Effects of feeding diets with zinc-l-selenomethionine on growth performance of broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress.

Limited information exists on the use of zinc-l-selenomethionine (Zn-L-SeMet) in broiler diets and its effects on the growth performance, body temperature, mortality rates, blood profile, and gene expression, especially when animals are reared under cyclic heat stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Zn-L-SeMet in broiler diets from 1 to 42 days of age reared under cyclic heat stress and its effects on growth performance, cloacal temperatures, mortality rate, blood parameters, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expression in the breast muscle. A total of 1000 male Cobb 500® broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments: 0, 0.15, 0.23, 0.47, and 1.30 mg/kg of Zn-L-SeMet. Each treatment consisted of 10 replicates with 20 birds each. No statistically significant differences in growth performance were observed from 1 to 21 days of age (P > 0.05). However, from 1 to 42 days, feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Cloacal temperatures showed no significant effects (P > 0.05), while overall mortality rate exhibited a quadratic response (P < 0.05), with the optimal inclusion level predicted to reduce broiler mortality at 0.71 mg/kg. Triglyceride (TRG) levels increased with 0.97 mg/kg (P < 0.05), and gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) levels decreased with the inclusion of 1.19 mg/kg (P < 0.05). No significant effects on IGF-1 and GHR gene expression were found (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of 1.30 mg/kg of Zn-L-SeMet in diets of heat-stressed broilers improved growth performance from 1 to 42 days of age. An inclusion of 0.71 mg/kg reduced mortality rate, while 0.97 mg and 1.19 mg increased and reduced TRG and GGT levels, respectively.

Multivariate analysis of sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, and chromium on the productive performance of second-cycle laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the intake of a mixture of fish and sacha inchi oils (iOM), organic selenium (iSe), and organic chromium (iCr) on egg production (EP) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Isa Brown second-cycle laying hens (SCLH) for 16 weeks (91-106 weeks old). Egg production and FCR were evaluated using multivariate models that included conventional equations and artificial neural networks (ANN) to study multiple nutritional interactions as alternatives to univariate dose-response models. Based on the best models, iOM, iSe, and iCr levels were optimized, and a global sensitivity analysis was implemented to quantify their influence on EP and FCR. The modified logistic model was selected as the best strategy to represent EP. In the case of FCR, an ANN model with a feed-forward architecture and softmax transfer function was selected as the best alternative. One of the scenarios to simultaneously optimize EP (89.1%) and FCR (1.94 kg feed/kg egg) at 16 weeks of production was established with 3.3 g/hen·day of iOM, 0.132 mg/ hen·day of iSe, and 0.176 mg/hen·day of iCr. However, optimization considering only FCR results in much lower optimal iCr levels (between 0.083 and 0.105 mg/hen·day) with a slight decrease in EP (87.9%). The global sensitivity analysis showed that iSe is an essential factor associated with the increase in EP, and iCr is the most influential factor for the decrease in FCR. When both criteria were taken into account simultaneously from a desirability function, iSe was the most critical factor.(AU)

How can nutritional strategies and feed technologies in pig production affect the logistical costs of manure distribution?

The objective with this study was to evaluate the impact of different swine nutritional strategies and technologies, as well as the land spread system, on logistical costs of pig manure distribution. For this, pigs were fed a conventional diet (C0) or a diet supplemented with 0.01% phytase (C1); organic minerals (40% substitution; C2); synthetic amino acids at reduced dietary crude protein levels (C3); or a combination of the three strategies (C4). All pig manure was weighed, then its chemical composition was determined. The mineral values and volume of manure produced were extrapolated to corresponding pig farm sizes in Sao Paulo state (300, 650, and 1000 sows) from real pig manure levels to produce simulations. To determine the logistical cost of manure distribution, two distribution systems were considered: vacuum tank tractor and vacuum tank truck (4.30 and 15 m³, respectively). The land spread truck system had the highest cost/hour worked due to the higher fuel consumption. However, this cost might be different over greater distances. Manure production, as well as the nutrient levels of N, P, and K, were lower for swine fed diets supplemented with nutritional technologies. Therefore, the different nutritional technologies reduced the transportation and distribution cost of pig manure by reducing the area and, consequently, the distances that need to be traveled for distribution. However, from an agronomic point of view (i.e., to meet a crop fertilization demand per hectare), manure from pigs fed diets supplemented with nutritional technologies had a higher application rate on land.(AU)

Selenomethionine as a dietary supplement for laying hens: Impacts on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in fresh and stored eggs.

The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementing the diets of laying hens with selenomethionine (SM, 1% selenium) improves performance and egg quality. We supplemented diets with SM as follows: T0 control (without SM); T5, T10, T15, and T20 were supplemented with 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg of SM/kg of feed, respectively (equal to 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg selenium/kg of feed). T5 and T10 hens showed better feed conversion per kg of egg, percentage of laying, higher daily feed intake, and higher average egg weight. The eggs of hens supplemented with SM had lower levels of lipoperoxidation (LPO) in fresh (T15 and T20) and stored eggs (T20). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as total antioxidant capacity were greater in egg yolks after storage (T10; T15; T20 compared to T0). Hens supplemented with SM had elevated GPx and SOD activities and decreased oxidative reactions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Selenium has several nutraceutical properties, with beneficial effects on the health of the animal and the food produced from them (eggs, in this case). Selenomethionine supplementation in the diet of laying hens improves productive efficiency, stimulates the antioxidant system and reduces lipid peroxidation in the egg yolk. Egg-laying hens that received selenomethionine showed minimized lipid peroxidation in stored eggs, possibly improving shelf life of the eggs.

Biodisponibilidad de minerales que lados y no que lados: una revisión sistemática / Bioavailability of chelated and non-chelated minerals: a systematic review

RESUMEN Los minerales son elementos esenciales para la vida y su equilibrio es imprescindible para múltiples procesos fisiológicos, bioquímicos y metabólicos. La forma en que son ingeridos determina su funcionalidad. Se sugiere que los minerales quelados tienen mejor biodisponibilidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática para verificar si los minerales quelados (MQ) son más biodisponibles que los no quelados (MNQ). Se revisaron publicaciones en el período entre 2007 y 2017 en las bases de datos Pubmed, Lilacs y Cochrane Library en los idiomas portugués e inglés, y con las palabras clave: "mineral chelates", "micronutrient chelate", "bioavailability micronutrient chelate", organic mineral, "iron chelate", "zinc chelate", "magnesium chelate", "copper chelate" y "chelate" y sus respectivas traducciones en portugués (idioma original de este artículo). Se seleccionaron 446 artículos, quedando 24 trabajos pendientes de aplicación de criterios de inclusión/exclusión, siendo 15 de ellos en animales (manganeso, zinc, cobre, hierro, cromo, cobalto y selenio) y 9 en humanos, sólo con hierro y calcio. Los estudios demostraron mayor absorción, transporte y biodisponibilidad para los MQ en comparación con los MNQ. Sin embargo, serían necesarios más estudios en humanos, abordando la biodisponibilidad de otros minerales, así como la estandarización de las dosificaciones de estos micronutrientes.

ABSTRACT Minerals are essential elements for life and their balance is important for multiple physiological, biochemical and metabolic processes. The way they are ingested determines their functionality. It has been suggested that chelated minerals have better bioavailability. The objective of this work was to perform a systematic review of published articles to verify if chelated minerals are more bioavailable than non-chelated minerals. Publications were reviewed in the period between 2007 and 2017 in Pubmed, Lilacs and Cochrane Library databases in Portuguese and English with the keywords: "mineral chelates", "micronutrient chelate", "bioavailability micronutrient chelate", organic mineral, "iron chelate", "zinc chelate", "magnesium chelate", "copper chelate" and "chelate" and their respective translations in Portuguese (the original language of this article). 446 articles were selected and 24 papers were left after the application of inclusion / exclusion criteria. Of these, 15 were in animals (manganese, zinc, copper, iron, chromium, cobalt and selenium) and 9 in humans, and focused on iron and calcium. The studies showed greater absorption, transport and bioavailability for chelated compared to non-chelated minerals. More human studies, however, are necessary to address the bioavailability of other minerals, as well as the standardization of the dosajes of these micronutrients.

Organic selenium supplementation is cost-effective for increasing the number of seminal doses produced by sexually mature boars

The present experiment was carried out to evaluate the economic viability of supplementing boar diets with organic selenium aiming to increase the number of seminal doses of sexually mature boars. Twelve boars were divided into three groups: control group received 0.3 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), inorganic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), and organic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from Sel-PlexTM (Alltech, Inc., n = 4). The experiment was conducted within 10 weeks and analysis was performed fortnightly. No interaction was observed between treatments and weeks for any of the variables analyzed. Boars fed diet supplemented with 0.5 mg kg−1 of organic selenium exhibited a 23% increase in the seminal doses, which resulted in a 37% reduction in the cost of diet per dose produced by boars in this group compared with boars in the inorganic group. It should be pointed out that the total revenue produced by the organic group was 26% higher than the inorganic group. The feeding of organic Se increases the number of seminal doses and reduces the average cost of the diet, demonstrating to be cost-effective.(AU)

Chelated minerals and two limestone particle sizes on production of layers in the second laying cycle / Minerais quelatados e duas granulometrias de calcário sobre a produção de poedeiras em segundo ciclo produtivo

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the performance, egg quality, and bone quality of commercial white-egg layer hens in the second production cycle fed diets containing organic and inorganic minerals and two limestone particle sizes. A total of 215 birds with an average weight of 1.527 ± 0.092 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (two mineral sources and two limestone particle sizes) with six replicates. The following four treatments were tested: T1 = inorganic minerals + 100% fine limestone; T2 = inorganic minerals + 50% fine limestone + 50% coarse limestone; T3 = organic minerals + 100% fine limestone; and T4 = organic minerals+ 50% fine limestone + 50% coarse limestone. No significant interaction occurred between the studied factors for any variable. Egg production, egg mass, bone resistance and bone deformity were higher with organic supplementation. Eggshell weight, percentage of eggshell, and specific gravity were higher in the treatments with the fine+coarse limestone association. In conclusion, organic mineral supplementation improves the performance based on egg production and egg mass. The association between fine and larger-sized limestone improves the external quality of eggs. The use of organic minerals improves the bone quality of birds in the second production cycle.(AU)

Neste experimento objetivou-se de avaliar o desempenho, qualidade dos ovos e qualidade óssea das poedeiras comerciais leves em 2° ciclo de produção, submetidas às dietas contendo minerais orgânicos e inorgânicos e duas granulometrias do calcário. Foram utilizadas 216 aves, com peso médio de 1,527 ± 0,092 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 2 × 2 (duas fontes de minerais e duas granulometrias do calcário), com seis repetições. Foram empregados quatro tratamentos a seguir: T1 = minerais inorgânicos + 100% de calcário fino; T2 = minerais inorgânicos + 50% de calcário fino + 50% de calcário grosso; T3 = minerais orgânicos + 100% de calcário fino e T4 = minerais orgânicos + 50% de calcário fino + 50 % de calcário grosso. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores estudados para nenhuma variável. A produção de ovos, massa de ovo, resistência e deformidade óssea foram melhores com a suplementação orgânica. O peso da casca, percentagem da casca e a gravidade específica foram melhores nos tratamentos com a associação do calcário fino + grosso. Concluiu-se que suplementação mineral orgânica melhora o desempenho com base na produção de ovos e massa dos ovos. A utilização da associação do calcário fino com o de maior granulometria melhora a qualidade externa dos ovos. A utilização de minerais orgânicos melhora a qualidade óssea das aves, em 2° ciclo produtivo.(AU)

Chelated minerals and two limestone particle sizes on production of layers in the second laying cycle / Minerais quelatados e duas granulometrias de calcário sobre a produção de poedeiras em segundo ciclo produtivo

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the performance, egg quality, and bone quality of commercial white-egg layer hens in the second production cycle fed diets containing organic and inorganic minerals and two limestone particle sizes. A total of 215 birds with an average weight of 1.527 ± 0.092 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (two mineral sources and two limestone particle sizes) with six replicates. The following four treatments were tested: T1 = inorganic minerals + 100% fine limestone; T2 = inorganic minerals + 50% fine limestone + 50% coarse limestone; T3 = organic minerals + 100% fine limestone; and T4 = organic minerals+ 50% fine limestone + 50% coarse limestone. No significant interaction occurred between the studied factors for any variable. Egg production, egg mass, bone resistance and bone deformity were higher with organic supplementation. Eggshell weight, percentage of eggshell, and specific gravity were higher in the treatments with the fine+coarse limestone association. In conclusion, organic mineral supplementation improves the performance based on egg production and egg mass. The association between fine and larger-sized limestone improves the external quality of eggs. The use of organic minerals improves the bone quality of birds in the second production cycle.

Neste experimento objetivou-se de avaliar o desempenho, qualidade dos ovos e qualidade óssea das poedeiras comerciais leves em 2° ciclo de produção, submetidas às dietas contendo minerais orgânicos e inorgânicos e duas granulometrias do calcário. Foram utilizadas 216 aves, com peso médio de 1,527 ± 0,092 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 2 × 2 (duas fontes de minerais e duas granulometrias do calcário), com seis repetições. Foram empregados quatro tratamentos a seguir: T1 = minerais inorgânicos + 100% de calcário fino; T2 = minerais inorgânicos + 50% de calcário fino + 50% de calcário grosso; T3 = minerais orgânicos + 100% de calcário fino e T4 = minerais orgânicos + 50% de calcário fino + 50 % de calcário grosso. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores estudados para nenhuma variável. A produção de ovos, massa de ovo, resistência e deformidade óssea foram melhores com a suplementação orgânica. O peso da casca, percentagem da casca e a gravidade específica foram melhores nos tratamentos com a associação do calcário fino + grosso. Concluiu-se que suplementação mineral orgânica melhora o desempenho com base na produção de ovos e massa dos ovos. A utilização da associação do calcário fino com o de maior granulometria melhora a qualidade externa dos ovos. A utilização de minerais orgânicos melhora a qualidade óssea das aves, em 2° ciclo produtivo.

Efeito de produtos alternativos no desempenho agronômico de tomate rasteiro / Effect of alternative products agronomic performance of industrial tomato

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de fertilizantes e compostos com possível ação fitossanitária no desempenho agronômico de cultivares de tomate rasteiro cultivado com adubação organomineral. O experimento foi realizado no período de maio a outubro de 2011, na Fazenda Água Limpa-UnB Utilizou- se o delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 8 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram oito fertilizantes e compostos indutores de resistência (químico, Agri Sil®, Hortiplus®, Megafol®, Biofertilizante, Bion®, gesso agrícola e água) e duas cultivares de tomate rasteiro (IPA6 e AP533). Cada parcela foi constituída de 16 plantas, totalizando 1.024 plantas. Exceto o tratamento químico todos os demais tratamentos são permitidos na agricultura orgânica, o que pode vir a contribuir com estudos posteriores nessa linha. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada com pulverizador costal, semanalmente num total de 10 aplicações. Ao final do ciclo da cultura foi obtida a produtividade estimada, massa fresca dos frutos por planta e por parcela, número de frutos por parcela e número de frutos com podridão apical por parcela. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância. Houve interação entre os fatores avaliados para a característica de massa fresca dos frutos por parcela e número de frutos com podridão apical. Em ambas cultivares todos os tratamentos apresentou um desempenho satisfatório quanto à produtividade estimada, massa fresca de frutos por planta e número de frutos por parcela. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os produtos testados possuem indícios de eficiência quanto a utilização em lavouras comerciais com a finalidade de garantir a produtividade e reduzir e\ou substituir parcialmente o uso de defensivos agrícolas, entretanto, estudos posteriores são necessários para que se possa confirmar a eficiência desses produtos no desempenho agronômico do tomateiro.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of compounds and fertilizers with action possible phytosanitary in Agronomic performance of industrial tomato. The experiment was conducted from May to October 2011, in Fazenda Água Limpa-UnB, the delineation used was randomized blocks in 8 x 2 factorial arrangement with four replications. The factors assessed were eight fertilizers and resistance-inducing compounds (chemical, Agri Sil ®, Megafol ®, Hortiplus ®, Biofertilizer, Bion ®, agricultural gypsum and water) and two industrial tomato cultivars (IP6 and AP533). Each installment was composed of 16 plants, with a total of 1,024 plants. Except the chemical treatment all other treatments are allowed in organic farming, which may contribute to later studies in this line. The application of the treatments was held with costal sprayer, weekly a total of 10 applications. At the end of the cycle of culture was obtained estimated productivity, fresh fruits per plant and per plot, number of fruits and blossom-end-rot fruit number per plot. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of averages by Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. There was interaction between the factors evaluated for the characteristic of fresh fruit per plot and number of fruit with apical rot. In both varieties all treatments presented a satisfactory performance on the estimated productivity, fresh fruits per plant and number of fruits per plot. According to the results obtained, the tested products have indications of efficiency for use in commercial crops to ensure productivity and reduce e\ou partially replace the use of pesticides, however, further studies are needed to confirm the efficiency of these products on the agronomic performance of tomato plants.

Suplementação energético-proteica-mineral no desenvolvimento corporal e no comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês em pastejo durante a época da seca / Energy-protein supplementation and mineral body development and ingestive behavior of crossbed Holstein x Gir heifers grazing in dry season

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (minerais x níveis) com cinco repetições por tratamento. As novilhas permaneceram em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejadas em sistema intermitente e, como tratamento, utilizou-se suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos e dois níveis de fornecimento (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal). O desenvolvimento corporal das novilhas que receberam suplemento, nos dois níveis, com fontes de minerais inorgânicos não diferiu daquelas que receberam fontes de minerais orgânicos. No entanto, as novilhas suplementadas com 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal apresentaram maior ganho médio diário (0,476 kg/animal) em comparação àquelas suplementadas com 2,5 g/kg do peso corporal (0,368 kg/animal). O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos. (AU)

The objective was to evaluate the effect of two levels of supplementation with sources of inorganic and organic minerals in the dry season on growth and ingestive behavior of crossbred Gir x Holstein, with an average of 19.4 ± 1.94 months and 307.75 ± 25.0 kg body weight , allotted to an completely randomized design with scheme factorial 2 x 2 (mineral x levels) with five replicates per treatment. The heifers remained on Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu managed in a rotational grazing system, and treatments were supplementation sources of inorganic and organic minerals and two levels of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg of body weight. The growth of heifers that received supplement in two levels with sources of inorganic minerals did not differ (P>0.05) from those that received sources of organic minerals. However, the heifers receiving 5.0 g/kg of body weight had higher average daily gain (0.476 kg/animal) compared with those receiving 2.5 g/kg of body weight (0.368 kg/animal). The performance of dairy heifers rearing pasture was similar when supplemented with organic or inorganic mineral sources. (AU)

Suplementação energético-proteica-mineral no desenvolvimento corporal e no comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês em pastejo durante a época da seca / Energy-protein supplementation and mineral body development and ingestive behavior of crossbed Holstein x Gir heifer’s grazing in dry season

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (minerais x níveis) com cinco repetições por tratamento. As novilhas permaneceram em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejadas em sistema intermitente e, como tratamento, utilizou-se suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos e dois níveis de fornecimento (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal). O desenvolvimento corporal das novilhas que receberam suplemento, nos dois níveis, com fontes de minerais inorgânicos não diferiu daquelas que receberam fontes de minerais orgânicos. No entanto, as novilhas suplementadas com 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal apresentaram maior ganho médio diário (0,476 kg/animal) em comparação àquelas suplementadas com 2,5 g/kg do peso corporal (0,368 kg/animal). O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of two levels of supplementation with sources of inorganic and organic minerals in the dry season on growth and ingestive behavior of crossbred Gir x Holstein, with an average of 19.4 ± 1.94 months and 307.75 ± 25.0 kg body weight , allotted to an completely randomized design with scheme factorial 2 x 2 (mineral x levels) with five replicates per treatment. The heifers remained on Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu managed in a rotational grazing system, and treatments were supplementation sources of inorganic and organic minerals and two levels of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg of body weight. The growth of heifers that received supplement in two levels with sources of inorganic minerals did not differ (P>0.05) from those that received sources of organic minerals. However, the heifers receiving 5.0 g/kg of body weight had higher average daily gain (0.476 kg/animal) compared with those receiving 2.5 g/kg of body weight (0.368 kg/animal). The performance of dairy heifers rearing pasture was similar when supplemented with organic or inorganic mineral sources.

Dry matter production of perennial pasture Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) under different doses of fertilization / Produção de matéria seca de pastagem perene de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) submetida a diferentes doses de adubação

Dairy farming is an activity that provides the small rural farmer the opportunity to earn income in small areas of land. The perennial pastures represent a source for a cheap and nutritious diet for the animals. The correct management of perennial pastures can be the key to sustainability in the dairy business, resulting in the preservation or recovery of the balance of a pasture system, starting with the pursuit of production with low costs and good pasture production per unit area. The correct choice of fertilizer is of great importance to ensure the continuous production of pasture both in quantity and in quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter production of perennial pasture consisting of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) under different nutrient sources on a typical dystrophic Red Latosol, presents in a region where the climate is characterized as humid-mesothermic with a hot summer, Cfa according to Köppen, with an average annual rainfall of 2039 mm, well distributed throughout the year and average annual temperatures around 18 º C, varying monthly from 14.1 to 23 º C. The treatments consisted of three nutrient sources: 1) organic manure, a base of chicken bedding (average values of reference NPK (02/03/02), 2) organic manure + mineral - organic mineral, with application of 606 kg ha-1 (04/10/10) Formula, aiming to adjust the same amounts of NPK supplied by mi

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Dry matter production of perennial pasture Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) under different doses of fertilization / Produção de matéria seca de pastagem perene de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) submetida a diferentes doses de adubação

Dairy farming is an activity that provides the small rural farmer the opportunity to earn income in small areas of land. The perennial pastures represent a source for a cheap and nutritious diet for the animals. The correct management of perennial pastures can be the key to sustainability in the dairy business, resulting in the preservation or recovery of the balance of a pasture system, starting with the pursuit of production with low costs and good pasture production per unit area. The correct choice of fertilizer is of great importance to ensure the continuous production of pasture both in quantity and in quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter production of perennial pasture consisting of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) under different nutrient sources on a typical dystrophic Red Latosol, presents in a region where the climate is characterized as humid-mesothermic with a hot summer, Cfa according to Köppen, with an average annual rainfall of 2039 mm, well distributed throughout the year and average annual temperatures around 18 º C, varying monthly from 14.1 to 23 º C. The treatments consisted of three nutrient sources: 1) organic manure, a base of chicken bedding (average values of reference NPK (02/03/02), 2) organic manure + mineral - organic mineral, with application of 606 kg ha-1 (04/10/10) Formula, aiming to adjust the same amounts of NPK supplied by mi

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Suplementação da dieta de codornas com minerais nas formas orgânicas sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos / Supplementation in quail diet with organic minerals on performance and egg quality

Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de minerais na forma orgânica na dieta de codornas japonesas na fase de postura sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos das aves. Os níveis de minerais utilizados por kg de ração, para cada experimento, foram: controle, 0,35, 0,70 e 1,05mg de Se orgânico (experimento 1); controle, 50, 100 e 150mg de Zn orgânico (experimento 2) e controle, 60, 120 e 180mg de Mn orgânico (experimento 3). As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, sendo oito aves por parcela e seis repetições por tratamento. Foram avaliadas as características de desempenho - consumo diário de ração, peso dos ovos, porcentagem de postura, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos e viabilidade - e qualidade dos ovos - unidade Haugh, índice gema, porcentagens de casca, albúmen e gema, espessura de casca e gravidade específica. O Zn orgânico suplementado à dieta melhorou o desempenho das aves e a qualidade dos ovos, o Mn orgânico melhorou a qualidade da casca e reduziu o peso dos ovos e o Se não apresentou efeitos sobre as características avaliadas.(AU)

Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of minerals in organic form in diet supplementation in Japanese quails performance. The levels of minerals used per kg of diet for each experiment were: Experiment 1: control, 0.35; 0.70 and 1.05mg organic; Experiment 2: control, 50; 100 and 150mg organic Zn; and Experiment 3: control, 60; 120 and 180mg organic Mn. The birds were randomly allotted in treatments with eight birds per experimental unit and six replicates per treatment. Performance traits of the quails estimated by daily feed intake, egg weight, egg production, feed conversion by egg mass and per dozen eggs and viability, and egg quality measured by Haugh unit, yolk index, shell, albumen and yolk percentage, shell thickness and specific gravity were evaluated. The organic Zn diet supplementation improved bird performance and egg quality, the organic Mn diet improved eggshell quality and reduced egg weight, and the Se diet did not affect the evaluated characteristics.(AU)

Suplementação da dieta de codornas com minerais nas formas orgânicas sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos / Supplementation in quail diet with organic minerals on performance and egg quality

Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de minerais na forma orgânica na dieta de codornas japonesas na fase de postura sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos das aves. Os níveis de minerais utilizados por kg de ração, para cada experimento, foram: controle, 0,35, 0,70 e 1,05mg de Se orgânico (experimento 1); controle, 50, 100 e 150mg de Zn orgânico (experimento 2) e controle, 60, 120 e 180mg de Mn orgânico (experimento 3). As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, sendo oito aves por parcela e seis repetições por tratamento. Foram avaliadas as características de desempenho - consumo diário de ração, peso dos ovos, porcentagem de postura, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos e viabilidade - e qualidade dos ovos - unidade Haugh, índice gema, porcentagens de casca, albúmen e gema, espessura de casca e gravidade específica. O Zn orgânico suplementado à dieta melhorou o desempenho das aves e a qualidade dos ovos, o Mn orgânico melhorou a qualidade da casca e reduziu o peso dos ovos e o Se não apresentou efeitos sobre as características avaliadas.

Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of minerals in organic form in diet supplementation in Japanese quails performance. The levels of minerals used per kg of diet for each experiment were: Experiment 1: control, 0.35; 0.70 and 1.05mg organic; Experiment 2: control, 50; 100 and 150mg organic Zn; and Experiment 3: control, 60; 120 and 180mg organic Mn. The birds were randomly allotted in treatments with eight birds per experimental unit and six replicates per treatment. Performance traits of the quails estimated by daily feed intake, egg weight, egg production, feed conversion by egg mass and per dozen eggs and viability, and egg quality measured by Haugh unit, yolk index, shell, albumen and yolk percentage, shell thickness and specific gravity were evaluated. The organic Zn diet supplementation improved bird performance and egg quality, the organic Mn diet improved eggshell quality and reduced egg weight, and the Se diet did not affect the evaluated characteristics.

Níveis de cromo orgânico em rações para frangos de corte mantidos sob estresse por calor no período de um a 42 dias de idade / Levels of dietary chromiumin rations for male broilers kept under heat stress from one to 42 days of age

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de cromo sobre o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes de frangos, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, no período de um a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, 0, 350, 700, 1.050 e 1.400ppb de cromo na ração, oito repetições e 10 aves por repetição. Nos períodos de um a 21 e de um a 42 dias de idade, não houve influência dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar das aves, mas observou-se que o consumo de cromo aumentou de forma linear. Os tratamentos não influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo de nenhum dos cortes, peito, coxa e sobrecoxa, avaliados aos 42 dias de idade. A suplementação de até 1.400ppb de cromo na ração não influenciou o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes nobres de frangos de corte mantidos em estresse por calor, no período de um a 42 dias de idade.(AU)

The effect of dietary organic chromium supplementation on the performance and yield of prime cuts of male broilers from one to 42 days of age reared under high environmental temperature was evaluated. Four-hundred Cobb male broilers, averaging 38±0.14g were distributed in a simple sample random design with five treatments (0; 350; 700; 1,050; and 1,400ppb of chromium in ration), eight replicates, and ten birds per replicates. In periods from one to 21 and from one to 42 days of age, the treatments did not influence the weight gain, the food intake, and the feed:gain ratio of the birds. However, the chromium intake increased in a linear way. No effect of both absolute and relative weights of all evaluated cuts (breast, thigh, and drumstick) was observed. The dietary chromium supplementation up to 1,400ppb did not influence the performance and the carcass traits of the male broilers kept under heat stress from one to 42 days of age.(AU)

Níveis de cromo orgânico em rações para frangos de corte mantidos sob estresse por calor no período de um a 42 dias de idade / Levels of dietary chromiumin rations for male broilers kept under heat stress from one to 42 days of age

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de cromo sobre o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes de frangos, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, no período de um a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, 0, 350, 700, 1.050 e 1.400ppb de cromo na ração, oito repetições e 10 aves por repetição. Nos períodos de um a 21 e de um a 42 dias de idade, não houve influência dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar das aves, mas observou-se que o consumo de cromo aumentou de forma linear. Os tratamentos não influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo de nenhum dos cortes, peito, coxa e sobrecoxa, avaliados aos 42 dias de idade. A suplementação de até 1.400ppb de cromo na ração não influenciou o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes nobres de frangos de corte mantidos em estresse por calor, no período de um a 42 dias de idade.

The effect of dietary organic chromium supplementation on the performance and yield of prime cuts of male broilers from one to 42 days of age reared under high environmental temperature was evaluated. Four-hundred Cobb male broilers, averaging 38±0.14g were distributed in a simple sample random design with five treatments (0; 350; 700; 1,050; and 1,400ppb of chromium in ration), eight replicates, and ten birds per replicates. In periods from one to 21 and from one to 42 days of age, the treatments did not influence the weight gain, the food intake, and the feed:gain ratio of the birds. However, the chromium intake increased in a linear way. No effect of both absolute and relative weights of all evaluated cuts (breast, thigh, and drumstick) was observed. The dietary chromium supplementation up to 1,400ppb did not influence the performance and the carcass traits of the male broilers kept under heat stress from one to 42 days of age.

Chelated minerals for poultry

Organic minerals have been subject of an increasing number of investigations recently. These compounds can be considered the most significant event regarding commercial forms of minerals targeting animal supplementation in the last decades. Minerals, especially metals, are usually supplemented in poultry feeds using cheap saline sources and have never required a lot of attention in terms of quality. On the other hand, definitions of organic minerals are very broad and frequently lead to confusion when decision-making becomes necessary. Organic minerals include any mineral bound to organic compounds, regardless of the type of existing bond between mineral and organic molecules. Proteins and carbohydrates are the most frequent candidates in organic mineral combinations. Organic fraction size and bond type are not limitations in organic mineral definition; however, essential metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn) can form coordinated bonds, which are stable in intestinal lumen. Metals bound to organic ligands by coordinated bonds can dissociate within animal metabolism whereas real covalent bonds cannot. Chelated minerals are molecules that have a metal bound to an organic ligand through coordinated bonds; but many organic minerals are not chelates or are not even bound through coordinated bonds. Utilization of organic minerals is largely dependent on the ligand; therefore, amino acids and other small molecules with facilitated access to the enterocyte are supposed to be better utilized by animals. Organic minerals with ligands presenting long chains may require digestion prior to absorption. After absorption, organic minerals may present physiological effects, which improve specific metabolic responses, such as the immune response. Many studies have demonstrated the benefits of metal-amino acid chelates on animal metabolism, but the detection positive effects on live performance is less consistent.

Chelated minerals for poultry

Organic minerals have been subject of an increasing number of investigations recently. These compounds can be considered the most significant event regarding commercial forms of minerals targeting animal supplementation in the last decades. Minerals, especially metals, are usually supplemented in poultry feeds using cheap saline sources and have never required a lot of attention in terms of quality. On the other hand, definitions of organic minerals are very broad and frequently lead to confusion when decision-making becomes necessary. Organic minerals include any mineral bound to organic compounds, regardless of the type of existing bond between mineral and organic molecules. Proteins and carbohydrates are the most frequent candidates in organic mineral combinations. Organic fraction size and bond type are not limitations in organic mineral definition; however, essential metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn) can form coordinated bonds, which are stable in intestinal lumen. Metals bound to organic ligands by coordinated bonds can dissociate within animal metabolism whereas real covalent bonds cannot. Chelated minerals are molecules that have a metal bound to an organic ligand through coordinated bonds; but many organic minerals are not chelates or are not even bound through coordinated bonds. Utilization of organic minerals is largely dependent on the ligand; therefore, amino acids and other small molecules with facilitated access to the enterocyte are supposed to be better utilized by animals. Organic minerals with ligands presenting long chains may require digestion prior to absorption. After absorption, organic minerals may present physiological effects, which improve specific metabolic responses, such as the immune response. Many studies have demonstrated the benefits of metal-amino acid chelates on animal metabolism, but the detection positive effects on live performance is less consistent.

Características agronômicas produtivas, qualidade e custo de produção de forragem em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam) fertilizada com dois tipos de adubo

One experiment was conducted, with the purpose to evaluate the production, quality and the production cost of forage of ryegrass, in continuous grazing, fertilized with two types of fertilizer: Organic-mineral (FOM) and chemical (FC) applied as top dressing. The pasture was implanted in 04/24/1999, with top-seeding, and the level of fertilizer was300kg ha-1 of FOM formula 06-08-08 or FC formula 10-18-20. No significant interaction between fertilizer and evaluation period was observed for the variables studied. The fertilizer sources did not affect the percentage of dry matter (DM) in the residue (22.6 vs 22.2%), the accumulation rate of dry matter (72.3 vs 63.2kg ha-1 of DM), the total forage production (7518 vs 6801 kg ha-1 of DM), the percentage of crude protein (12.8 vs 12.7%), the neutral detergent fiber (57.4 vs 57.4%) and acid detergent fiber (31.0 vs 32.3%), for FOM and FC, respectively. The total cost of the pasture was of 225.90 and 253.50 R$ ha-1, where the fertilizer represented 37.6 and 44.4%, respectively, for FOM and FC. The production cost of the pasture DM was 0.030 and 0.037 R$ kg-1, for FOM and FC, respectively.

Um experimento foi conduzido, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento produtivo e qualitativo, bem como, o custo de produção de forragem da pastagem de azevém comum, em pastejo contínuo, fertilizada com dois tipos de adubos: Organo-mineral (AOM) e Químico (AQ). O estabelecimento da pastagem foi em 24/04/1999, com semeadura a lanço e o nível de adubação, em cobertura, foi de 300kg ha-1 do AOM na fórmula 06-08-08 ou do AQ na fórmula 10-18-20. Não houve interação significativa entre os fertilizantes e período de avaliação para as variáveis estudadas. A fonte de nutrientes, para os valores médios, não afetou significativamente o teor de matéria seca (MS) no resíduo (22,6 vs 22,2%), a taxa de acumulação diária (72,3 vs 63,3kg ha-1 de MS), a produção total de forragem (7.518 vs 6.801kg ha-1 de MS), o teor de proteína bruta (12,8 vs 12,7%), a fibra em detergente neutro (57,4 vs 57,4%) e a fibra em detergente ácido (31,0 vs 32,3%), respectivamente, para o AOM e AQ. O custo total da pastagem foi de 225,90 e 253,50 R$ ha-1, e a fonte de nutrientes representou 37,6 e 44,4%, respectivamente, para o AOM e AQ. Para o custo de forragem produzida, os valores foram de 0,030 e 0,037 R$ kg-1 de MS para a pastagem fertilizada com AOM e AQ, respectivamente.