Effect of Phosphogypsum Based Filler on the Performance of Asphalt Mortar and Mixture.

This study introduced phosphogypsum coupled with steel slag powder to prepare the phosphogypsum based filler (PF) for asphalt mixture. Penetration, penetration index, softening point, ductility, equivalent softening point, moisture stability of asphalt mortars with different steel slag powder content, filler-asphalt ratio, and PF content were studied. Mechanical properties of PF based asphalt mortar (P-AM) were then analyzed to determine the optimum steel slag content in PF. Overall desirability method was used to determine the optimum replacement ratio of PF content in limestone filler. Rheological properties of P-AM were also analyzed through dynamic shear rheometer. Volumetric performance, high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance, and moisture stability tests were carried out on PF based AC-20 asphalt mixture. Results showed that P-AM presented the optimum performance when the content of steel slag powder was 23% by mass of phosphogypsum. Fatigue and rutting factor of asphalt mortar were enhanced by PF. The optimum PF content in replacing limestone filler was 75% through overall desirability evaluation. PF developed the high-temperature performance and moisture stability of asphalt mixture. Additionally, volumetric and low-temperature performance were not significantly affected by PF. It is suggested that using PF which is based on phosphogypsum as a filler of asphalt mixture to partially replace traditional limestone filler was adequate.

Doehlert design in the optimization of ultrasound assisted dissolution of fish fillet samples with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide for metals determination using FAAS.

Doehlert design and desirability function were used in the optimization of an ultrasound assisted dissolution method of fish fillet samples with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) for the determination of Ca, Fe, Zn and Mg by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The variables values after optimization were 620 µL (volume of TMAH), 25 min (sonication time) and 46 °C (bath temperature). The quantification limits for Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were 56, 107, 23 and 2.9 µg g-1, respectively. Accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results generated from the analysis of the samples treated by the proposed method and by wet digestion. Additionally, accuracy for Fe and Zn was assessed by the analysis of certified reference materials Tort-3 (Lobster hepatopancreas), ERM-CE 278 (mussel tissue) and Dolt-4 (Fish liver). There were no significant differences between the results obtained at a 95% confidence level when results were evaluated by t-test application.

Optimization of Formulation of Co-loaded Docetaxel and Gambogic Acid Albumin Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Quality / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: The formulation of co-loaded docetaxel(DTX) and gambogic acid(GA) albumin nanoparticles(DTX-GA-BSA NPs) was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology to prepare DTX-GA-BSA NPs, and its quality was evaluated. The optimal synergistic ratio of DTX and GA was screened by coefficient of drug interaction(CDI). Method: NabTM method was used to prepare DTX-GA-BSA NPs with bovine serum albumin(BSA) as the carrier material. Design-Expert 8.0.6 software was used to design the experiment and process the data, overall desirability(OD) of particle size and polydispersity index(PDI), encapsulation rate were taken as indexes. The particle size and Zeta potential of the nanoparticles were measured. Individual and synergistic inhibitory effects of DTX and GA on the proliferation of MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells were determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay, respectively. Result: The optimum prescription of DTX-GA-BSA NPs was as follows:BSA concentration of 5 g·L-1, water-oil phase volume ratio of 1:17, drug-loading ratio(mass ration of drug to carrier) of 1:10.The average particle size of DTX-GA-BSA NPs was 135.8 nm and PDI was 0.09, Zeta potential was -21.4 mV. The deviation between the predicted value and the observed value of the model was small, the model had good predictability. For MGC-803 cell, when the concentrations of DTX and GA were 0.004, 0.12 μmol·L-1, respectively(mass ratio of DTX to GA was 1:23), the CDI value was the smallest and the synergistic proliferation inhibition was the most significant. For HGC-27 cell, when the concentrations of DTX and GA were 0.004, 1 μmol·L-1, respectively(mass ratio of DTX to GA was 1:195), the synergistic proliferation inhibition was the most significant. Conclusion: The optimized formulation of DTX-GA-BSA NPs is stable and reliable. The established mathematical model has good predictive ability and practicability. DTX combined with GA has synergistic effect on MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells without concentration dependence.

Investigation of Decoction Process of Digda-4 Decoction / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To optimize the decoction process of Digda-4 decoction(DGD-4D), and provide reference for the standardization study of decoction of Mongolian medicine decoction. Method:Taking DGD-4D as model drug, different decoction methods of Mongolian medicine were compared, HPLC was used to determine contents of aesculetin, geniposide, picroside Ⅰ and picroside Ⅱ.On the basis of single factor tests, central composite design-response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the decoction process of DGD-4D with transfer rates of 4 components and dry extract rate as indexes, regression model fitting was carried out by Design-Expert 8.0.6 software, prediction model of process parameters was established, and the optimal process was verified. Result:The optimal decoction condition of DGD-4D was determined to be adding 40 times the amount of water and decocting for 17 min, decocting once.Transfer rates of aesculetin, geniposide, picroside Ⅰ, picroside Ⅱ and dry extract rate were 70.01%, 94.11%, 61.23%, 92.32%, 32.89%, respectively. Conclusion:The optimum decoction process of DGD-4D is established, it has important reference significance for excavating, sorting, improving the level of Mongolian medicine preparations and ensuring the consistency of their clinical efficacy.

Optimization of integrative technology of primary processing for Fraxini Cortex based on response surface methodology / 中草药

Objective To optimize the processing integration technology of Fraxini Cortex based on response surface methodology. Methods The single factor experiment combined with Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the integrative technology, with five major characteristic components (aesculin, aesculetin, fraxetin, fraxin, and total coumarin) as indexes, in order to detect three factors (cutting thickness, drying temperature, and drying time), and research the effect of analgesic and anti-inflammatory of processing integration Fraxini Cortex. Results Optimum integrative technology of primary processing was as follows: cutting 6 mm Fraxini Cortex, and drying for 3.25 h at 75 ℃. The processing integration Fraxini Cortex significantly decreased the times of wrinkle reaction induced by acetic acid in mice, prolonged the latent period, and obviously or partially inhibited the feet swelling degree induced by carrageenan in rats. The analgesic effect of integrated technology group was more obvious than traditional technology group (P < 0.05). Conclusion This optimized integrative technology of Fraxini Cortex is reasonable and feasible with high accuracy. It could provide the scientific basis and innovative idea to the large-scale production of decoction pieces of Chinese materia medica and have the certain value for its promotion and application.

Extraction optimization for Yinsangju solid beverage by orthogonal design and Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective: To optimize extraction process of Yinsangju solid beverage(YSJ). Methods: The extraction of YSJ was preliminarie optimized through the orthogonal design,and then further optimized by Box-Behnken design-response surface with the overall desirability (OD) of chlorogenic acid and polysaccharide content and yield of extract as evaluation indexes. Results: The optimum extraction of orthogonal design was as follow: 10 times the amount of water,soaked 0.5 h,extracted 2 times,each time 1.5 h. The optimum extraction of Box-Behnken design was 10.82 times the amount of water,soaked 0.51 h,extracted 2 times,each time 1.77 h. Conclusion: The test results show that the Box-Behnken response surface method optimization of extraction process parameters is more precise and more detailed and predictability is good, and the product quality is improved.

Extraction optimization for Yinsangju solid beverage by orthogonal design and Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To optimize extraction process of Yinsangju solid beverage(YSJ). Methods The extraction of YSJ was preliminarie optimized through the orthogonal design,and then further optimized by Box-Behnken design-response surface with the overall desirability(OD)of chlorogenic acid and polysaccharide content and yield of extract as evaluation indexes. Results The op?timum extraction of orthogonal design was as follow:10 times the amount of water,soaked 0.5 h,extracted 2 times,each time 1.5 h. The optimum extraction of Box-Behnken design was 10.82 times the amount of water,soaked 0.51 h,extracted 2 times,each time 1.77 h. Conclusion The test results show that the Box-Behnken response surface method optimization of extraction process parameters is more precise and more detailed and predictability is good,and the product quality is improved.

Dry powder inhalers: physicochemical and aerosolization properties of several size-fractions of a promising alterative carrier, freeze-dried mannitol.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and inhalation characteristics of different size fractions of a promising carrier, i.e., freeze-dried mannitol (FDM). FDM was prepared and sieved into four size fractions. FDMs were then characterized in terms of micromeritic, solid-state and bulk properties. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations were prepared using salbutamol sulphate (SS) and then evaluated in terms of drug content homogeneity and in vitro aerosolization performance. The results showed that the crystalline state of mannitol was maintained following freeze-drying for all size fractions of FDM. All FDM particles showed elongated morphology and contained mixtures of α-, ß- and δ-mannitol. In comparison to small FDM particles, FDMs with larger particle sizes demonstrated narrower size distributions, higher bulk and tap densities, lower porosities and better flowability. Regardless of particle size, all FDMs generated a significantly higher (2.2-2.9-fold increase) fine particle fraction (FPF, 37.5 ± 0.9%-48.6 ± 2.8%) of SS in comparison to commercial mannitol. The FPFs of SS were related to the shape descriptors of FDM particles; however, FPFs did not prove quantitative apparent relationships with either particle size or powder bulk descriptors. Large FDM particles were more favourable than smaller particles because they produced DPI formulations with better flowability, better drug content homogeneity, lower amounts of the drug depositing on the throat and contained lower fine-particle-mannitol. Optimized stable DPI formulations with superior physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties can be achieved using larger particles of freeze-dried mannitol (FDM).

Multi-index test applied in orthogonal design / 医学研究生学报

Objective:To optimize the overall desirability of orthogonal design sith multi index evaluations. Methods:Four multi index evaluations were applied to optimize the overall desirability of an orthogonal design,and their results wer analyzed. Results:According to the optimum conditions,there was no difference among the four multi index evaluations. Conclusion:multi index test can be used to represent the most desirable variables in experimental design.