Water-in-oil adjuvant challenges in fish vaccination: An experimental inactivated adjuvanted vaccine against betanodavirus infection in Senegalese sole.

The extensive growth of intensive fish farming has led to a massive spread of infectious diseases. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the causative agent of the viral encephalo- and retinopathy disease which has become a major threat for fish farming all over the globe. The devastating mortality rates recorded in disease outbreaks, especially when infected specimens are at early stages of development, have a high economic impact on the sector. Currently, vaccines are the most cost-effective preventing tool in the fight against viruses. Inactivated vaccines have the advantage of simplicity in their development at the same time as present the antigen in a similar manner than the natural infection in the host. Nevertheless, they usually trigger weaker immune responses needing adjuvants to boost their effectiveness. In this work, we have intraperitoneally vaccinated Senegalese sole juveniles (Solea senegalensis) with a previously designed inactivated vaccine against NNV based on binary ethylenimine (BEI), mixed or not with an oil-adjuvant. Our results demonstrated the potential activation of different immune pathways when the vaccine was administered alone compared to the oil-adjuvanted vaccine, both resulting in an equivalent partial improvement in survival following a NNV challenge. However, whilst the vaccine alone led to a significant increase in specific antibodies, in the adjuvanted version those antibodies were kept basal although with a slight improvement in their neutralization capacity. At transcriptional level, neither vaccine (adjuvanted or not) triggered the immune system activation during the vaccination period. However, after NNV infection, the BEI-inactivated vaccines alone and oil-adjuvanted both elicited the stimulation of antiviral responsive genes (rtp3, herc4), antigen presentation molecules (mhcii) and T-cell markers (cd8a) in the head-kidney. Additionally, the oil-adjuvanted vaccine appears to stimulate mediator cytokines (il6) and B-cell markers (ight and ighm). Surprisingly, when the adjuvant was administered alone, fish showed the highest survival rates concomitantly with a lack of NNV-IgM production, pointing to the possible induction of different immune pathways than the B-cell responses via antibodies by the adjuvant. Since this combined vaccine did not succeed in the full extension of protection against the pathogen, further studies should be performed focusing on unravelling the molecular mechanisms through which adjuvants trigger the immune response, both independently and when added to a vaccine antigen.

An Oil-Based Adjuvant Improves Immune Responses Induced by Canine Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine in Mice.

There is a significant need for highly effective vaccines against emerging and common veterinary infectious diseases. Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2) vectors allow rapid development of multiple vaccines and have demonstrated their potential in animal models. In this study, we compared the immunogenicity of a non-replicating CAV2 vector encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein with and without MontanideTM ISA 201 VG, an oil-based adjuvant. All vaccinated mice rapidly achieved rabies seroconversion, which was associated with complete vaccine protection. The adjuvant increased rabies antibody titers without any significant effect on the anti-CAV2 serological responses. An RT2 Profiler™ PCR array was conducted to identify host antiviral genes modulated in the blood samples 24 h after vaccination. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed the up-regulation of the RIG-I, TLRs, NLRs, and IFNs signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that a water-in-oil-in-water adjuvant can shape the immune responses to an antigen encoded by an adenovirus, thereby enhancing the protection conferred by live recombinant vaccines. The characterization of early vaccine responses provides a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of CAV2-vectored vaccines.

Effect of tank-mixed adjuvant on the behavior of chlorantraniliprole and difenoconazole in soil.

In this study, both laboratory and field studies were performed to analyze the effect of the presence of tank-mixed methylated plant oil adjuvant on the adsorption and degradation of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and difenoconazole (DIF) in soil. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms experiments were conducted according to the equilibrium oscillation method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, soil contact angle, and zeta potential were used to research the interaction mechanism of adsorption. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) measurements were conducted to characterize soil dissolved organic matter. Field experiment was conducted to investigate the degradation of CAP and DIF combined with adjuvant. DIF exhibited a significantly higher Freundlich maximum adsorption capacity than CAP, which is consistent with the higher octanol-water partition coefficient of DIF. The sorption of CAP and DIF under laboratory conditions was significantly increased with the presence of adjuvant. Soils with high humic acids have strong adsorption capacity and contribute to significant adsorption of CAP and DIF. The half-lives of CAP and DIF tested in fluvo-aquic soil under field conditions were slightly reduced by the adjuvant. Adjuvant reduced the Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) indices of CAP from 1.51 to 1.31, whereas that of DIF from 0.39 to 0.25. Combination between the pesticides and soil molecules can be enhanced, thereby promoting the adsorption and degradation of CAP and DIF in soil, and further reducing their potential to leach into groundwater when 0.1% methylated plant oil adjuvant was mixed and applied.

Safety and Efficacy of the Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccine Combined with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant and Multi-Omics Analysis of Its Potential Role in the Protective Response of Rabbits.

Infectious respiratory diseases caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) are seriously endangering the development of the rabbit industry in China. Unfortunately, no licensed vaccines are available for this pathogen. The present study was designed to determine whether the inactivated Bb antigen formulated with vegetable oil adjuvant (named E515) which contains soybean oil, vitamin E, and ginseng saponins, functions as a safe and effective vaccine (E515-Bb) against Bb infection in rabbits. Based on local and systemic reactions, both the E515 adjuvant alone and the E515-Bb vaccine exhibited good safety in rabbits. Immune response analysis implies that rabbits immunized with the E515-Bb vaccine produced significantly higher, earlier, and longer-lasting specific antibody responses and activated Th1/Th2/Th17 cell responses than those immunized with the aluminum hydroxide (Alum)-adjuvanted Bb vaccine (Alum-Bb) or Bb antigen alone. Moreover, the E515-Bb vaccine effectively protected rabbits from Bb infection. Additionally, integrated multi-omics analysis revealed that the immunoprotective effect of the E515-Bb vaccine was achieved through upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascades and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathways, and the downregulation of the P53 pathway. Overall, these results indicate that the E515-Bb vaccine is safe, elicits an efficient immune response and provides good protection against Bb infection in rabbits. Thus, the E515-adjuvanted Bb vaccine can be considered a promising candidate vaccine for preventing Bb infection.

Pristane induces autophagy in rat macrophages through endoplasmic reticulum stress / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the mechanism of pristane inducing autophagy in macrophages. 【Methods】 Pristane was used to stimulate NR8383， a rat macrophage cell line. The changes in signaling pathways of AMPK， mTOR， and endoplasmic reticulum （ER） stress pathways including eIF2α and IRE1α in the cell model， as well as the expression of transcriptional factor TFEB and its translocation to the nucleus， were detected by using Western blotting. ER stress pathways were intervened by using an inducer DTT or an inhibitor 4-PBA to determin its effect on mTOR expression and autophay. 【Results】 In pristane-stimulated NR8383 cell model， ER stress pathway eIF2α was activated at 0.5 h after stimulation， and then mTOR expression was decreased at 1 and 3 h after stimulation. There was no change for AMPK and IRE1α pathways. With 4-PBA treatment， pristane-reduced mTOR expression and increased LC3-II were reversed， while with DTT treatment， mTOR expression decreased and LC3-II expression increased even more. Pristane induced the expression and activation of TFEB in NR8383 cells. 【Conclusion】 Pristane induces ER stress and leads to autophagy enhancement in rat macrophages.

Comparative Evaluation of Immune Responses and Protection of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Oil-Emulsion Adjuvants in Avian Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccines in Chickens.

Efficient vaccines are the main strategy to control the avian coronavirus (AvCoV), although several drawbacks related to traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been reported. These counterpoints highlight the importance of developing new alternative vaccines against AvCoV, especially those able to induce long-lasting immune responses. This study evaluated and compared two inactivated vaccines formulated with AvCoV BR-I variants, one composed of chitosan nanoparticles (AvCoV-CS) and the second by Montanide oily adjuvant (AvCoV-O). Both developed vaccines were administered in a single dose or associated with the traditional Mass attenuated vaccine. The AvCoV-CS vaccine administered alone or associated with the Mass vaccine was able to induce strong humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and complete protection against IBV virulent infection, wherein single administration was characterized by high IgA antibody levels in the mucosa, whereas when associated with the Mass vaccine, the serum IgG antibody was predominantly observed. On the other hand, single administration of the oily vaccine presented poor humoral and CMI responses and consequently incomplete protection against virulent challenge, but when associated with the Mass vaccine, immune responses were developed, and complete protection against infection was observed. Both of our experimental vaccines were able to induce full protection against virulent IBV challenge. A single dose of AvCoV-CS vaccine was sufficient to achieve complete protection, while AvCoV-O required a previous priming by a Mass strain to complete the protection.

Immune responses induced by oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against Flavobacterium psychrophilum in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis.

Oil-adjuvant formulated formalin killed cells of Flavobacterium psychrophilum (FKC + Adj) is strongly effective against bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. In this study, we aimed to understand mechanisms underlying the strong protection by the vaccine in ayu. Antibody titer of FKC + Adj and formalin-killed cells (FKC) group was significantly higher than those of modified cytophaga broth injected (MCY) group and MCY with the adjuvant (MCY + Adj) group. The highest antibody titer was observed in FKC + Adj group. Granulomatous inflammation without lymphocyte cuff was observed in the spleen and trunk kidney of FKC + Adj and MCY + Adj group, while the size of the granuloma was bigger in FKC + Adj than in MCY + Adj group. Gene expression level for IL-8 was significantly up-regulated in FKC + Adj group at 4 weeks after the vaccination. In contrast, IL-10 gene expression level was significantly suppressed in FKC + Adj at 4 weeks after the vaccination. F. psychrophilum was almost cleared in the spleen and trunk kidney of FKC + Adj group within 2 days after the challenge. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry showed that a lot of bacterial signals were detected in the spleen and trunk kidney of challenged fish in MCY, FKC and MCY + Adj group. However, the fluorescent signal was not detected in the organs of FKC + Adj group after the challenge. These data suggest that F. psychrophilum is immediately cleared in FKC + Adj vaccinated fish and both specific antibody and activation of phagocytes are essential to clear F. psychrophilum in ayu.

Interplay of oxidative stress and antioxidant bio markers in oil adjuvant Brucella melitensis vaccinated and challenged mice.

The intracellular nature of Brucella leads to rise in oxidative stress due to bacterial invasion, particularly at the site of predilection spleen and lymph nodes. The present study aimed to evaluate the erythrocytic and tissue specific oxidative stress responses induced during oil adjuvant killed Brucella melitensis vaccination. The results of the study clearly implicated a significant increase in level of catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO), and total protein content in erythrocytes after vaccination. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was unaltered during the period of experiment. The catalase activity and GSH content was significantly increased in lung and spleen tissues. The tissues GST levels increased significantly in all tissues, while tissue SOD level increased significantly only in lung tissues. Thus, it can be inferred that oil adjuvant based Brucella vaccine induces negligible signs of inflammatory pathophysiology and supports the development of significant level of protection against virulent Brucella challenge.

Memory immune responses and protection of chickens against a nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain by combining live heterologous and inactivated homologous vaccines.

In this study, we evaluated antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments and protection against challenge with a nephropathogenic Brazilian (BR-I) strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens submitted to a vaccination regime comprising a priming dose of heterologous live attenuated Massachusetts vaccine followed by a booster dose of an experimental homologous inactivated vaccine two weeks later. This immunization protocol elicited significant increases in serum and lachrymal levels of anti-IBV IgG antibodies and upregulated the expression of CMI response genes, such as those encoding CD8ß chain and Granzyme homolog A in tracheal and kidney tissues at 3, 7, and 11 days post-infection in the vaccinated chickens. Additionally, vaccinated and challenged chickens showed reduced viral loads and microscopic lesion counts in tracheal and kidney tissues, and their antibody and CMI responses were negatively correlated with viral loads in the trachea and kidney. In conclusion, the combination of live attenuated vaccine containing the Massachusetts strain with a booster dose of an inactivated vaccine, containing a BR-I IBV strain, confers effective protection against infection with nephropathogenic homologous IBV strain because of the induction of consistent memory immune responses mediated by IgG antibodies and TCD8 cells in the mucosal and systemic compartments of chickens submitted to this vaccination regime.

Positive effects of an oil adjuvant on efficacy, dissipation and safety of pyrimethanil and boscalid on greenhouse strawberry.

Methylated vegetable oil adjuvants can enhance initial deposition and decrease the required dosages of pesticides sprayed on plants, so an oil adjuvant mixed with fungicides were used to prevent and control gray mold in greenhouse strawberry. As the persistence and dietary exposure risks from fungicides on strawberries after using adjuvants have not been assessed, the efficacy, dissipation and safety of pyrimethanil and boscalid in the presence and absence of a methylated vegetable oil adjuvant were evaluated. To better describe the actual use of fungicides in greenhouse strawberry, twice repeated application of fungicides were conducted follower by an optimized QuEChERS pre-treatment method. When applied at 60% of their recommended dosages with the adjuvant, the efficacy of pyrimethanil and boscalid for gray mold was similar to that shown by the treatment of 100% fungicides in absence of the adjuvant based on Duncan's Multiple-Range test, and their average residues increased to 89.0% and 89.3%, respectively. The adjuvant enhanced the accumulation effect of pyrimethanil residue by 31.7% after repeated applications, and the half-lives were similar (5.2 and 4.2 d). The adjuvant had comparable accumulation effects (1.75 and 1.83) and similar half-lives (5.4 and 5.5 d) for boscalid. In absence of adjuvant, the risk quotients (RQs) of pyrimethanil (0.41 and 0.33) and boscalid (0.49 and 0.63) after twice applications at pre-harvest interval were lower than 1. Adding the methylated vegetable oil adjuvant to fungicides would result in unprolonging half-life and acceptably low dietary exposure risk on strawberries, but lower dosage of fungicides were used.

Development and evaluation of vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus recovered from naturally occurring mastitis in she-camels.

The predominant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), an etiological agent of camel mastitis is becoming drug resistant that invites prevention and control strategies. Vaccine production would have a valuable impact on public health. Therefore, in present study, inactivated vaccine with different adjuvants was prepared and evaluated against S. aureus. The vaccinal isolate recovered from camel subclinical mastitis was coagulase positive (PCR based), having expressed pseudocapsule, holding alpha-beta hemolysin characteristics, and multiple drug resistant. Inactivated alum precipitated S. aureus vaccine (APSV) and oil adjuvant S. aureus vaccine (OASV) were prepared after confirming its antigenicity in rabbits. Three groups of rabbits were randomly inoculated with APSV, OASV, and placebo (Unvaccinated, UV). Each group was further divided into two groups based on single and booster dose inoculation. Booster dose of vaccines in rabbits at day 15th of primary inoculation was given. Serum samples were taken on 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of primary inoculation from all rabbits. Analysis of variance was applied to compare geometric mean titer (GMT) of three groups, while t-test was applied to estimate the difference between single and booster dose response. The study found 1010 CFU/mL S. aureus as standard bacterial load for vaccines with higher and sustained antigenicity. The vaccines were safe from morbidity and mortality, and proved effective and stable for 7 and 4 months at 25 °C and 37 °C, respectively. The OASV produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher immune response followed by APSV throughout trial. The highest GMT by APSV and OASV vaccines with single dose inoculation was 37.92 and 69.92 at day 45th post primary inoculation, respectively. Similarly, 59.20 and 142.40 GMTs were noted with booster dose in case of APSV and OASV, respectively. The booster dose presented significantly (p < 0.05) higher GMT than that of single dose inoculation of vaccines. The study concluded APSV and OASV safe, effective, and stable with significant immunogenic results in experimental rabbits.

Analysis of adipose tissue immune gene expression after vaccination of rainbow trout with adjuvanted bacterins reveals an association with side effects.

Most existing fish vaccines are presented in the form of oil-based emulsions delivered by intraperitoneal injection. Whilst very effective they are frequently associated with inflammatory responses that can result in clinically significant side-effects often involving the adipose tissue that is in direct contact with the vaccine. To explore the potential of immune gene expression changes in the adipose tissue of fish to be markers of vaccination efficacy or development of side-effects we have studied the response to a bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida) vaccine administered with two different adjuvants. The first adjuvant was Montanide™ ISA 763A VG, thought to induce a mostly humoral response, and the second was Montanide™ ISA 761 VG that gives a more balanced humoral and cell mediated response. Following vaccination tissue samples were collected at days 3, 14 and 28 for RTqPCR analysis. Fifty immune genes were studied with a focus on a) pro-inflammatory associated molecules and b) adaptive immune response related molecules linked with possible Th1, Th2, Th17 and T-regulatory pathways, with the expression data analysed for associations with Speilberg post-vaccination side effect scores. The results showed that the adipose tissue is a particularly sensitive and discriminatory tissue for studying adjuvant effects. A clear upregulation of many immune genes occurred in response to both vaccine groups, which persisted over time and overlapped with the appearance of visible adhesions. Our analysis revealed a relationship between adipose tissue immune function and the development of vaccine-induced adhesions giving the potential to use immune gene expression profiling in this tissue to predict the side-effects seen.

Studies on the antibody response and side effects after intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) with different oil-based vaccines.

Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) is used as a biological delousing agent for sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis K.) infestations in Norwegian aquaculture. Here, we present a study on the antibody response and vaccine side effects after intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of lumpfish with two vaccines. Both vaccines contained bacterial antigens from atypical Aeromonas salmonicida A-layer types V and VI, Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1 and Moritella viscosa sp., but one vaccine contained a vegetable oil-based adjuvant, while the other contained a mineral oil-based adjuvant. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine caused a high acute mortality of fish within 48 hr after immunization. Intraperitoneal injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a lower severity of intra-abdominal side effects than the vegetable oil-based vaccine. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a significantly higher antibody response against A. salmonicida when compared to controls and the vegetable oil-based vaccine group. The antibody response was poor against V. anguillarum and M. viscosa for all groups. Our results indicate that intramuscular injection of oil-based vaccines might be feasible for providing immunological protection for Atlantic lumpfish against bacterial diseases, especially atypical A. salmonicida, but more work is required to identity optimal adjuvants.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a new oil-based adjuvant ISA 61 VG FMD vaccine as a potential vaccine for cattle.

Foot-and-mouth disease is an important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Inactivated whole particle virus vaccines are still widely used in prophylactic vaccination campaigns. The choice of adjuvant is a very important factor in enhancing immune responses and the efficacy of inactivated vaccines. Montanide ISA 61 VG is a new ready-to-use mineral oil-based adjuvant developed by SEPPIC Inc. (SEPPIC, France) with high-potential immune responses needed for clinical protection against FMD infection. In this study, we compared the efficacy of two FMD vaccines either formulated with the new oil-based adjuvant ISA 61 VG and saponin, or with aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin. Both vaccines contained the same antigen payloads of O2010/IR. Two groups of 15 naive cattle received a single vaccination with different doses (full dose, 1/3 dose and 1/9 dose) to calculate their PD50 (50% protective dose) after being challenged with the homologous virulent virus. The mean neutralizing antibody titer was determined at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after vaccination, measured by a micro neutralization test. The new vaccine improved humoral immune responses by 19%, while inducing a higher geometric mean. The titer for neutralizing antibodies was 2.91 log10 compared to the alum-gel based adjuvant vaccine which was 2.44 log10 (P-value=0.1782). The new vaccine showed a PD50 value of 10.05 as compared to a PD50 value of 4.171, respectively. According to the results, the FMD vaccine formulated with the new oil adjuvant, ISA 61 VG, shows potential as an alternative vaccine for routine and emergency vaccinations in the FMD enzootic region.

Two tank-mix adjuvants effect on yield and quality attributes of wheat treated with growth retardants / Aplicação combinada de retardadores de crescimento com adjuvantes sobre a produtividade e a qualidade do grão de trigo

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of seeds and yield of winter wheat under different retardants application. The two years field trials on winter wheat were carried out in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). Treatments consisted of trinexapac-ethyl, chlormequat and prohexadione calcium applied in mixtures with paraffin oil adjuvant or organosilicone surfactant in BBCH 31 growth stage of winter wheat. No lodging occurred in any experimental year. The retardants had varying effect on the quality parameters of wheat grain. The highest fluctuations in the content of protein, gluten and the Zeleny value were observed after the application of chlormequat chloride. Starch content in wheat grain, regardless of the retardant application method, was negatively correlated with others grain quality parameters evaluated in the experiment. Depending on the year of study and weather conditions, increased or decreased wheat quality.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tamanho e a qualidade do grão de trigo de inverno em condições de aplicação de diferentes retardadores e a possibilidade de os combinar com adjuvantes e herbicidas. Durante dois anos, o Instituto de Proteção de Plantas - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em Poznań (Polônia) realizou ensaios no campo de trigo de inverno. Os tratamentos consistiram em: trinexapac-etil ou clormequat ou prohexadiona-cálcio, aplicados em misturas com óleo adjuvante ou surfactante organossilicone na fase BBCH 31. Não se observou acamamento de plantas em nenhum ano dos ensaios. Os retardadores apresentaram efeitos variados sobre os parâmetros de qualidade do grão de trigo. As maiores variações no teor de proteínas, glúten e no índice de Zeleny foram observadas após a aplicação de clormequat. O teor de amido no grão, independentemente do retardador utilizado e do modo da sua aplicação, foi negativamente correlacionado com outros parâmetros de qualidade avaliados nos ensaios. Dependendo do ano de estudos, aumentava ou reduzia a qualidade do grão.

Effect of alum co-adjuvantation of oil adjuvant vaccine on emulsion stability and immune responses against haemorhagic septicaemia in mice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), caused by Pasteurella multocida, is the most important bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes in India. Oil adjuvant vaccine (OAV) is the most potent vaccine available for the control of HS. The study aims to evaluate the effect of alum co-adjuvantation of OAV on emulsion stability and immune response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two different oil adjuvant vaccines viz., standard oil adjuvant vaccine (OAV) and alum precipitated oil adjuvant vaccine (A-OAV) were prepared with Pasteurella multocida antigen. Emulsion stability was tested by centrifugation, storage at 37 °C for 3 months and microscopy. Immune responses were evaluated by ELISA antibody titer, CD4, CD8 T cell populations and survival post challenge by P. multocida in mice. RESULTS: The separation of aqueous and oil phase of emulsion by centrifugation and storage test were 0 and 6.76% in A-OAV as compared to 11.00 and 26.39% in OAV, respectively. The mean droplet size was significantly smaller (p<0.01) in A-OAV as compared to OAV. The A-OAV recorded higher ELISA antibody titer (p<0.05) up to 21st days post vaccination, and higher CD4 (p>0.05) and CD8 T cell (p<0.05) populations compared to OAV. The A-OAV group conferred 100% protection after challenge with both 100 LD50 and 1000 LD50 as compared to 100 and 60% respective protection by OAV group. CONCLUSION: The results indicates that A-OAV had better emulsion stability, produces higher level of CD4, CD8 T cells and antibody titer with better protection compared to oil adjuvant vaccine.

Estimativas de perdas econômicas causadas por reação granulomatosa local após uso de vacina oleosa contra febre aftosa em bovinos de Mato Grosso do Sul / Estimates of economic losses caused by local granulomatous reaction after use of an oily vaccine against FMD in cattle of Mato Grosso do Sul

Lesões exacerbadas à vacina contra a febre aftosa foram observadas em 1.815 de um total de 5.000 bovinos abatidos em frigorífico com inspeção federal. Essas lesões resultaram na condenação de parte das carcaças de acordo com o Regulamento da Inspeção Industrial e Sanitária de Produtos de Origem Animal. Os bovinos haviam sido vacinados em maio de 2012 e abatidos em setembro do mesmo ano e divididos em Lotes 1 e 2 constituídos respectivamente por 1.500 e 315 bovinos. As lesões de reação vacinal eram caracterizadas por nódulos protuberantes, circunscritos, bem delimitados, firmes e de tamanhos variáveis, distribuídos multifocalmente na musculatura do aspecto lateral do pescoço; ao corte apresentavam exsudato purulento. Amostras da lesão de 28 bovinos foram avaliadas histologicamente e os principais achados foram piogranulomas com espaços claros circulares de tamanhos variados no centro, circundados por intenso infiltrado de neutrófilos íntegros e necróticos, circundados por macrófagos epitelioides com citoplasma vacuolizado, ocasionais células gigantes multinucleadas e, mais externamente, por abundante tecido conjuntivo em meio observavam-se linfócitos e plasmócitos. Culturas bacterianas realizadas em amostras do exsudato da lesão de seis bovinos resultaram negativas. Quando as carcaças afetadas foram submetidas ao toalete foi retirado em média 1,8 e 2,0 kg de músculo da área afetada, respectivamente dos Lotes 1 e 2. O prejuízo econômico da propriedade de origem dos bovinos afetados foi de R$ 20.424,00, considerando o preço pago pela arroba do boi no mês e ano da ocorrência. Esses valores à época seriam suficientes para adquirir 29,17 bezerros desmamados para engorda. Se considerarmos 5.000 bovinos vacinados forem considerados como população sob risco o coeficiente de morbidade seria de 0,36%. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que perdas por reação vacinal, mesmo quando não provocam sinais clínicos marcantes, podem ocasionar importantes prejuízos econômicos...

Lesions caused by excessive reaction to foot and mouth vaccine were observed in 1,815 out of 5,000 cattle slaughtered in a slaughterhouse under federal meat inspection. Such lesions resulted in condemnation of the affect parts of the carcasses in accordance with the Brazilian Federal Meat Inspection Regulations. The affected cattle had been vaccinated on May 2012 and then slaughtered in September of the same year. They were allotted to two groups with 1,500 (Groups 1) and 315 cattle (Group 2). Post vaccination lesions were characterized as salient, firm variable sized nodules multifocally distributed in the musculature of the lateral neck. Pus oozed at the cut surface of these nodules. Samples of 28 cattle were submitted for histopathological examination; main findings were pyogranulomas with central variable-sized clear spaces surrounded by marked infiltrate of viable and dead neutrophils, which were surrounded by epithelioid macrophages with vacuolated cytoplasm and occasional multinucleated giant cell. This inflammatory reaction was walled by abundant connective tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Samples of the lesion of six cattle were submitted to bacteriological culture with negative results. When affected carcasses went through dressing, there was an average of 1.8 and 2.0 kg of muscle tissue cut off from the carcasses respectively of Group 1 and 2. Economic losses in the farm of origin of the affected cattle was R$ 20,424.00, considering the price paid by kg of cattle for slaughter at the time of the occurrence. This amount at that time was enough to buy 29.17 weaned calves for fattening. If one considers theses 5,000 cattle vaccinated on the farm as the population at risk, the morbidity rate would be 0.36%. These results indicate that the losses due to vaccine reaction, even with no overt clinical signs, may cause important economic losses...

Neutralizing antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent (type O, A, C and Asia 1) vaccines in growing calves with pre-existing maternal antibodies.

The presence of maternal antibodies is a major obstacle for eliciting protective immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines in young, growing animals. In this report, we analyzed the ability of inactivated quadrivalent oil emulsified and aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted FMD vaccines to elicit neutralizing antibody responses in growing calves that had maternal antibodies. Our results demonstrate that oil emulsified vaccines but not aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted FMD vaccines could surmount maternal antibodies to elicit strong and significant levels of neutralizing antibody responses in growing claves.

Immune Response in Goats to Different Payloads of FMDV Monovalent Vaccine: Protection Against Virulent Challenge and Development of Carrier Status.

The relationship of Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus antigen payload and number of dose of vaccine conferring protection against virus challenge in goats was studied. Goats vaccinated with oil adjuvant Foot-and-Mouth Disease vaccines containing different antigen payloads with or without booster resisted virulent challenge at 21 days post-vaccination or 7 days after booster respectively. However, localized sub-clinical infection was observed in two vaccinated goats on 35 days post-challenge. RNA could be detected from 31.8% of vaccinated goats (10(2.69)-10(4.99) viral RNA copies per cotton swab of nasal secretions) on day 35 post-challenge. Since no live virus could be isolated after 5 days post-challenge, the risk of these animals transmitting the disease was probably very low. The finding showed that oil adjuvant Foot-and-Mouth Disease vaccines containing antigen payload of 1.88 µg may prevent or reduce the local virus replication at the oropharynx and shedding of virus from nasal secretions and thereby reduce the amount of virus released into the environment subsequent to exposure to live virus. This study also showed that goats with poor sero conversion to vaccination can be infected without overt clinical signs and became carriers like sheep.