Productivity-adjusted life years lost due to non-optimum temperatures in Brazil: A nationwide time-series study.

Non-optimal temperatures are associated with premature deaths globally. However, the evidence is limited in low- and middle-income countries, and the productivity losses due to non-optimal temperatures have not been quantified. We aimed to estimate the work-related impacts and economic losses attributable to non-optimal temperatures in Brazil. We collected daily mortality data from 510 immediate regions in Brazil during 2000 and 2019. A two-stage time-series analysis was applied to evaluate the association between non-optimum temperatures and the Productivity-Adjusted Life-Years (PALYs) lost. The temperature-PALYs association was fitted for each location in the first stage and then we applied meta-analyses to obtain the national estimations. The attributable fraction (AF) of PALY lost due to ambient temperatures and the corresponding economic costs were calculated for different subgroups of the working-age population. A total of 3,629,661 of PALYs lost were attributed to non-optimal temperatures during 2000-2019 in Brazil, corresponding to 2.90 % (95 % CI: 1.82 %, 3.95 %) of the total PALYs lost. Non-optimal temperatures have led to US$104.86 billion (95 % CI: 65.95, 142.70) of economic costs related to PALYs lost and the economic burden was more substantial in males and the population aged 15-44 years. Higher risks of extreme cold temperatures were observed in the South region in Brazil while extreme hot temperatures were observed in the Central West and Northeast regions. In conclusion, non-optimal temperatures are associated with considerable labour losses as well as economic costs in Brazil. Tailored policies and adaptation strategies should be proposed to mitigate the impacts of non-optimal temperatures on the labour supply in a changing climate.

Temperature Thresholds and Thermal Requirements for Development and Survival of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Table Grapes.

Temperature is an important climate factor that has a direct influence on insect biology and consequently a crucial role in forecasting and integrated pest management. The mealybug Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is one of the most common species in Brazilian vineyards. Here, development and survival of D. brevipes on leaves of table grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Itália) were studied at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 28, and 30 ± 1°C) under laboratory conditions. We investigated the developmental time and nymphal survival, temperature thresholds, and the degree-day requirements for each life stage of D. brevipes. The developmental time for the nymphal stage ranged from 32 to 130 days with decreasing the temperature, with the temperatures of 28 and 30°C providing the shorter developmental time. Survival of the entire nymphal stage was affected by the temperature, ranging from 81% at 20°C to 1% at 15°C. The predicted upper lethal temperature was 34.5°C, while the optimal temperature was 28.6°C. The minimum threshold for total development of D. brevipes occurred at 8.2°C. Dysmicoccus brevipes required 678.4 degree-days to complete development from first-instar nymph to adult. The temperature of 30°C was the most suitable for the development of D. brevipes. The thermal thresholds estimated for D. brevipes life cycle suggest that this species can develop in different table grape-producing regions of Brazil, in a temperature range between 8 and 35°C.

Temperatura óptima y preferencia térmica del camarón de río Macrobrachium tenellum en la costa tropical del Pacífico mexicano / Temperatura ideal e preferência térmica do camarão Macrobrachium tenellum na costa tropical do pacífico mexicano / Optimum temperature and thermal preference of the river shrimp Macrobrachium tenellumin the tropical coast of the Mexican pacific

El objetivo fue determinar la temperatura óptima, la preferencia térmica y la temperatura letal incipiente máxima (TLImax) y mínima (TLImin) para juveniles de langostino Macrobrachium tenellum, bajo condiciones de laboratorio. La determinación de la temperatura óptima se realizo con base en los resultados de crecimiento y supervivencia de juveniles (0.17 ± 0.02 g y 28.56 ± 1.60 mm) bajo tres temperaturas (22, 29 y 36°C) durante 15 días. La preferencia térmica se determinó en una mesa de gradiente térmico con temperaturas ajustadas a 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35 y 39°C, mediante el método agudo, en el cual se introdujeron 10 organismos (0.38 ± 0.21 g y 40.38 ± 10.33 mm) aclimatados por 72 h a 23, 30 y 32°C, registrando su porcentaje de aparición por cámara cada 10 min por tres horas. La TLImax y la TLImin se calculó en 10 organismos (0.50 ± 0.20 g y 39.65 ± 0.72 mm)aclimatados por 72 h a 21, 29 y 36°C aumentando o disminuyendo, según el caso, la temperatura del agua hasta lamuerte del 50% de ellos (por triplicado). Los mayores crecimientos se obtuvieron en los organismos a 29ºC (temperatura óptima). La temperatura preferida final fue de 32.25°C, mientras que las TLImax y TLImin a 21°C fueron de 42 y 8.1°C, a 29°C de 43.2 y 10.2°C, y a 36°C de 43.5 y 11.1°C, respectivamente.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a temperatura ideal, a preferência térmica e as temperaturas incipientes letais máxima (TLImax) e mínima (TLImin) para juvenis do camarão Macrobrachium tenellum em condições de laboratório. A determinação da temperatura ideal foi realizada com base nos resultados de crescimento e de sobrevivência de juvenis de M. tenellum (0,17 ± 0,02 g e 28,56 ± 1,60 mm), mantidos em três temperaturas (22, 29 e 36°C) por 15 dias, em triplicata. A preferência térmica foi determinada em mesa de gradiente térmico com temperaturas de 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35 e 39°C pelo teste de toxicidade aguda, no qual 10 juvenis foram introduzidos (0,38 ± 0,21 g e 40,38 ± 10,33 mm) e aclimatados por 72 h a 23, 30 e 32°C, registrando-se a porcentagem de ocorrência por câmera a cada 10 minutos por três horas, em triplicata. As TLImax e TLImin foram estimadas em 10 organismos (0,50 ± 0,20 g e 39,65 ± 0,72 mm) aclimatados por 72 h a 21, 29 e 36°C, aumentando ou diminuindo, conforme o caso, a temperatura da água até a morte de 50% dos animais, realizado em triplicata. O melhor crescimento dos organismos foi obtido a 29°C (temperatura ideal). A temperatura final preferencial foi 32,25°C, enquanto TLImax e TLImin foram: a 21°C, 42 e 8,1°C; a 29°C, 43,2 e 10,2°C; e a 36°C, 43,5 e 11,1°C, respectivamente.

The objective was to determine the optimal temperature, thermal preference and maximum incipient lethal temperature (TLImax) and minimum (TLImin) for juveniles of prawn Macrobrachium tenellum under laboratory conditions using the acute method. The determination of the optimum temperature was made based on the results of growth and survival of juvenile M. tenellum (0.17 ± 0.02 g and 28.56 ± 1.60 mm) maintained at three temperatures (22, 29 and 36°C) for 15 days, in triplicate. The thermal preference was determined in a thermal gradient table with temperatures adjusted to 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35 and 39°C using the acute method, in which 10 juveniles are introduced (0.38 ± 0.21 g and 40.38 ± 10.33 mm) and acclimated for 72 h at 23, 30 and 32°C, recording the percentage of occurrence per camera every 10 min for three hours (in triplicate). The TLImin and TLImax were estimated at 10 organisms (0.50 ± 0.20 g and 39.65 ± 0.72 mm) acclimated for 72 h at 21, 29 and 36°C by increasing or decreasing the water temperature until the death of 50% of the population. The highest growths in organisms were obtained at 29°C (optimum temperature). The final preferred temperature was 32.25°C, while TLImin and TLImax were: to 21°C, 42 and 8.1°C; to 29°C, 43.2 and 10.2°C; and to 36°C, 43.5 and 11.1°C, respectively.