Comparative analysis of ocular biometry, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dog breeds.

This study compared skull morphology and ocular parameters in brachycephalic (BC, n = 16) and nonbrachycephalic (NB, n = 16) dogs using head CT scans. The results of a Schirmer tear test I (STT I), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular biometry, external structure, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions were evaluated and compared between BC and NB dogs. There were no statistically significant differences in the STT I results, IOP, globe dimensions, globe volume, internal structure, and external structure between BC and NB dogs (P > .05). Brachycephalic dogs exhibited significantly greater ocular protrusion and significantly larger palpebral fissure dimensions compared with NB dogs. For all dogs, we found a strong positive correlation between globe volume and body weight (r = 0.836, P = .0000). The globe volumes, external structure parameters, and ocular protrusion were normalized by body weight and were also significantly larger in BC dogs compared with NB dogs (P < .001). The ocular protrusion (r = 0.521, P < .0000) and horizontal palpebral fissure (r = 0.372, P = .0024) showed a moderate positive correlation with the cephalic index (CI). Additionally, normalized globe volume (r = 0.435, P = .0003), normalized orbital depth (r = 0.419, P = .0005), and normalized retrobulbar depth (r = 0.444, P = .0002) had a moderate positive correlation with the CI. The study emphasizes how the distinctive skull structure of BC dogs, with shortened facial bones and thickened retrobulbar soft tissue, influences their ocular appearance and raises the risk of eye problems.

Schirmer tear test-1 with open or closed eyelids: An evaluation in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs.

PURPOSE: Assess aqueous tear production when measured with the dogs' eyelids open or closed. METHODS: Thirty healthy dogs (15 Shih Tzus, 15 Labrador retrievers) were recruited. With the order of testing randomized for each dog, two sessions (separated by 30 min) of STT-1 testing were performed with the dogs' eyelids closed or open. Schirmer strip wetness (every 10 s for 60 s) and number of time(s) the strip dislodged during testing were recorded in each eye. Preferred STT-1 method was surveyed via a global Listserv of the veterinary ophthalmology community. RESULTS: STT-1 values were significantly higher in closed versus open eyes in Shih Tzus (18.6 ± 2.7 mm/min vs. 16.3 ± 2.5 mm/min; p = .002) and Labrador retrievers (21.6 ± 2.9 mm/min vs. 17.8 ± 3.2 mm/min, p < .001), findings that were also significant at times <60 s for either breed (p ≤ .004). Schirmer strips dislodged from six dogs with open eyelids and no dogs with closed eyelids. Maximal STT-1 difference with closed versus open eyelids was 13 mm/min in Labrador retrievers and 7 mm/min in Shih Tzus. Survey results from 275 veterinarians showed STT-1 performed with "closed eyelids" (38.5%), "open eyelids" (26.9%), or "never paid attention, sometimes closed, sometimes open" (34.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Eyelids status (closed or open) during STT-1 testing had a significant impact on aqueous tear secretion in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs, highlighting the importance of consistency when repeating STT-1 in a canine patient. STT-1 differences are likely due to sustained reflex tearing throughout the test duration when the dogs' eyelids are closed.

Lambda-double-fixation for medial epicanthoplasty in Blepharophimosis - Ptosis - Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome.

PURPOSE: This study aims to describe a novel approach to medial epicanthoplasty in patients with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and evaluate the surgical outcome of this technique. METHODS: A retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series involving 22 BPES patients who underwent medial epicanthoplasty using the Lambda-Double-Fixation technique (LDFT) performed by a single surgeon. Pre- and postoperative measurements of inner intercanthal distance (DIC) and horizontal palpebral fissure (HPFL) were recorded. Concurrent or staged ptosis surgery and lateral cantholysis, along with any complications, were documented. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 2.9 ± 2.2 years. Preoperatively, the mean DIC measured 34.0 ± 2.7 mm, significantly reducing to 23.7 ± 2.1 mm postoperatively (p < 0.001). A notable increase in mean HPFL was observed in both eyes postoperatively: right eye form 18.4 ± 2.4 mm to 23.7 ± 1.8 mm (p < 0.001) and left eye from 18.3 ± 2.4 mm to 23.8 ± 1.9 mm (p < 0.001). Postoperative scars were barely visible in all patients. CONCLUSION: LDFT is a simple and reproducible technique for medial epicanthoplasty in BPES. Our results affirm that LDFT induces a physiologically concave reshaping of the medial canthal region, optimizing access to the peritarsal zone and ensuring a secure fixation of the new canthus. These benefits lead to a reduction in ICD and an increase in HPFL, leading to a cosmetically appealing postoperative outcome.

Measurements of oculo-palpebral landmarks and evaluation of patient's head position.

PURPOSE: Keeping the head in a neutral position is requisite for glasses/lenses/head-up designs, the suitability of oculo-plastic surgery and for the grading the eye shift. Anatomically incompatible glasses are one of the common problems affecting accommodation, reducing comfort and disturbing by causing symptoms such as dizziness and nausea. The oculo-palpebral measurements act as a key determinant in symmetrical facial attractiveness. This study aims to investigate the most effective oculo-palpebral landmarks, head-neutral as the ideal position, taking into account of individual anatomical differences of these patients. METHODS: 100 females and 100 males aged between 18 and 20 years were photographed. Digital photogrammetric measurements were made with the ImageJ program. Interpupillary and interhelical distances, besides bilateral palpebral fissure length and height, and iris diameter were calculated on front-facing photographs. RESULTS: Mean interpupillary distance was measured wider in males than in females. The mean length of palpebral fissure was 31 mm; palpebral fissure height was 10 mm. These figures were valid in both eyes and gender. The interhelical distance was calculated as the mean and was measured longer in men. Since the measurement values were the same in both sexes and on both sides, they were determined as important landmarks for controlling the head-neutral position, evaluating whether there was a deviation in the eye, and measuring the numerical value when detected. CONCLUSION: It is essential to check the side-symmetry of the patient's palpebral fissure height, palpebral fissure length, diameter of iris and corneal depth during oculo-plastic invention and artificial design.

A technique for iris disk positioning on a custom ocular prosthesis.

Various techniques have been described for the rehabilitation of ocular defects with ocular prostheses to restore lost anatomical structures and correct cosmetic defects. This article describes a technique for optimizing the position of an iris disk over a custom-made ocular prosthesis, by using eyeglasses with customized graph paper pattern lenses. It presents a simplified method that will be useful for people with ocular defects in remote and distant service areas with limited resources.

Modified Nishida Procedure Combined with Lateral Rectus Disabling for Duane Retraction Syndrome.

Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a complex congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder. The choice of surgical procedure in esotropic-DRS depends upon several factors that include: the amount of esotropia in the primary position, the presence and severity of palpebral fissure narrowing, globe retraction, presence of medial rectus muscle (MR) contracture, the likelihood of improving abduction, age of the patient, and the presence of binocularity and stereopsis. In the presence of MR contracture, MR recession is performed either alone (unilaterally or bilaterally) or in conjunction with Y splitting plus recession of the lateral rectus muscle (LR) for reducing globe retraction. MR recession, with or without adjustable sutures, may be simultaneously combined with partial thickness vertical rectus muscle transposition (VRT) or with superior rectus muscle transposition (SRT). We describe a novel combination of surgical procedures in the management of esotropic-DRS in two patients. In our first patient, following an initial MR recession combined with LR disinsertion and periosteal fixation (LRDAPF), a modified Nishida procedure was performed. In our second patient following a prior simultaneous MR recession and LR Y splitting with recession, we combined periosteal fixation of the LR with a modified Nishida procedure of the vertical rectus muscles.

THE EFFECT OF PALPEBRAL FISSURE HEIGHT IN PRIMARY GAZE POSITION ON TEAR FILM STABILITY.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of palpebral fissure height in primary gaze position in healthy individuals on tear film stability. In this cross-sectional study, 120 subjects (60 male and female each) were enrolled and divided according to age into two groups, i.e., group 1 (aged 18-50 years) and group 2 (aged 51 and older). Palpebral fissure height on both eyes was measured in primary gaze position with a clear plastic ruler held in a central vertical position between the upper and lower lid margin, and the standard tear break-up time (TBUT) test was performed to evaluate tear film stability. Palpebral fissure height was significantly higher in younger than older subjects in all measurements on both eyes (p<0.001), and TBUT was shorter in older than in younger subjects. In all subjects included in the study, palpebral fissure height was not related to TBUT (p=0.589). However, analyzing the two age groups separately, a significant negative correlation was found between the palpebral fissure height and TBUT in both groups of younger (p<0.001) and older (p=0.009) subjects. In conclusion, an enlarged exposed ocular surface due to higher palpebral fissure height in healthy individual's primary gaze position negatively affects tear film stability expressed by TBUT.

The aspect ratio of the palpebral fissure as a new blepharoptosis parameter.

Although the margin reflex distance (MRD) is widely used to assess blepharoptosis, it has some drawbacks (e.g. inaccuracy in severe ptosis). A new parameter is desired. We digitally analyzed pre- and post-operative photographs of 95 patients with blepharoptosis. We set a rectangle with the vertical sides at the lateral and medial canthus and the horizontal sides at the highest and lowest points of the eyelids. We calculated the percentage of the vertical side (height) to the horizontal side (width) and defined this value as the vertical percentage of the palpebral fissure. The MRD and the vertical percentage values were strongly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.766). In the 77 bilateral cases, both sides showed significant improvement in vertical percentage (from 28.9 to 37.3%, right) and (28.7 to 36.1%, left). In the 18 unilateral cases, the affected side showed significant improvement in vertical percentage (from 29.6 to 38.7%), while the unaffected side showed no change. In the eight patients who underwent re-operation, the revised side's vertical percentage was not improved after the first operation (from 28.0 to 31.3%), and the revision significantly changed the vertical percentage to 39.0%. In the re-operated patients, the difference between the right and left sides decreased significantly from 6.7 to 1.9% post-revision. The aspect ratio of each palpebral fissure (the percentage of height to width) reflected the progression of blepharoptosis and the post-operative changes. The aspect ratio thus has the potential to be a new parameter for blepharoptosis.

The influence of luminous intensity on the eyelid aperture and measurement of the margin reflex distance.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the flashlight feature of smartphones can be used to replace the traditional flashlight for measuring MRD and investigate the relation between increasing light intensities and MRD measurements. METHODS: A prospective clinical study was conducted with 40 individuals from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Outcome measures: MRD1, MRD2, and palpebral fissure height (PFH) were analyzed by photographic record using different intensity light sources. RESULTS: Flashlight (10 lux): MRD1 mean: 3.97 mm ±1.16; PFH mean: 9.87 mm ±1.53; Smartphone (100 lux) MRD1 mean: 4.02 mm ±1.17; and PFH mean: 9.62 mm ± 1.45 (p > .05). Using a dimmable source of light resulted in a mean reduction of the PFH of 0.75 mm with the highest light intensity (1200 lux). There was no statistically significant association between MRD changes and the iris color, age, and gender of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference between the MRD measurements using traditional flashlights compared to higher intensity smartphone flashlight. Using a dimmable source of light, there is a statistically significant reduction in palpebral fissure with higher light intensity, which occurs mostly by upper eyelid lowering, probably due to orbicularis oculi muscle contraction. A smartphone with a built-in flashlight can be used to replace the traditional flashlight in clinical practice without prejudice to the evaluation of the MRD.

The eye of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): Ophthalmic examination findings and diagnostic tests.

OBJECTIVE: To describe ophthalmic examination and diagnostic values for Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal horizontal diameter (CHD), palpebral fissure length (PFL), fundoscopy, and palpebral conjunctiva microbiota from healthy giant anteaters. ANIMALS STUDIED: Twelve giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), 11 adults and one juvenile, five males and seven females. PROCEDURES: The animals were submitted to general anesthesia and ophthalmic evaluation with portable slit-lamp biomicroscope, Finoff transilluminator, and fundoscopy, as well as STT, bacterial culture from palpebral conjunctiva, rebound tonometry IOP, and measurement of PFL and CHD. Data compiled were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS: The results (mean ± standard deviation) were as follows: STT 8.04 ± 6.21 mm/min; IOP 10.92 ± 2.45 mmHg; PFL 0.75 ± 0.11 cm; CHD 0.96 ± 0.10 cm. Out of the 24 eyes swab samples for bacterial culture, 17 were positive, with three genera of Gram-positive bacteria identified Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus sp., and Corynebacterium sp. Gram-negative bacteria were not isolated from any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: As conservation work in this vulnerable species continues, this report on basic ophthalmic examination and diagnostic parameters will be helpful improve their treatment and care. More ophthalmic studies are encouraged in animals within the Pilosa order.

Investigation of morphometric measurement of the eyelid and ocular axial position in Mongolian adults / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

Background@#The shapes of the eye and upper eyelid are distinctive facial landmarks. The palpebral fissure is composed of the free edges of upper and lower eyelids the lateral and medial canthus. Many researchers confirmed that the morphometric characteristics of the palpebral fissure, canthal distance and exophthalmometirc value (EV) vary according to race, ethnicity, age and sex and normative values which may serve as a reference in the index population. Knowledge of normal dimensions, the existence of asymmetry of the palpebral fissure is of value in several clinical specialties including ophthalmology, plastic and reconstructive surgery and traumatology, where it plays a part in the patient evaluation, management and outcomes.@*Methods@#This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Ophthalmological Department, Third State Central Hospital between January 2022 and August 2022. We included participants who are above 18 years, no history of congenital or traumatic craniofacial deformities, any orbital fractures, tumors and surgeries. All measured values that represent eyelid shape and EV were calculated by mean and standard deviation for statistical analysis.@*Results@#A total of 103 participants aged 19-86 were included in the study, of which 44 (42.7%) were male and 59 (57.3%) were female. The distance between the lateral and medial canthus ranged from 20 to 35 mm, and the mean of the right and left side was 28.30+3.23 mm and 28.05+2.99 mm, respectively (p=0.561). The palpebral fissure height ranged from 5 to 13 mm, and the mean of the right and left side was 8.85+1.65 mm and 8.80+1.65 mm, respectively (p=0.816). The mean distance between the lateral canthi were 90.39+5.57 (range: 80-105 mm), whereas the mean distance between the medial canthi were 63.75+4.25 (range: 53-73 mm). The orbital height varied between 27-43 mm (33.73+3.72) and 26-44 mm (33.78+3.73) on the right and left sides, while the orbital width varied between 26-47 mm (36.75+4.53) and 27-45 mm (36.72+4.42) on the right and left sides, respectively. When measuring the exophthalmometric value (EV), the axial position of the eyeball, with the Hertel’s exophthalmometer, it ranged from 8 to 20 mm on both sides (mean value 13.68+3.01 and 13.71+3.00 on the right and left sides, respectively), and there was no statistically significant difference in symmetry (p=0.94).@*Conclusion@#The results are determined different from the findings of Chinese, Korean, Afro-American and Caucasian population based studies. Thus further evaluation is required to represent the normative value of Mongolian index population, that is highly beneficial for clinical assessment, diagnosis and management.

Experience of Two Different Techniques of Medial Epicanthoplasty with Four-Point Homologous Design: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Various methods have been introduced to eliminate the epicanthus; however, there are no clear guidelines to determine the optimal technique for epicanthus. We aimed to investigate the clinical effect of modified Z-plasty and modified Y-V flap on epicanthus and report our experience. METHODS: Medical records, including photographic information and scar score, of 81 eyes of 43 patients with congenital epicanthus were collected. All patients underwent epicanthus correction surgery by the modified Z-plasty or modified Y-V flap methods with a four-point design from January 2018 to December 2019 in Shanghai Ninth People's hospital and completed a follow-up of at least 6 months. The cosmetic outcome was evaluated in terms of by photographic evaluation and scar score, and the structural outcome was assessed by intercanthal distance (ICD) and palpebral fissure length, inner canthal angle, the canthal tilt angle. The results of two surgical techniques were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: The cosmetic outcome of both group is good in both groups. ICD is smaller and inner canthal angle is larger in modified Z-plasty group, compared to modified Y-V flap group, respectively (P < 0.05). Patients with severe epicanthus in the modified Z-plasty group showed greater improvement in structural outcomes than in the modified Y-V flap group (P < 0.05), while those with mild epicanthus in the modified Y-V flap group showed more improvement in ICD than those in the modified Z-plasty group (P < 0.05). By 6 months, scarring in the modified Z-plasty group was more hypertrophic and obvious compared to the modified Y-V flap group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Modified Y-V flap technique caused less scarring. Conversely, the modified Z-plasty technique was more efficient in shortening the ICD and increasing inner canthal angle. While modified Z-plasty reconstruction is more suitable for patients with severe epicanthus, the modified Y-V flap is more suitable for patients with mild epicanthus. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Oral selenium improved the disease activity in patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy.

BACKGROUND: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD), an autoimmune disorder arising from the activity of T lymphocytes against antigens that infiltrate thyroid tissue, orbital tissue and extraocular muscles. An increase in oxidative stress has been discovered in autoimmune thyroid disease, encouraging investigation into new forms of treatment. Selenium has been described as a treatment option given its antioxidant properties. The present study evaluates the decrease of progression and inflammatory signs in patients with mild GO with oral selenium supplementation. METHODS: Controlled, randomized, single center trial at an ophthalmology referral center in Mexico City. Patients at least 18years of age with mild GO according to the CAS classification were included; exclusion criteria in addition to corticosteroid treatment included smokers or selenium allergy. Each patient was randomized into one of two groups. Group A took placebo tablets which consisted of 100µg of starch twice a day for 6months, and group B took a 100µg selenium tablet twice a day for 6months. The patients from both groups were examined and evaluated using a CAS score before and after the first, third and sixth month of treatment. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 30 patients were studied. The pretreatment values showed no statistically significant differences between groups (P>0.05). Intergroup analysis showed statistically significant differences in palpebral fissure and CAS score between the pretreatment values and six months after treatment in the selenium group (P<0.05). No differences were found in any variables in the placebo group during the study period (P>0.05). No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in a Mexican population demonstrating that oral selenium decreases clinical activity and stops progression in patients with mild GO.

Ocular examination findings and measurements of tear production and tonometry of ring-tailed coatis (nasua nasua).

OBJECTIVE: To describe ocular anatomical features and to determine tear production and tonometry in normal anesthetized ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua). ANIMALS: Eight male and seven female ring-tailed coatis (30 eyes) were evaluated, with ages ranging from 7 months to 10 years old. PROCEDURES: The animals were anesthetized with isoflurane and had STT 1, rebound and applanation tonometry, and palpebral fissure length (PFL) measured in both eyes. Rebound tonometry was measured with both TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus®. All eyes were evaluated with slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Following pharmacological mydriasis, direct fundoscopy was performed. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: There were upper and lower eyelids, as well as a third eyelid. Eyelashes were present on the upper eyelid, while meibomian glands openings were visible on both. The bulbar conjunctiva was pigmented. The pupil was obliquely horizontally ovoid and teardrop shaped when miotic. The color of the iris and tapetum lucidum varied with age. The optic disk was round, and the retina was holangiotic. The mean ± standard deviation values obtained were as follows: STT: 2.50 ± 2.39 mm/min; rebound tonometry: 9.50 ± 2.43 mmHg (TonoVet®, calibration P), 14.60 ± 2.82 mmHg (TonoVet®, calibration D), 18.93 ± 3.99 mmHg (TonoVet Plus®, calibration dog); applanation tonometry: 18.66 ± 4.16 mmHg; PFL: 10.98 ± 1.67 mm. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Anatomical and clinical ophthalmic data presented in this study are unprecedented for this species. The results can be used as clinical reference parameters, allowing for better care of these species. The lack of data for the Procyonidae family must be regarded as an incentive for more studies.

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Facial Phenotype in Adolescents: A Study Based on Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide.

Here, we explore the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in adolescence. We investigated associations between meconium ethyl glucoronide (EtG) and facial malformation. For 129 children (66/63 male/female; M = 13.3, SD = 0.32, 12-14 years), PAE was implemented by newborn meconium EtG and maternal self-reports during the third trimester. Cognitive development was operationalized by standardized scores (WISC V). The EtG cut-off values were set at ≥10 ng/g (n = 32, 24.8% EtG10+) and ≥112 ng/g (n = 20, 15.5% EtG112+). The craniofacial shape was measured using FAS Facial Photographic Analysis Software. EtG10+- and EtG112+-affected children exhibited a shorter palpebral fissure length (p = 0.031/p = 0.055). Lip circularity was smaller in EtG112+-affected children (p = 0.026). Maternal self-reports were not associated (p > 0.164). Lip circularity correlated with fluid reasoning (EtG10+ p = 0.031; EtG112+ p = 0.298) and working memory (EtG10+ p = 0.084; EtG112+ p = 0.144). The present study demonstrates visible effects of the facial phenotype in exposed adolescents. Facial malformation was associated with a child's cognitive performance in the alcohol-exposed group. The EtG biomarker was a better predictor than maternal self-reports.

Clinical manifestations of 11 children with fronto-ocular syndrome (FOS): a case series.

Fronto-ocular syndrome (FOS) is a rarely seen trigonocephaly syndrome in which metopic synostosis features are unique. This report presents six cases with FOS. Clinical manifestations mainly involve skull and facial findings. Nearly all patients have short/upslanted palpebral fissures, hypotelorism, narrow bifrontal area, philtrum anomalies, trigonocephaly, and metopic ridge. Epicanthal folds, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, bulbous nasal tip, thin upper lip, mandible, and ear anomalies are also frequently observed in the patients. Extrafacial findings are variable such as cardiac, extremity anomalies, and skin findings. Mild developmental delay and learning disability have been presented in almost half of patients. Age-dependent and age-independent phenotypic differences between the patients have been detected. Furthermore, it is observed the individuals with reduced phenotypic expression even in the same family. FOS has been described in two families in the literature which consist of mother-daughter dual. Thereby, its inheritance pattern and clinical spectrum have not been clarified clearly. We present here eleven patients that five of them had previously reported. We aim was to give a more comprehensive description of the clinical findings of fronto-ocular syndrome and to reveal its inheritance pattern.

Morphometric analysis of the palpebral fissure and canthal distance in Serbian young adults / Análisis morfométrico de la fisura palpebral y la distancia cantal en adultos jóvenes serbios

SUMMARY: Frontaly and anteriorly the orbit is closed by a skin-muscular closure of eyelids. The eyelids limit the palpebral fissure, which is subject to geographical, racial, and age variations. As a part of the face, eyelids and palpebral fissure play a very important role in the attractiveness of the individual, but al so in the diagnosis of certain local and systemic pathological processes. The aim of the study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the palpebral fissure in a young population without pathological conditions and syndromes. The study was conducted on 90 subjects (45 male and 45 female) aged 19.28±0.69 years. Subjects were photographed with a Nikon D3400 camera, and the morphometric parameters were measured with the ImageJ 1.48v software. Statistical analysis of the data was performed in Windows Excel. The measurements in the study were the distance between the mid-points of both pupils, distance between both external canthi, distance between both internal canthi, palpebral fissure width and palpebral fissure height at three points. The average height of the palpebral fissure to the right is 9.35±1.55 mm and to the left is 9.41±1.56 mm. The average width of the palpebral fissure on the right is 27.05±1.71 mm and on the left is 27.18±1.68 mm. It was found that there was some difference in the measured parameters, however, this difference was not statistically significant.

RESUMEN: El músculo orbicular de los ojos se encuentra en la cara, delante de la órbita y debajo de la piel. Los párpados limitan la fisura palpebral, la abertura natural, sujeta a variaciones geográficas, raciales y de edad. Los párpados y la fisura palpebral juegan un papel importante en la estética de las personas, pero también en el diagnóstico de ciertos procesos patológicos locales y sistémicos. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis morfométrico de la fisura palpebral en una población joven sin enfermedades o condiciones patológicas. El estudio se realizó en 90 sujetos (45 hombres y 45 mujeres) de 19,28 ± 0,69 años. Los sujetos fueron fotografiados con una cámara Nikon D3400, y los parámetros morfométricos se midieron con el software ImageJ 1.48v. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó en Windows Excel. Se midieron la distancia entre los puntos medios de ambas pupilas, la distancia entre ambos cantos laterales, la distancia entre ambos cantos mediales, el ancho de la fisura palpebral y la altura de la fisura palpebral en tres puntos. La altura promedio de la fisura palpebral a la derecha fue 9,35 ± 1,55 mm y a la izquierda fue 9,41 ± 1,56 mm. El ancho promedio de la fisura palpebral a la derecha era 27,05 ± 1,71 mm y a la izquierda era 27,18 ± 1,68 mm. Se determinó una diferencia leve en los parámetros medidos, sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa.

Dermatoglyphic fluctuating asymmetry and total a-b ridge count as biomarkers of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome: Analysis in children adopted from Eastern Europe.

BACKGROUND: Dermatoglyphics, formed mainly during the second trimester of pregnancy have been used as markers of developmental disturbances. The aim of this study was to examine if dermatoglyphic variation in children adopted from Eastern European countries with differential prenatal alcohol exposure, could be associated with diagnosis of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). METHODS: Total a-b ridge count (TABRC), total ATD angle (TATD), palpebral fissure asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry of the a-b ridge count (FAABRC) and ATD angle (FAATD) were obtained from NO FASD (n = 40) and FASD (n = 145; FAS = 54, pFAS = 64; ARND = 13; ARBD = 14) individuals. NO FASD and FASD subgroups were statistically compared for dermatoglyphic variables. Correlations between dermatoglyphics and FASD diagnosis were also performed. RESULTS: TABRC showed significantly higher values in foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS, p = 0.006) and partial FAS (pFAS, p = 0.040) groups compared to NO FASD controls. Similar results were obtained for TATD (FAS, p = 0.015 and pFAS, p = 0.032) compared to controls. Significantly higher values in FAS, pFAS and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND) groups were observed for FAABRC (p = 0.034, p = 0.007, p = 0.007 respectively) and for FAATD in FAS group (p = 0.014) compared to NO FASD. Additionally, FAS group with mean + 2SD in palpebral fissure asymmetry showed statistical significance compared to NO FASD (p = 0.018). Dermatoglyphic variables also correlated (rho, Spearman) significantly with FASD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Dermatoglyphic pattern and FASD are related. The validation of dermatoglyphics as an associated marker with FASD together with the currently diagnostic tools would help clinicians to an early FASD diagnosis in children.

Corticosteroid eyedrops induced blepharoptosis and atrophy of levator muscle.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to analyze the incidence, manifestations, and treatment of blepharoptosis caused by long-term use of corticosteroid eyedrops. METHODS: Retrospective case series include 46 patients with a history of using corticosteroid eyedrops unilaterally for at least 2 months. The palpebral fissure, MRD1, and levator function were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 46 patients, the differences of mean MRD1 (p < 0.0005), palpebral fissure height (p < 0.0005), and levator function (p = 0.003) between eyes with and without corticosteroid eyedrops application were significant. Ptosis existed in 40 out of 46 eyes with corticosteroid; the differences of the mean MRD1 (p < 0.0005) and palpebral fissure height (p = 0.001) between eyes with and without ptosis were significant. Nine patients underwent levator aponeurosis repair surgeries. Pathological examinations revealed mainly vascular fibers and few muscle fibers, as well as apoptosis of levator palpebrae muscle and Muller muscle. CONCLUSION: Blepharoptosis is frequently observed after chronic corticosteroid eyedrops use in Chinese population.

Ophthalmic contributions to assessing eyes of two neotropical canids: Cerdocyon thous and Chrysocyon brachyurus.

OBJECTIVE: To describe selected ophthalmic tests and anatomical features of eyes of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus). ANIMALS STUDIED: Six crab-eating foxes (12 eyes), eight maned wolves (16 eyes). PROCEDURES: Intramuscular and/or inhalatory anesthesia, ophthalmic evaluation with portable slit-lamp biomicroscope, Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure measurement with rebound and applanation (crab-eating fox only) tonometers, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), gonioscopy, and fundoscopy. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests. RESULTS: Both species presented upper and lower eyelids, both with eyelashes and Meibomian glands openings. A third eyelid was also present. In partial miosis, pigmented projections were observed along the edge of the pupil. The draining angle was open, with thin pectinate ligaments. The retina was holangiotic. For crab-eating foxes, mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 4.33 ± 2.96 mm/min; PFL: 17.45 ± 1.55 mm; rebound tonometry: 10.70 ± 3.43 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D),5.66 ± 3.44 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration P), 17.00 ± 4.64 mm Hg (TonoVet® Plus calibration dog); and applanation tonometry: 11.70 ± 5.70 mm Hg(TonoPen® XL). For maned wolves, the mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 9.31 ± 7.40 mm/min; PFL: 22.79 ± 1.63 mm; rebound tonometry: 11.00 ± 2.77 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D), 6.78 ± 2.58 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration P), and 18.29 ± 3.47 mm Hg(TonoVet® Plus calibration dog). CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes with knowledge that can help the clinical assessment regarding eyes of crab-eating foxes and maned wolves. The data herein presented for rebound tonometry are new for both species.