Notificação da COVID-19 como acidente laboral por trabalhadores da saúde: scoping review / Notification of COVID-19 as an occupational injury by health workers: scoping review / Notification of COVID-19 as an occupational injury by health workers: scoping review / Notificación de COVID-19 como accidente laboral por trabajadores de la salud: scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as publicações que discorreram sobre a COVID-19 como acidente laboral e sua notificação pelos trabalhadores da saúde. Métodos A busca para esta scoping review, explorou literatura nacional e internacional, no período de 2020 e 2021, em inglês, português e espanhol, nas bases de dados do Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, na MEDLINE por meio do PubMed e no Portal de Periódicos da Capes empregou-se: Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL. Os textos foram importados para o EndNote, suprimido os duplicados e exportados para o aplicativo Rayyan, sendo feita a inclusão dos artigos em planilha Excel com os rótulos/etiquetas: COVID-19 como acidentes de trabalho e Notificação de COVID-19. Resultados Foram identificados 5.665 estudos, excluindo 2.088 duplicações, resultando 3.577 publicações, selecionadas por título e resumo. Destas, 3.280 não atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, resultando 297 artigos. Destes, 10 foram selecionados para análise completa do texto por tratarem da COVID-19 como acidente de trabalho e/ou notificação deste agravo pelos trabalhadores da saúde. Dois artigos foram excluídos por se tratar de revisão de literatura, permanecendo 8 como corpus do estudo. Conclusão Apesar de determinados países já reconhecerem a COVID-19 como doença ocupacional, alguns trabalhadores ainda apresentam dificuldades em relacionar a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 com o trabalho na assistência à saúde, caracterizando como acidente laboral. Todos devem ser orientados e capacitados quanto ao reconhecimento da COVID-19 como acidente laboral e notificar sua ocorrência, uma vez que já existe a definição da infecção como doença de notificação compulsória.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar las publicaciones que abordaron el COVID-19 como accidente laboral y su notificación por parte de los trabajadores de la salud. Métodos La búsqueda para esta scoping review exploró la literatura nacional e internacional, durante el período de 2020 a 2021, en inglés, portugués y español, en las bases de datos del Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, en MEDLINE a través de PubMed, y en el Portal de Periódicos de Capes se utilizó Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL. Los textos fueron importados a EndNote, se eliminaron los duplicados y se exportaron a la aplicación Rayyan, se incluyeron los artículos en una planilla de Excel con la clasificación/etiquetas: COVID-19 como accidente de trabajo y Notificación de COVID-19. Resultados Se identificaron 5.665 estudios, se excluyeron 2.088 duplicaciones, que dio como resultado 3.577 publicaciones, seleccionadas por título y resumen. De ellas, 3.280 no atendían los criterios de inclusión, por lo que se obtuvieron 297 artículos. De estos, 10 fueron seleccionados para análisis completo del texto porque trataban el COVID-19 como accidente de trabajo o notificación de este daño por parte de los trabajadores de la salud. Se excluyeron dos artículos porque se trataban de revisión de literatura, por lo cual permanecieron ocho como corpus de estudio. Conclusión Aunque determinados países ya reconocieron el COVID-19 como una enfermedad ocupacional, algunos trabajadores aún tienen dificultad de relacionar la infección por SARS-CoV-2 con el trabajo en la atención a la salud, caracterizándolo como un accidente laboral. Todos deben ser orientados y capacitados sobre el reconocimiento del COVID-19 como accidente laboral y notificar su ocurrencia, dado que ya existe la definición de la infección como enfermedad de notificación obligatoria.

Abstract Objective To identify the publications that discussed COVID-19 as an occupational injury and its notification by health workers. Methods The search for this scoping review explored national and international literature, between 2020 and 2021, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, in the databases of the Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library, in MEDLINE through PubMed and in Capes Journal Portal used: Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL. The texts were imported into EndNote, duplicates were removed and exported to the Rayyan application, and the articles were included in an Excel spreadsheet with the labels: COVID-19 as injuries at work and Notification of COVID-19. Results A total of 5665 studies were identified, excluding 2088 duplicates, resulting in 3577 publications, selected by title and abstract. Of these, 3280 did not meet the inclusion criteria, resulting in 297 articles. Of these, 10 were selected for full text analysis because they dealt with COVID-19 as an injury at work and/or notification of this condition by health workers. Two articles were excluded because they were a literature review, remaining 8 as the study's corpus. Conclusion Although certain countries already recognize COVID-19 as an occupational injury, some workers still have difficulties in relating the SARS-CoV-2 infection with work in health care, characterizing it as an occupational injured. Everyone should be guided and trained regarding the recognition of COVID-19 as an occupational injury and notify its occurrence, since the definition of the infection as a notifiable disease already exists.

DNA damage induced by occupational and environmental exposure to miscellaneous chemicals.

Epidemiological studies for hazardous situations resulting from the risk of environmental and/or occupational exposure to miscellaneous chemicals present several difficulties. Biomonitoring of human populations can provide an early detection system for the initiation of cell dysregulation in the development of cancer, which would help develop an efficient prevention program. Recently, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in lymphocyte cells has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage in exposed populations. This is the method of choice for population-based studies of occupational and/or environmental exposure to different agents. In this review, human populations exposed to coal, dyes, paints, organic solvents in a complex mixture, and others miscellaneous chemicals were analyzed. Data from 28 studies was evaluated in relation to the effect of complex mixture exposition on micronucleus (MN) frequency. Other biomarkers and the background factors were evaluated as well, such as gender, age, or smoking habit. Most of these studies (75%) showed a significant increase of micronucleated cells to exposed groups in relation to the control groups, besides chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanging (SCE) and comet cells (comet assay). The studies from this review about miscellaneous chemicals exposures using CBMN assay have indicated some time and dose-dependent effects. Overall, the findings suggest that the responses resulting from exposure to complex mixtures are varied and complicated. However, they are also an important mechanism of DNA damage concerning disruption of metal ion homeostasis that may lead to oxidative stress, a state where increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelms body antioxidant protection and subsequently could induce cancer.

Regulación internacional del uso de pesticidas: la experiencia de Costa Rica / International regulations of the use of pesticides: The Costarican experience

Pesticides are poisons designed to kill living organisms considered pests. Costa Rica have used these substances for pest control in agriculture for more than half a century since the first records of importation into the 1970s the use of these has been increasing. Today, Costa Rica remains one of the countries of Central America with the highest rates of pesticide use Objective: The present study is to analyze the policies, rules and practices related to Costa Rican agricultural chemicals, in the light of international practice and case study of banana workers affected by the use of pesticides. Development: The study establishes the agreement of the national policy, standards, regulatory instruments, control and monitoring of pesticide applications in relation to the existing internationally. Conclusion: In Costa Rica about 25 000 workers were exposed to the product Nemagon in the banana. In addition, women and children of banana workers affected by the toxicity of these products...

Los plaguicidas son sustancias tóxicas diseñadas para eliminar organismos vivos considerados plagas. En Costa Rica se han utilizado para el control de plagas en la agricultura por más de medio siglo y desde los primeros registros de importación en los años setenta el uso de estos ha ido en aumento. Hoy en día, Costa Rica continúa como uno de los países de la región centroamericana con los mayores índices de uso de plaguicidas. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como finalidad analizar las políticas, las normas y las prácticas costarricenses relacionadas con los agroquímicos, a la luz de la práctica internacional y del estudio de caso de los trabajadores bananeros afectados por el uso de plaguicidas. Cuerpo: El estudio establece la concordancia del sistema nacional en materia de políticas, normas, instrumentos reguladores, control y monitoreo de la aplicación de pesticidas, en relación con el existente en el ámbito internacional. Conclusión: En Costa Rica unos 25 000 trabajadores fueron expuestos al producto Nemagón en la zona bananera. Además, las mujeres y los niños de los trabajadores bananeros fueron afectados por la toxicidad de estos productos...

Recomendaciones prácticas para el manejo de exposiciones ocupacionales con riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la sala de autopsias del departamento de medicina legal de Costa Rica / Practical recommendations for the management of occupational risk of infectious diseases in the autopsy room of the department of legal medicine in Costa Rica

En este artículo se presenta una guía para el manejo de las exposiciones ocupacionales a agentes infecciosos orientada a los trabajadores de la sala de autopsias de la Sección de Patología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica. Se describen los mecanismos de infección, las medidas de prevención primaria y de profilaxis por exposición, cuando corresponda, de las enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentemente involucradas en riesgos laborales y se sugiere un protocolo de manejo inmediato de la exposición laboral potencialmente peligrosa, adaptada a las circunstancias de nuestra morgue.

In this paper we present one guide for the management of occupational expositions to infectious diseases in the autopsy room of Forensic Pathology area of Legal Medicine Department in Costa Rica. We describe main routes of transmission, primary prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis (if it applies) of the most important infectious diseases involved as an occupational risk. Also, we suggest one immediate and basic management guide of acute percutaneous or mucocutaneous exposition to potentially dangerous fluids, adapted to the circumstances of our autopsy room.