Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Posner-Schlossman Syndrome.

PURPOSE: To explore the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in the aqueous humor of patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS), and the association between MMP-3 and PSS. METHODS: Peripheral blood and aqueous humor were routinely collected from 29 patients with PSS (PSS group) and 30 patients with age-related-cataract (ARC) (control group). The content of MMP-3 in serum and aqueous humor was measured by immunoturbidimetry. The correlation between MMP-3 and ophthalmic examination results were verified by Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS: The MMP-3 level in the aqueous humor of the PSS group was (25.86 ± 13.4)ng/ml, significantly higher than that in the control group (3.9 ± 2.7)ng/ml(p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in serum MMP-3 level between the two groups (p = 0.125). The endothelial cell density (ECD) in the aqueous humor of the PSS group was (2078 ± 440) cell/mm2, intraocular pressure (IOP) in the aqueous humor of the PSS group was (33 ± 12) mmHg. The correlation analysis of aqueous humor MMP-3 and various ophthalmic examination results showed that aqueous humor MMP-3 had a moderate correlation with IOP and the difference in ECD between the affected eye and the fellow eye. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-3 level is elevated in the aqueous humor of PSS patients, and it may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSS.

Allergic Reaction to Tropicamide Eye Drops: A Case Report.

This case report presents the clinical scenario of a 50-year-old man who developed swelling and itching around both eyes after applying tropicamide eye drops for an ophthalmic examination. The swelling appeared suddenly, progressed over time, and was accompanied by redness, watery discharge, and conjunctival congestion. A dermoscopic examination revealed congestion and erythema in the affected area. Visual acuity was compromised in the left eye. Prompt identification of the eyedrops as plain tropicamide with chlorbutol as a preservative enabled timely treatment with intravenous hydrocortisone and topical steroids, resulting in symptom improvement within two days. Allergic reactions to mydriatic agents such as tropicamide are infrequent but should be considered in patients with acute ocular symptoms post-application. This case underscores the importance of recognising and managing allergic reactions to ophthalmic medications for optimal patient care.

Ophthalmic exam and ophthalmology residents' subspecialty preference.

AIM: To evaluate residents' perceptions and attitudes toward the various aspects of a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, and to determine if these factors correlate with their choices for fellowship and future career plans. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire on the perception of the ophthalmic exam was sent via SurveyMonkey to ophthalmology residents throughout Israel. Eighty of them (one-half of all ophthalmology residents in 2019) completed it. The first part related to how they perceived each component of the ophthalmic evaluation. The second part related to their future fellowship plans. The Chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables and Student's t-test and One-way ANOVA were used to compare continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied as needed to detect interactions between variables and to exclude confounder effects. RESULTS: Slit-lamp examination of the anterior and posterior segments ranked as the most likeable aspects, whereas gonioscopy, ocular motility examination and visual acuity assessment were least likeable. Anterior segment and retina subspecialties were the ones most sought after. Forty-nine respondents (61.3%) noted a direct correlation between their preferred parts of comprehensive ophthalmic evaluations and their choice of subspecialty. Perceptions of selected components of those evaluations were significantly associated with responders' intentions to pursue anterior segment, retina, or oculoplastic fellowships (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Perspectives of residents toward the ophthalmic examination, and most specifically its individual components, play an important role in their choice of subspecialty training.

Parameters of a basic ophthalmic examination that can ensure proper timing of corneal crosslinking in patients with keratoconus.

BACKGROUND: By the time patients with keratoconus are referred to specialists for treatment, the disease-related thinning of their corneas has already made them ineligible (< 400 µm) for corneal crosslinking (CXL). PURPOSE: To find basic ophthalmic examination parameters that can ensure proper timing of referral for CXL. METHODS: We reviewed cases referred to Toyama University Hospital for the treatment of keratoconus from August 2011 to May 2021 to identify the frequency of contraindication due to minimal corneal thickness (MCT) < 400 µm at first visit. We performed a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis of basic exam parameters (uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity with hard contact lens, sphericity, cylindricity, and/or corneal astigmatism) potentially predicting eligibility for CXL. For those with an area under the curve (AUC) > 0.8, we determined cut-off values and calculated sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Analyses included 66 eyes of 38 Japanese patients aged 25.0 ± 7.1 yrs (range 12-38 yrs) (56 male eyes and 10 female eyes). Thirty percent of the patients had an MCT < 400 µm. The AUC for uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) was 0.85. A cut-off value of 1.22 (converted to decimal visual acuity: ≥ 0.06) yielded 87% sensitivity and 75% specificity. The AUC for corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 0.90. A cut-off of 0.52 (converted to decimal visual acuity: ≥ 0.3) yielded 89% sensitivity and 75% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: It is advisable to refer patients with keratoconus to a specialized facility for CXL when either of the following conditions is present: (i) UCDVA (decimal visual acuity) ≥ 0.06 or (ii) CDVA (decimal visual acuity) ≥ 0.3.

[A preliminary comparison on ophthalmic examination indices of workers with different occupations in Shenzhen].

Objective: To compare the ophthalmic examination indices of different occupational groups in Shenzhen and analyze the possible health problems, so as to provide research basis for further health intervention. Methods: In March 2021, 5426 professionals with ophthalmic examination index data were selected from the basic health database of "Shenzhen occupational population protection action". Among them, radiation workers (694), port operators (1756), sanitation workers (946), teachers (224), video workers (154), police (927) and firefighters (100) were selected as the investigated occupational population. They were exposed to noise 625 workers with traditional occupational hazards such as noise, chemical poisons and dust were used as the control population.Ophthalmic examination indices included right eye vision, left eye vision, outer eye, conjunctiva, cornea, lens, and fundus oculi. The differences of each index in different occupational groups were compared. Results: Compared with the control group, the port operator group showed lower abnormal rates of binocular vision and fundus oculi (P<0.05), but higher abnormal rates of conjunctiva (P=0.029), the environmental sanitation worker group showed higher abnormal rates of binocular vision and conjunctiva (all P<0.01), the teacher group had higher abnormal rates of binocular vision, but only the difference of left eye vision was statistically significant (P=0.021), and the video worker group had higher abnormal rates of right and left eyes vision (P=0.029、0.006) . Conclusion: There were some degrees of ophthalmic problems in different occupational population, therefore targeted intervention measures should be taken according to the characteristics of each group.

Optical coherence tomography versus ophthalmic examination findings in the management of anterior scleritis: A prospective study.

PURPOSE: The goal of this work was to analyze optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings compared to ophthalmic examination results in the management of anterior scleritis. METHODS: We carried out a prospective study including patients presenting with anterior scleritis who underwent complete clinical examinations and OCT at baseline and at the final follow-up visit. RESULTS: The mean age was 46years. The superior and temporal quadrants were clinically the most involved regions and showed the greatest thickness on the OCT images. Nodules were observed clinically in 6 patients, while OCT revealed them in 9 cases. OCT revealed 3 cases of sub-clinical necrosis. Separation of fibers, scleral edema, dilated vessels, fluid pockets and increased scleral thickness were the most common signs of the disease. Mean total scleral thickness and mean scleral-episcleral complex thickness were significantly improved after treatment (P=0.001 and P=0.00; respectively). Post-streptococcal syndrome (PSS) was diagnosed in 3 cases of non-necrotizing anterior scleritis. Necrotizing forms were low-grade and were associated with systemic diseases in 2 out of 3 patients. OCT signs persisted for a substantial time after resolution of clinical signs. CONCLUSION: OCT helped to distinguish necrosis and scleral nodules in subclinical cases. Non-necrotizing forms of scleritis supported the diagnosis of PSS, while necrotizing forms suggested systemic diseases. Complete resolution of a scleral inflammation could be followed more objectively with OCT than by clinical examination.

Co-occurrence of Behçet disease with Ig A vasculitis revealed by ophtalmic examination: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Renal involvment of Behçet disease is not usual and Ig A vasculitis complicated by Behçet disease is extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of Henoch Scholein purpura and nephritis associated with Behçet disease revealed by ophthalmic examination. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Recurrent oral ulcer is not a manifestation of Ig A vasculitis which doesn't affect large or middle sized arteries. If the patient had'nt been referred to our department for ophthalmic examination, we may have failed to make the diagnosis and treat coexisting Behçet disease. CONCLUSION: The link of HSP and BD has yet to be fully understood, and more researchisdefinitelyneeded.

The value and implementation of routine ophthalmic examination in the era of HAART.

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of ocular manifestations (OMs) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and chronic diseases such as diabetes has become a global health issue. However, there is still a lack of an appropriate ophthalmic diagnostic procedure for the early detection of OMs in this population, leading to the risk of an irreversible visual impairment that substantially affects the quality of life of these patients. METHODS: The Guangzhou HIV Infection Study was a retrospective study that enrolled hospitalised HIV-infected patients in Guangzhou between January 2005 and December 2016, period corresponding to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era in China. We collected data on OMs, systemic diseases, hospitalisation, and demographic characteristics. We classified the patients into 3 groups according to the ophthalmic examination mode they underwent: the non-ophthalmologist examination group (patients hospitalised in 2005-2011 who were only treated by infectious disease physicians), the on-demand ophthalmic examination group (patients hospitalised in 2012-2013 who were referred for a consultation with an ophthalmologist), and the routine ophthalmic examination group (patients hospitalised in 2014-2016 who routinely underwent standard ophthalmic examinations). Binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the factors related to OMs. FINDINGS: A total of 8,743 hospitalised HIV-infected patients were enrolled. The prevalence of detected OMs were 1.5% in the non-ophthalmologist examination group, 1.9% in the on-demand ophthalmic examination group, and 12.8% in the routine ophthalmic examination group. The odds of detection of OMs were highest in the routine ophthalmic examination group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=9.24, [95%CI, 6.51-13.12], compared to the non-ophthalmologist examination group). The detection of all types of OMs increased substantially, with keratitis, retinitis and vascular abnormalities increased the most (by 15.8-20.0 times). In the routine examination group, patients who were older than 50 years, males, with medical insurance, and were not resident in Guangzhou, had higher odds to have OMs. Several systemic diseases also increased the odds of OMs, with the highest odds among patients with a cytomegalovirus infection (aOR=5.59, [95%CI, 4.12-7.59]). Patients with retinitis, retinopathy and conjunctivitis had higher odds of having a CD4+ T cell counts less than 200 cells/µL compared to the patients that did not have these referred OMs. INTERPRETATION: The implementation of a routine ophthalmic examination has improved the odds of OM detection by approximately 9 times and increased the diagnosis rates of all types of OMs. Therefore, we encourage all HIV-infected patients to undergo regular ophthalmic examinations. Patients with OMs, especially retinopathy and retinitis, need to be evaluated for immune function (such as CD4+ T cell counts) and systemic diseases.

Observation of Silicone Oil Within the Vitreous and Sclera Following Intravitreal Administration of Biotherapeutics Using Insulin Syringes in Cynomolgus Monkeys.

Silicone oil droplets have been reported in the eyes of human patients following intravitreous (IVT) injections with several marketed biotherapeutic products. Intravitreous administration of a novel biotherapeutic in a 14-week cynomolgus monkey study using insulin syringes was associated with 2, non-test-article-related phenomena: "vitreous floater/clear sphere" on indirect ophthalmoscopy and intrascleral "foreign material near injection track" on histopathology. Retrospective analysis of 81 other preclinical studies of IVT administration of novel biotherapeutics found a greater frequency of clear spheres in monkey IVT studies using insulin syringes and formulations containing polysorbate. We were able to correlate microscopic findings of clear circular to oval areas in the sclera near the injection track with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) signal for silicon at the same location in the sclera. These observations provide further evidence that silicone lubricant in insulin syringes/needles is the source of clear spheres noted in the vitreous and foreign material noted near the injection track in the sclera. Although considered inert and toxicologically insignificant, silicone deposition within the eye should form part of the risk-benefit equation in a clinical setting.

Is it necessary to perform eye examination for patients with cutaneous atypical nevi?

Regular dermatological examination for patients with dysplastic nevi is indicated. However, the literature on whether those patients should also be examined by ophthalmologists or not regarding a relation between suspicious lesions for ocular melanoma and cutaneous dysplastic nevi is limited. In this study, we aimed to compare the findings of a single ophthalmologic examination between the group of patients with multiple atypical nevi with at least one histopathologically proven dysplastic nevus and another group without atypical nevi. We examined the eyes of 110 patients with multiple atypical nevi with at least one histopathologically proven dysplastic nevus (47 had the diagnosis of dysplastic nevus syndrome type A, B, C, D1 or D2) for any lesion and compared the results with a control group consisted of 110 gender, age and skin-type matched patients without atypical nevi no ocular melanoma was detected in any of the groups. The frequency of the conjunctival nevi, iris nevi, choroidal nevi and conjunctival acquired melanosis were similar in both groups. Iris freckles were detected more frequently in the study group. Conjunctival racial hyperpigmentation was detected more frequently in the control group (P < .05). In this study, any significant difference in the distribution of the ocular lesions with any risk of malignancy in the study and control groups was not observed. However, considering the limitations of the study, there may still be a need of regular ophthalmic examination for the patients with atypical nevi in case of having high risk factors for developing melanoma.

Ophthalmic examination, biometry, and histologic findings in captive inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

OBJECTIVE: To report ophthalmic examination, biometry, phenol red thread test (PRTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and histologic findings from a private collection of inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). ANIMALS STUDIED: Fourteen inland bearded dragons. PROCEDURES: Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on all animals, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein stain, phenol red thread test, and rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasonography was used to measure anterior chamber depth, axial lens thickness, vitreal chamber depth, and axial globe length. Horizontal corneal diameter was estimated using ImageJ software. Histologic assessment was obtained for one of the bearded dragons that died following the study period. RESULTS: The median PRTT value was 7.27 mm/15 seconds. Mean IOP was 6.29 ± 1.60 mm Hg and 2.14 ± 1.37 mm Hg using the dog and undefined calibration settings, respectively. Median axial globe length was 11.75 mm. Mean anterior chamber depth and mean lens thickness were 2.06 ± 0.35 mm and 3.38 ± 0.45 mm, respectively. Median vitreal chamber depth was 6.79 mm. Mean horizontal corneal diameter was 5.138 ± 0.346 mm. Two distinct ocular phenotypes were observed, with two of the bearded dragons having corneal globosa, deep anterior chambers, and tufts of iridal vessels and fibrillar material extending into the anterior chamber. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasound biometry, PRTT, and rebound tonometry results may serve as a guideline for ophthalmic parameters in healthy bearded dragons. Examination and testing of greater numbers of animals are necessary to establish true reference ranges and determine if the observed ocular phenotypes represent normal variants or pathologic changes.

Use of smartphones to aid the teaching of equine ocular fundus examination.

BACKGROUND: Teaching and learning how to perform examination of the ocular fundus is challenging. Smartphones can support to enhance students' confidence and experience. METHODS: Following an optional year-4 ophthalmoscopy practical using hand-held ophthalmoscopes, students completed a questionnaire using a visual analogue scale (VAS) investigating if students felt smartphone use aided learning and if student's self-assessed confidence in visualising the ocular fundus had improved. VAS scores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test (significance: P<0.05). RESULTS: All 30 year-4 students attending the practical participated to the study. Confidence in performing direct ophthalmoscopy significantly increased after the practical. Confidence after the practical was 65.3 (±19.8) per cent compared with before the practical when confidence was 20.1 (±15.6) per cent (P<0.001). The perceived usefulness of traditional teaching was 62.3 (±23.8) per cent. The perceived usefulness of the teaching with the smartphone was 91.1 (±8.6) per cent. While students found both methods useful, they perceived the use of the smartphone to be significantly more useful (P<0.001). Free-text comments on the use of the smartphone were all positive and included 'useful', 'fun' and 'good teaching tool'. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that students positively received the use of the smartphone, which can be a useful tool to teach the equine ocular examination to undergraduate veterinary students.

Normative ocular data for juvenile and adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).

OBJECTIVE: To obtain normative ocular data for Japanese quail as they mature from juveniles to adults. ANIMALS STUDIED: Twenty-six captive Japanese quail comprising thirteen males and thirteen females, free of ocular disease, were included in the study. PROCEDURES: Ophthalmic reference values were measured in both eyes at 1 and 5 months of age. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed, including neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, slit lamp biomicroscopy, phenol red thread test (PRTT), rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, horizontal corneal diameter measurement, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. Ultrasound biomicroscopy measurements of axial globe length, lens thickness, vitreal chamber length, and pecten length were recorded. The depth of the anterior chamber was calculated by subtracting the lens thickness and vitreous length from the axial globe length. Measures of association and descriptive statistics were analyzed using STATA-14 and STATA-15. RESULTS: Juvenile and adult females were heavier than age-matched males. Weight, intraocular pressure, horizontal corneal diameter, axial globe length, and lens thickness measurements increased with age. No statistically significant differences were found in the remainder of measurements among individuals in different sex or age-groups. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides reference values and clinical findings that can be used in future research on quail and ocular disease.

Effective mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) following topical administration of rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the combined mydriatic effects of topical rocuronium bromide and phenylephrine in juvenile loggerhead turtles and identify any adverse effects associated with treatment. ANIMALS STUDIED: Eleven juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). PROCEDURES: Four 20 µL drops of rocuronium bromide and four 20 µL drops of 10% phenylephrine were placed into the right eye at 2-minute intervals of 5 turtles, while the same volume of saline was administered to six control turtles. A pupilometer recorded pupil measurements at rest and following a light stimulus at 2, 15, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 minutes following delivery of the final drop to the ocular surface. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also measured at similar time points. RESULTS: The nonilluminated and light-stimulated pupillary diameter of the right eye of treated turtles was significantly greater than baseline starting at 120 and 15 minutes, respectively. Light-stimulated pupillary diameter of treated eyes was greater than that of control eyes from time 15 minutes until the end of the treatment period. No systemic side effects were noted over a 24 hours period following treatment and all turtles showed normal behavior and appetite. No mydriasis was noted in either eye at 24 hours and the anterior segment was normal. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of topical ophthalmic rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine is safe and effective for mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles.

Association of seeking ophthalmic assessment in children with parental history of refractive errors.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the association of seeking ophthalmic assessment in children with parental history of refractive errors. METHODS: After the approval of ethical review board, an analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in eight high schools of public and private sector at Lahore during the period of seven months from August 2017 to March 2018. Multistage random sampling technique was opted and 2000 study subjects were recruited including 50% boys and 50% girls. Informed consent was obtained and data was collected on a structured questionnaire. The data was organized, entered in version 23 of IBM SPSS and analyzed by the use of statistical tools. RESULTS: Age of the respondents ranged between nine to 18 years with a mean of 13.40 ± 1.82 SD.Parental history of wearing spectacles was present in 21.3% of the fathers and 28.6% of the mothers. Moreover, 72.4% of the participants never visited eye care professional. Among private schools, an association was found between the visit of boys to eye care professional and maternal positive history of wearing spectacles (p-value 0.019). A significant association was found between the positive paternal history of wearing spectacles and visit of the female strudy subjects to an eye care professional (p-value 0.001). In public schools, there was an association between visit of children to eye care services and positive history of mothers about the use of spectacles (p-value 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that positive maternal history of wearing spectacles is associated with the ophthalmic examination of children in both public and private school.

Retinal astrocytic hamartoma in tuberous sclerosis complex in an elderly person: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is proposed as a way of predicting the development and likelihood of retinal astrocytic hamartoma (RAH) in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in elderly patients. CASE PRESENTATION: This report describes a case of RAH in TSC in an elderly patient. The patient was a 62-year-old woman and experienced pain in the lower left abdomen for two years. Bilateral renal angiomyolipoma, multiple hepatic angiomyolipoma and multiple pulmonary nodules were demonstrated using computed tomography (CT). Brain CT showed bilateral multiple calcification near by the cella lateralis. A clinical diagnosis of TSC was made. Visual acuity (decimal) in the right and left eye was determined to be 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. SD-OCT revealed a retinal tumour in the inner layer of the retina in the right fundus and a pre-retinal membrane which may have evolved later. CONCLUSIONS: A routine ophthalmic examination is advised for patients suspected of having TSC to prevent this condition from being overlooked. In addition, an OCT examination can be used to predict the development and likelihood of RAH.

Effect of sedation with butorphanol on variables pertaining to the ophthalmic examination in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether sedation with intramuscular butorphanol can interfere with different variables of the ocular examination in dogs. ANIMALS: Twenty-two beagles without ophthalmic abnormalities. PROCEDURES: Each dog was examined 20 min prior to and again just before administration of butorphanol to establish baseline data. The globe and nictitating membrane position was evaluated, and the following were recorded: menace response, dazzle reflex, corneal blink reflex, phenol red thread tear test (PRT), Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), pupil size (PS) measurement, and rebound tonometry. Then, butorphanol was injected intramuscularly at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg and these procedures were repeated 10, 20, 30, and 45 min postadministration. A sedation score graded 0 to 3 was also established at these time points. Statistical analyses were performed on quantitative data using ANOVA. RESULTS: The sedative effect was not associated with any changes in globe and nictitating membrane position; did not affect the results of the menace response, dazzle reflex, and corneal blink reflex; and had no significant effect on PRT values. However, butorphanol administration was associated with a statistically significant decrease in STT-1 and PS values (P < 0.005), and a statistically significant increase in IOP (P < 0.05). All these variations remained in the range of normal values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Butorphanol administered intramuscularly at 0.2 mg/kg provided a degree of sedation allowing eye examination, but was found to interfere with STT-1, PS, and IOP values among the diagnostic tests studied. However, these values remained within normal limits.

Cyclophosphamide and/or Anthracyclines Induced Epiphora in Breast Cancer Patients: A Rare Side-effect.

BACKGROUND: Two female breast cancer patients developed epiphora after administration of cyclophosphamide and/or anthracyclines based 2-day chemotherapy regimen. An ophthalmologist was consulted and no apparent cause was found. CASE DESCRIPTION: Patients were managed by ciprofloxacin eye drops. Chemotherapy induced ocular complications are not uncommon, but under reported. Although epiphora is a mild reaction, if severe however, it can interfere with daily activities. Patients having chemotherapy induced ocular toxicity should go for ophthalmic examination to pick up ocular adverse effects of anticancer drugs and treat them at an early stage.

Ophthalmic examination in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing irreversible deterioration in memory and loss of self-care ability, which is seriously affecting the quality of life. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease. Medication only can control the progression of the disease. Early diagnosis and control of disease progress is of great significance in improving the quality of life of the patients and reducing the burden of family and society. Ophthalmic examination is seen as a window which can"see"brain directly, and some changes in the eye can reflect the changes of the brain most directly. This paper reviews the ophthalmic examination of Alzheimer's disease, including optical coherence tomography(OCT), visual field, contrast sensitivity and eye movements,et al. We hope to provide a new idea for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Avian ophthalmic peculiarities / Particularidades oftálmicas em aves

ABSTRACT: Morphology and physiology of bird eyes are similar to mammals; although, there are peculiarities that should be considered for a correct interpretation of an ophthalmic examination. While the ophthalmology of domestic species is already well established, there are gaps to be filled regarding birds, particularly due to the large number of existing species. This literature review consists of a brief contribution regarding peculiarities of anatomy, physiology, and ophthalmic semiotechnique of the avian eye.

RESUMO: A morfologia e a fisiologia dos olhos das aves são similares àquelas de mamíferos, mas existem particularidades que devem ser consideradas para a correta interpretação do exame oftálmico. Enquanto a oftalmologia de espécies domésticas já é bem estabelecida, ainda há diversas lacunas no que tange às aves, particularmente devido ao grande número de espécies existentes. Este trabalho objetiva realizar uma revisão bibliográfica abrangendo anatomia, fisiologia e semiologia oftálmica de aves.