubro de 2019, por meio dos cardápios disponibilizados na plataforma eletrônica "Prato Aberto", publicada sob responsabilidade da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Paulo nos meses de agosto a outubro de 2019, para as Escolas Municipais de Ensino Fundamental. Os cardápios foram avaliados por sorteio das escolas de acordo com sua localização. Resultados: A média de pontuação total demonstra que todos os cardápios avaliados foram classificados como adequados; entretanto, ao analisar detalhadamente os resultados mensais para cada escola, foi possível notar o impacto das diferentes formas de gestão, compras de alimentos e planejamento dos cardápios. Conclusão: Os cardápios foram avaliados positivamente frente às duas ferramentas e estavam adequados quanto às recomendações do PNAE, embora houvesse pontos a serem melhorados, sobretudo quanto à alta previsão de oferta de alimentos restritos. (AU)

Introduction: In childhood, school has an important impact on the formation of eating habits. Qualitatively and quantitatively adequate food is essential to ensure growth and development and, in this scenario, the National School Feeding Program aims to carry out food and nutrition education actions and offer meals that guarantee nutritional needs during the school term. Objective: To quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the composition of the menus in the School Meals Program of the municipal network of São Paulo. Methods: Data collection was carried out from August to October 2019, using menus available on the electronic platform "Prato Aberto", published under the responsibility of the Municipal Education Department of São Paulo from August to October 2019, for Municipal Elementary Schools. The menus were evaluated by drawing lots of schools according to their location. Results: The average total score demonstrates that all evaluated menus were classified as adequate; however, when analyzing in detail the monthly results for each school, it was possible to notice the impact of different forms of management, food purchases and menu planning. Conclusion: The menus were positively evaluated against the two tools and were adequate in terms of the PNAE recommendations, although there were points to be improved, especially regarding the high forecast of restricted food supply. (AU)

Nutritional rickets: Historic overview and plan for worldwide eradication.

Rickets was first described in great detail in the mid 17th century and was affecting a great number of children in major European cities. The disease, however, existed already in the Roman times. The etiology of this disease remained enigmatic until the 1920s when two different mechanisms, lack of exposure to sunlight and lack of a dietary factor were finally solved by the discovery of vitamin D and its dual origin. Soon thereafter, the implementation of vitamin D supplementation for all infants and small children largely eliminated nutritional rickets in Europe and North America. It took nearly a century to elucidate the complex chemistry, metabolism, mode and spectrum of activity of the vitamin D endocrine system. Nutritional rickets, whether due to simple vitamin D or calcium deficiency or both, remains widely ravaging many infants and children around the world. Asian countries and the Middle East are mainly confronted with vitamin D deficiency whereas many African and some Asian countries face calcium deficiency rickets. Immigrants and refugees or in general people with a darker skin living in moderate climate zone are also confronted with this disease. There is great consensus how this disease could be prevented or cured. In collaboration with most international professional societies, we prepare a memorandum, in line with the successful battle against iodine deficiency disorders, to convince the World Health Organization and its member states to start an implementation program to eradicate nutritional rickets by 2030.

Estado nutricional e segurança alimentar de famílias beneficiadas pelo Programa Bolsa Família: revisão integrativa / Nutritional status and food safety of families benefited by the Bolsa Familia Program: integrative review / Estado nutricional y seguridad alimentaria de familias beneficiadas por el Programa Bolsa Familia: revisión integrativa

Objetivos: sintetizar o conhecimento produzido na literatura acerca do estado nutricional e a segurança alimentar de famílias beneficiadas pelo Programa Bolsa Família. Métodos: Revisão integrativa, com publicações de 2004 a 2017, nas bases de dados: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde utilizando-se os descritores: Estado Nutricional; Segurança Alimentar; Saúde Pública; Política Nutricional; Política Social. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 17 publicações que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. O Programa proporcionou às famílias beneficiadas acesso a alimentos de qualidade e em quantidade suficiente. Em contrapartida, proporcionou o aumento no consumo de alimentos calóricos e de baixo teor nutritivo, ocasionando distúrbios nutricionais. Conclusão: O Programa trouxe inúmeros benefícios, mas recomenda-se a realização de ações educativas que visem à alimentação saudável e a busca por investimentos nos setores de educação, saúde, geração de trabalho e renda e implantação de políticas voltadas à desigualdade social

Objectives: To synthesize the knowledge produced in the literature about the nutritional status and food security of families benefited by the Bolsa Família Program. Methods: Integrative review, with publications from 2004 to 2017, in the databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and Virtual Health Library using the keywords: Nutritional Status; Food safety; Public health; Nutritional policy; Social policy. Results: We selected 17 publications that met the inclusion criteria. The Program provided beneficiary families with access to sufficient and quality food. On the other hand, it provided an increase in the consumption of low calorie and nutritious foods, causing nutritional disturbances. Conclusion: The Program has brought many benefits, but it is recommended to carry out educational actions aimed at healthy eating and the search for investments in education, health, job and income generation and implementation of policies aimed at social inequality

Objetivos: sintetizar los conocimientos producidos en la literatura sobre el estado nutricional y la seguridad alimentaria de las familias beneficiados por el Programa Bolsa Família. Métodos: Revisión integrativa, con publicaciones de 2004 a 2017, en las bases de datos: Biblioteca Electrónica Científica En Línea, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe sobre Ciencias de la Salud y Biblioteca Virtual de Salud utilizando los descriptores: Estado Nutricional; Seguridad Alimentaria; Salud Pública; Política Nutricional; Política Social. Resultados: Seleccionamos 17 publicaciones que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El Programa proporcionó a las familias beneficiadas acceso a alimentos de calidad y suficientes. Por otro lado, aumentó el consumo de alimentos calóricos con bajo contenido nutricional, causando trastornos nutricionales. Conclusión: El Programa ha traído numerosos beneficios, pero se recomienda llevar a cabo acciones educativas dirigidas a una alimentación saludable y la búsqueda de inversiones en los sectores de la educación, la salud, la generación de trabajo y los ingresos y la implementación de políticas dirigidas a la desigualdad social

A Delphi study for exploring nutritional policy priorities to reduce prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Islamic Republic of Iran.

Background: Identifying and prioritizing the most appropriate policies for enhancing nutritional habits are vital for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study was conducted to prioritize the nutritional policies in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional survey applying the two-round Delphi technique was used to prioritize policy options in preventing the burden of NCDs. In the first round, the experts in health and nutrition policy were asked to prioritize 21 policy options on a 5-point Likert scale. After analyzing the first-round questionnaire, the highest mean and lowest dispersion index were calculated as an indicator of high-priority options. In the second round, the policy options suggested by the participants were added to the second-round questionnaire. Finally, the questionnaires were sent to all the participants in case they desired to change their opinions. Results: The expert achieved consensus on "principles of healthy eating" courses in the curriculum of students as a high-priority policy option. In this regard, "promoting community education and customizing healthy food choice" was the next high priority policy option. On the other hand, the lowest policy priority option was "sending free/low-price healthy drinks at home". The three high priority policy categories were reformulating the content of food, enhancing the consumers' knowledge, and food labeling, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings showed that reformulation, food promotion, and food labeling had the highest priorities for preventing NCDs in Iran. Although food provision policies were cost effective in developing countries such as Iran, it is essential to provide sub-structures for the reformulation of food products.

Quality standards versus nutritional taxes: Health and welfare impacts with strategic firms.

The goal of this paper is to better understand firms' strategic reactions to nutritional policies targeting food quality improvements and to derive optimal policies. We propose a model of product differentiation, taking into account the taste and health characteristics of products. We study how two firms react to alternative policies: an MQS policy, linear taxation of the two goods on the market, and taxation of the low-quality good. The MQS and the taxation of the low-quality product are the preferred options by a social planner. If taste is moderately important, the MQS policy is chosen by a populist and a paternalist social planner. If taste is a major component of choice, the populist planner chooses to tax the low-quality product whereas the paternalist planner prefers the MQS policy. Finally, for a paternalist social planner, an MQS-based policy always allows for higher levels of welfare than an information policy alone.

Early childhood WIC participation, cognitive development and academic achievement.

For the 22% of American children who live below the federal poverty line, and the additional 23% who live below twice that level, nutritional policy is part of the safety net against hunger and its negative effects on children's development. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) provides steadily available food from the food groups essential for physical and cognitive development. The effects of WIC on dietary quality among participating women and children are strong and positive. Furthermore, there is a strong influence of nutrition on cognitive development and socioeconomic inequality. Yet, research on the non-health effects of U.S. child nutritional policy is scarce, despite the ultimate goal of health policies directed at children-to enable productive functioning across multiple social institutions over the life course. Using two nationally representative, longitudinal surveys of children-the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) and the Child Development Supplement (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics-I examine how prenatal and early childhood exposure to WIC is associated in the short-term with cognitive development, and in the longer-term with reading and math learning. Results show that early WIC participation is associated with both cognitive and academic benefits. These findings suggest that WIC meaningfully contributes to children's educational prospects.

The impact of nutritional policy on socioeconomic disparity in the unhealthy food intake among Korean adolescents.

The objectives of this study were to examine the trend in unhealthy food intake by socioeconomic position (SEP) and to determine whether the government's nutritional policies affect socioeconomic disparity in the food intake among adolescents. Data were from the six independent cross-sectional survey data (2006-2011) of Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey and included 445,287 subjects aged 12-18 years. The unhealthy food intake was assessed by food frequency intake and SEP was evaluated with the family affluence scale. We observed that unhealthy food intakes decreased through the years, showing the apparent decline when nutritional policies focusing on the restriction of unhealthy foods were implemented, and the trend was all same in the different SEP groups. The pattern of unhealthy food intakes by SEP has changed before and after implementation of the policies. The intakes of carbonated beverages, fast food, and confectioneries were higher in the higher SEP group before implementation of the policies but the difference was not shown after implementation of the policies. The intake of instant noodles was consistently higher in the lower SEP group. The risk of frequent consumption of unhealthy foods was generally more decreased through the years in the higher SEP group than the lower SEP group. In conclusion, this study found the positive effect of nutritional policy on unhealthy food intake among adolescents and the high SEP group appeared to undergo greater desirable changes in dietary behaviors after implementation of nutritional policies than the low SEP group.

Influência da suplementação de nutrientes no metabolismo dos queratinócitos: estudo in vitro / Nutrient supplementation influence on keratinocytes' metabolism: an in vitro study

Introdução: O estilo de vida moderno muitas vezes leva a alimentação sem balanceamento de nutrientes. Algumas dessas substâncias interferem diretamente no metabolismo dos fâneros. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação de vitaminas A, C, E e complexo B, zinco, magnésio e ferro, e seus efeitos no nível celular. Métodos: Foi desenvolvido estudo experimental in vitro através de cultura de queratinócitos, com incubação de associação de nutrientes contendo ácido ascórbico, retinol, tocoferol, complexo B, zinco, magnésio e ferro nas doses diárias recomendadas. Resultados: Houve aumento significativo da maturação celular em comparação ao controle. Conclusão: a associação de nutrientes aumentou a maior expressão da síntese de queratina.

Modern lifestyles often lead to eating habits that lack a balance of nutrients. Some of those substances directly interfere with the metabolism of skin appendages. Objective: To evaluate the combination of vitamins A, C, E, B complex, zinc, magnesium, and iron, and their effects at the cellular level. Methods: A controlled in vitro study involved culturing keratinocytes, with the incubation of a combination of nutrients containing ascorbic acid, retinol, tocopherol, B complex, zinc, magnesium, and iron at daily recommended doses. Results: There was a significant increase in cell maturation compared to the control. Conclusion: The combination of nutrients caused an increase in the expression of keratin synthesis.