Beyond the revised atlanta classification: a comprehensive review of the imaging assessment of acute pancreatitis and its complications.

While the Revised Atlanta Classification outlines the primary complications of acute pancreatitis, it is crucial to recognize additional factors that contribute to morbidity and mortality associated with acute pancreatitis. In this review, we discuss the imaging-based classification and staging of acute pancreatitis as described by the Revised Atlanta Classification, but also provide a comprehensive understanding of the pancreatic anatomy and its relation to surrounding structures, which is essential for imaging-based assessment of both acute pancreatitis and its complications. We further extend the discussion beyond common complications such as pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis to include lesser-known but significant complications such as peripancreatic infection, disconnected ductal disconnection syndrome, thrombosis, hemorrhage, and gastrointestinal complications. Additionally, illustrative examples are presented to highlight relevant points pertaining to real-life imaging assessment of acute pancreatitis and its complications.

Insuficiencia pancreática endocrina transitoria secundaria a pancreatitis aguda necrotizante grave en una niña

Producto de una pancreatitis aguda (PA) puede haber una diabetes posterior o una hiperglicemia transitoria durante el episodio de PA. La incidencia de PA en edad pediátrica es de hasta 12,2 casos por 100 000 niños al año y sólo el 4 a 5% desarrollan luego diabetes. Con respecto a la hiperglicemia transitoria en niños, la información es escasa y no se ha hecho publicaciones al respecto en nuestro país. Se reporta el caso de una niña con hiperglicemia transitoria secundaria a una PA necrotizante grave. Es importante realizar un monitoreo constante de los niveles de glucosa y el tratamiento oportuno de la hiperglicemia en niños con PA ya que, al menos en adultos, se asocia a PA severa y mayor mortalidad.

As a result of acute pancreatitis (AP), there may be subsequent diabetes or transient hyperglycemia during the episode of AP. The incidence of AP in pediatric age is up to 12.2 cases per 100,000 children per year and only 4 to 5% later develop diabetes. Regarding transient hyperglycemia in children, information is scarce, and no publications have been made about it in our country. The case of a girl with transient hyperglycemia secondary to severe necrotizing AP is reported. It is important to constantly monitor glucose levels and timely manage hyperglycemia in children with AP since, at least in adults, it is associated with severe AP and higher mortality.

Alcoholic foamy degeneration: an unusual presentation of the alcoholic liver disease diagnosed on autopsy.

Alcoholic foamy degeneration (AFD) is an uncommon presentation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with characteristic histologic findings of foamy-looking hepatocytes due to the presence of abundant microvesicles of fat within the cytoplasm predominantly in perivenular and midzonal regions without inflammation and fibrosis. It is underdiagnosed as the patients quickly recover after alcoholic abstinence and are rarely caught on biopsies. AFD has better prognosis than alcoholic hepatitis, and the injury mechanism is different, warranting a different diagnosis. We present an uncommon case of AFD incidentally diagnosed during autopsy in a chronic alcoholic and diabetic man.

Alcoholic foamy degeneration: an unusual presentation of the alcoholic liver disease diagnosed on autopsy

ABSTRACT Alcoholic foamy degeneration (AFD) is an uncommon presentation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with characteristic histologic findings of foamy-looking hepatocytes due to the presence of abundant microvesicles of fat within the cytoplasm predominantly in perivenular and midzonal regions without inflammation and fibrosis. It is underdiagnosed as the patients quickly recover after alcoholic abstinence and are rarely caught on biopsies. AFD has better prognosis than alcoholic hepatitis, and the injury mechanism is different, warranting a different diagnosis. We present an uncommon case of AFD incidentally diagnosed during autopsy in a chronic alcoholic and diabetic man.

Rotura de Pseudoaneurisma tras Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante que debuta como Hemorragia Digestiva Alta por Fistulización del Duodeno

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 64 años quien, tras un primer episodio de pancreatitis aguda necrotizante, reingresa a los 20 días por cuadro de dolor epigástrico intenso y posteriormente episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta en forma de hematemesis y melenas con inestabilización hemodinámica. Se realiza en ese momento gastroscopia urgente objetivándose probable fistula gastrointestinal en bulbo duodenal con coágulo adherido sin sangrado activo en ese momento por lo que se realiza angio-TC urgente que revela colección peripancreática necrótica con presencia de sangrado activo en su interior, procedente de la arteria pancreatoduodenal. La arteriografía urgente identificó imagen compatible con pseudoaneurisma arterial dependiente de la rama de arteria pancreatoduodenal, que fue embolizada con éxito. Desgraciadamente el paciente falleció en las horas posteriores, como consecuencia de un shock séptico secundario a colección pancreática infectada.

We present the case of a 64-year-old man who, after a first episode of acute pancreatitis, was readmitted 20 days later due to severe epigastric pain and later an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the form of hematemesis and melena with hemodynamic instability. An urgent gastroscopy was performed at that time, revealing a probable gastrointestinal fistula in the duodenal bulb with an adherent clot without active bleeding at that time, so an urgent CT angiography was performed that revealed a necrotic peripancreatic collection with the presence of active bleeding inside from the pancreatoduodenal artery. Urgent arteriography identified an image compatible with arterial pseudoaneurysm dependent on the pancreaticoduodenal artery branch, which was successfully embolized. Unfortunately, the patient died a few hours later as a result of septic shock secondary to an infected pancreatic collection.

Caracterización de pacientes con pancreatitis aguda en una unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente / Characterization of patients with Acute Pancreatitis in the multipurpose intensive care unit

RESUMEN Introducción: La pancreatitis es la inflamación del páncreas exocrino, resultado del daño a las células acinares. Sus características clínicas principales son el dolor abdominal y la elevación de los niveles séricos de amilasa y lipasa. La evolución es muy variable, desde una recuperación completa de un primer episodio, hasta una enfermedad crónica debilitante, o la muerte. Objetivos: Caracterizar a los pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, con el diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda y evaluarlos según los criterios de gravedad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el que se revisaron 46 historias clínicas de pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en la unidad de terapia intensiva polivalente, desde enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2019. Se confeccionó una base de datos con las variables edad, etiología, complicaciones, letalidad y la aplicación de escalas de Ranson, APACHE II y Balthazar-Hill, para evaluar evolutivamente la gravedad y pronóstico. Se hizo un análisis de frecuencias de dichas variables. Resultados: La edad de mayor incidencia correspondió a los grupos menores de 61 años, con predominio del sexo masculino. La causa más frecuente fue la litiasis vesicular y el alcoholismo, para un 43,4 % y 34,7 % respectivamente. El 47,8 % presentó la forma leve de la enfermedad. La letalidad fue del 21,7 %. Conclusiones: Son más frecuentes las formas graves de la enfermedad; la insuficiencia renal aguda y la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda son las complicaciones más representativas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the exocrine pancreas, as a result of damage to the acinar cells. Its main clinical features are abdominal pain and elevated serum levels of amylase and lipase. The evolution is very variable, from a complete recovery from a first episode, to a debilitating chronic disease, or death. Objectives: To characterize patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and to evaluate them according to severity criteria. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in which 46 medical records of patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in the multipurpose intensive care unit were reviewed, from January 2014 to December 2019. A database was created with the variables age, etiology, complications, lethality and the application of the Ranson, APACHE II and Balthazar-Hill scales, to evaluate severity and prognosis. An analysis of the frequencies of these variables was carried out. Results: The age with the highest incidence corresponded to groups under 61 years of age, with a predominance of males. The most frequent cause was gallstones and alcoholism, for 43.4 % and 34.7 % respectively. 47.8 % presented the mild form of the disease. The lethality was 21.7 %. Conclusions: Severe forms of the disease are more frequent; acute renal failure and acute respiratory failure are the most representative complications.

Comparison of radiological scoring systems, clinical scores, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and serum C-reactive protein level for severity and mortality in acute pancreatitis

SUMMARY Comparison of radiological scoring systems, clinical scores, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and serum C-reactive protein level for severity and mortality in acute pancreatitis BACKGROUND/AIMS To compare radiological scoring systems, clinical scores, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for predicting the severity and mortality of acute pancreatitis (AP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data from 80 patients with AP were retrospectively evaluated. The harmless acute pancreatitis score (HAPS), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP), Ranson score, Balthazar score, modified computed tomography severity index (CTSI), extrapancreatic inflammation on computed tomography (EPIC) score and renal rim grade were recorded. The prognostic performance of radiological and clinical scoring systems, NLR at admission, and serum CRP levels at 48 hours were compared for severity and mortality according to the revised Atlanta Criteria. The data were evaluated by calculating the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC (AUROC). RESULTS Out of 80 patients, 19 (23.8%) had severe AP, and 9 (11.3%) died. The AUROC for the BISAP score was 0.836 (95%CI: 0.735-0.937), with the highest value for severity. With a cut-off of BISAP ≥2, sensitivity and specificity were 68.4% and 78.7%, respectively. The AUROC for NLR was 0.915 (95%CI: 0.790-1), with the highest value for mortality. With a cut-off of NLR >11.91, sensitivity and specificity were 76.5% and 94.1%, respectively. Of all the radiological scoring systems, the EPIC score had the highest AUROC, i.e., 0.773 (95%CI: 0.645-0.900) for severity and 0.851 (95%CI: 0.718-0.983) for mortality, with a cut-off value ≥6. CONCLUSION The BISAP score and NLR might be preferred as early determinants of severity and mortality in AP. The EPIC score might be suggested from the current radiological scoring systems.

RESUMO Comparação dos sistemas de escores radiológicos, escores clínicos razão neutrófilo/linfócito e níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa para determinação da gravidade e mortalidade em casos de pancreatite aguda OBJETIVO Comparar sistemas de escores radiológicos, escores clínicos, os níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (PCR) e a razão neutrófilo/linfócitos (RNL) como métodos de previsão de gravidade e mortalidade em casos de pancreatite aguda (PA). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS Dados demográficos, clínicos e radiográficos de 80 pacientes com PA foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Os valores de Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score (HAPS), Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SIRS), Índice de Gravidade na Pancreatite Aguda à Beira do Leito (BISAP), escore de Ranson, escore de Balthazar, Índice Modificado de Gravidade por Tomografia Computadorizada (CTSI), escore de Inflamação Extrapancreática em Tomografia Computadorizada (EPIC) e grau renal foram registrados. O desempenho prognóstico dos sistemas de escores clínicos e radiológicos e RNL no momento da internação e os níveis séricos de PCR após 48 horas foram comparados quanto à gravidade, de acordo com os critérios de Atlanta revisados e mortalidade. Os dados foram avaliados pelo cálculo das curvas ROC e da área sob a curva ROC (AUROC). RESULTADOS De 80 pacientes, 19 (23,8%) tinham PA grave e 9 (11,3%) morreram. A AUROC para o escore BISAP foi de 0,836 (95%CI: 0.735-0.937), com o valor mais alto de gravidade. Com um valor de corte de BISAP ≥ 2 , a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 68,4% e 78,7%, respectivamente. A AUROC para o a RNL foi de 0,915 (95%CI: 0.790-1), com o valor mais alto de mortalidade. Com um valor de corte de RNL > 11,91, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 76,5% e 94,1%, respectivamente. Entre os sistemas de escore radiológico, o EPIC apresentou o maior valor de AUROC, 0,773 (95%CI: 0.645-0.900) para gravidade e 0,851 (95%CI: 0.718-0.983) para mortalidade com um valor de corte ≥6. CONCLUSÃO O escore BISAP e a RNL podem ser preferíveis como determinantes precoces de gravidade e mortalidade na PA. O escore EPIC pode ser sugerido entre os atuais sistemas de escores radiológicos.

Evaluation of 880 patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis according to the Revised Atlanta Classification: A single-center experience

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The Revised Atlanta Classification (RAC) is increasingly used in the evaluation of patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis (AP). In our study, we aimed to evaluate the etiology, disease severity, and mortality rates of patients diagnosed with AP in our center in the previous 6 years. METHODS Patients diagnosed with AP between 2013 and 2018 were evaluated. AP etiology, demographic data, disease severity, and mortality rates according to the RAC were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 880 patients were included in the study. Five hundred and eighteen (59%) patients were female and 362 (41%) were male. Regarding the etiology, 474 (53.9%) patients had biliary AP (BAP), 71 (8.1%) had hyperlipidemic AP (HAP), and 44 (5%) had alcoholic AP (AAP). According to the RAC, 561 (63.7%) patients were considered to be in the mild AP group (MAP), 268 (30.5%) in the moderately severe AP (MSAP), and 51 (5.8%) in the severe AP (SAP). The mortality rate was 4.8% in the MSAP group and 49% in the SAP group. Mortality was 2.3 times in patients over 65 years old and 3.7 times higher in patients with ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSIONS In our country, BAP is still the main etiology of acute pancreatitis. Over the years, we have seen a decrease in BAP and idiopathic AP cases, while there was an increase in HAP cases due to factors such as lifestyle changes and fatty nutrition. We found that mortality was associated with disease severity, advanced age (> 65 y), hypertension, and ischemic heart disease regardless of the etiology.

RESUMO OBJETIVO A Classificação de Atlanta revisada (RAC) é cada vez mais usada na avaliação de pacientes diagnosticados com pancreatite aguda (PA). Em nosso estudo, objetivamos avaliar a etiologia, a gravidade da doença e as taxas de mortalidade de pacientes diagnosticados com PA em nosso centro nos últimos seis anos. MÉTODOS Foram avaliados pacientes diagnosticados com PA entre 2013 e 2018. Avaliaram-se a etiologia da PA, os dados demográficos, a gravidade da doença e as taxas de mortalidade de acordo com a RAC. RESULTADOS Um total de 880 pacientes foi incluído no estudo. Quinhentos e dezoito (59%) pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 362 (41%) do sexo masculino. Na etiologia, 474 (53,9%) pacientes apresentaram PA biliar (PAB), 71 (8,1%) PA hiperlipidêmica (PAH) e 44 (5%) PA alcoólica (PAA). De acordo com a RAC, 561 (63,7%) pacientes estavam em PA leve (MAP), 268 (30,5%) estavam em PA moderadamente grave (MSAP) e 51 (5,8%) estavam em grupos de PA grave (SAP). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 4,8% no grupo MSAP e de 49% no grupo SAP. A mortalidade foi vista como 2,3 vezes em pacientes acima de 65 anos e 3,7 vezes em pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica. CONCLUSÕES Em nosso país, o PAB ainda é a principal etiologia da pancreatite aguda. Ao longo dos anos, observamos uma diminuição nos casos de PAB e PA idiopática, enquanto houve um aumento nos casos de PAH devido a fatores como mudança de estilo de vida e nutrição gordurosa. Descobrimos que a mortalidade estava associada à gravidade da doença, idade avançada (>65 anos), hipertensão e cardiopatia isquêmica, independentemente da etiologia.

Ameliorative effect of certolizumab on experimentally induced acute necrotic pancreatitis in rats

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The effects of Certolizumab, a pegylated monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor α, on experimentally induced acute pancreatitis (AP) were examined. METHODS: Thirty-six Wistar Albino male rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I was the control group and no medication administered to this group. Group II was the Certolizumab group, and 100 ml/kg serum physiologic administered into the biliopancreatic duct and a single dose of 10 μg Certolizumab was simultaneously administered intraperitoneally. Acute pancreatitis was induced with a retrograde injection of 3% Na taurocholate into the common biliopancreatic duct in the study (Group III) and treatment (Groups IV) groups. Rats were sacrificed 72 hours later. Serum amylase, lipase, lactate dehydrogenase activities, along with pancreatic histopathology, were examined. RESULTS: Certolizumab treatment significantly decreased serum amylase, lipase, and LDH levels; histopathologically edema, hemorrhage, parenchymal necrosis, fat necrosis, and infiltration scores; immunohistochemically MDA, MPO, TNF-α and Caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSION: The results support the idea that certolizumab might be beneficial for the severity of AP.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Os efeitos de Certolizumab, um anticorpo monoclonal pegilado para o fator de necrose tumoral α, na pancreatite aguda induzida experimentalmente (PA) foram examinados. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis ratos Wistar Albino foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. O Grupo I foi considerado o grupo controle e não recebeu medicação; o Grupo II foi o grupo Certolizumab e recebeu 100 ml/kg de soro fisiológico administrado no ducto biliopancreático e dose única de 10 mg Certolizumab administrada por via intraperitoneal simultaneamente. A pancreatite aguda foi induzida com uma injeção retrógrada de uma solução de 3% taurocolato de sódio aplicada no ducto biliopancreático comum nos grupos de estudo (Grupo III) e tratamento (Grupos IV). Os ratos foram sacrificados 72 horas depois. As atividades séricas de amilase, lipase, lactato desidrogenase, juntamente com a histopatologia pancreática, foram examinadas. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com Certolizumab diminuiu significativamente os níveis séricos de amilase, lipase e LDH; edema histopatológico, hemorragia, necrose paranquimatosa, necrose gordurosa e escores de infiltração; atividade imuno-histoquímica de MDA, MPO, TNF-α e Caspase-3. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados suportam a ideia de que o Certolizumab pode ser benéfico para a gravidade da PA.

APnet, an innovative multidisciplinary medical information platform for acute pancreatitis

SUMMARY The APnet information platform aims at assisting patients suffering from acute pancreatitis, health professionals and patients' relatives in the acute pancreatitis care pathway by providing an integrated information system. The system consists of a mobile platform and a Clinical Information System. The system is currently on the formal operation phase focusing on addressing the needs of citizens of China.

RESUMO A plataforma de informações APnet tem como objetivo auxiliar pacientes que sofrem de pancreatite aguda, profissionais da saúde e familiares de pacientes no percurso de cuidados para a pancreatite aguda, oferecendo um sistema integrado de informações. O sistema consiste de uma plataforma móvel e um Sistema de Informações Clínicas. Ele atualmente se encontra na fase de operação formal, focado em atender às necessidades dos cidadãos da China.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors protectagainst the acute lung injuries resulting from acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Abstract Purpose The research is intended for clarification of the efficacy as well as the underlying mechanism of GSK-3β inhibitors on the advancement of acute lung injuries in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) in rats. Methods Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: (1)ANP-vehicle; (2)ANP-TDZD-8;(3)ANP-SB216763;(4)Sham-vehicle;(5)Sham-TDZD-8;(6)Sham-SB216763; Blood biochemical test, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis of rats pancreas and lung tissues were performed. The protein expression of GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9), iNOS, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 were detected in lung tissues by Western-blot. Results The outcomes revealed that the intervention of GSK-3β inhibitors alleviated the pathological damage of pancreas and lung (P<0.01), reduced serum amylase, lipase, hydrothorax and lung Wet-to-Dry Ratio, attenuated serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 (P<0.01), inhibited the activation of NF-κB, and abated expression of iNOS, ICAM-1 and TNF-α protein, but up-regulated IL-10 expression in lung of ANP rats (P<0.01). The inflammatory response and various indicators in ANP-TDZD-8 groups were lower than those in ANP-SB216763 groups. Conclusions Inhibition of GSK-3β weakens acute lung injury related to ANP via the inhibitory function of NF-κB signaling pathway. Different kinds of GSK-3β inhibitors have different effects to ANP acute lung injury.

Management of infected pancreatic necrosis: state of the art / Necrose pancreática com infecção: estado atual do tratamento

ABSTRACT Pancreatic necrosis occurs in 15% of acute pancreatitis. The presence of infection is the most important factor in the evolution of pancreatitis. The diagnosis of infection is still challenging. Mortality in infected necrosis is 20%; in the presence of organic dysfunction, mortality reaches 60%. In the last three decades, there has been a real revolution in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. However, the challenges persist and there are many unsolved questions: antibiotic treatment alone, tomography-guided percutaneous drainage, endoscopic drainage, video-assisted extraperitoneal debridement, extraperitoneal access, open necrosectomy? A step up approach has been proposed, beginning with less invasive procedures and reserving the operative intervention for patients in which the previous procedure did not solve the problem definitively. Indication and timing of the intervention should be determined by the clinical course. Ideally, the intervention should be done only after the fourth week of evolution, when it is observed a better delimitation of necrosis. Treatment should be individualized. There is no procedure that should be the first and best option for all patients. The objective of this work is to critically review the current state of the art of the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis.

RESUMO A necrose pancreática ocorre em 15% das pancreatites agudas. A presença de infecção é o fator mais importante na evolução da pancreatite. Confirmar o diagnóstico de infecção ainda é um desafio. A mortalidade na necrose infectada é de 30% e na vigência de disfunção orgânica, chega a 70%. Nas últimas décadas, ocorreu uma verdadeira revolução no tratamento da necrose pancreática infectada. Mesmo assim, persiste o desafio e há múltiplas questões ainda não resolvidas: tratamento exclusivo com antibiótico, drenagem percutânea guiada por tomografia, drenagem por via endoscópica, desbridamento extra-peritoneal vídeo-assistido, acesso extra-peritoneal, necrosectomia por via aberta? Foi proposto o tratamento por etapas, "step up approach", iniciando-se com as medidas menos invasivas e reservando-se a intervenção operatória para os casos em que o procedimento anterior não resolver definitivamente o problema. A indicação e o momento da intervenção devem ser determinados pela evolução clínica. O ideal é que a intervenção seja feita apenas depois da quarta semana de evolução, quando já existe melhor delimitação da necrose. O tratamento deve ser individualizado. Não existe um procedimento que deva ser o primeiro e a melhor opção para todos os doentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise crítica do estado atual do tratamento da necrose pancreática infectada.

Patologías quirúrgicas en el embarazo / Surgical pathologies in pregnancy

Introducción: una de cada 50 mujeres presentará durante su embarazo dolor abdominal potencialmente quirúrgico y una de cada 600 mujeres embarazadas requerirá de cirugía abdominal no obstétrica durante el embarazo. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia y características demográficas y clínicas de patologías quirúrgicas durante el embarazo en pacientes internadas en el Hospital Nacional del año 2010 al 2014. Metodología: diseñoobservacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte trasversal. Población estudiada: gestantes y/o puérperas atendidas en el Hospital Nacional con diagnóstico de patologías quirúrgicas durante los años 2010-2014. Muestreo no probabilístico según criterio. Resultados: se hallaron 76 mujeres (0,5%) con patologías quirúrgicas, la edad media fue 27 ± 6,2 años. La litiasis vesicular y la apendicitis aguda fueron las más frecuentes. La media de edad gestacional fue 28 ± 9,4 semanas. Las complicaciones fueron abdomen agudo y pancreatitis aguda, requiriendo cirugía 39 (51,3%) pacientes. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de patologías quirúrgicas fue menor al 1%, las patologías biliares y apendiculares fueron las más frecuentes.

Introduction: One in 50 women during pregnancy will potentially present surgical abdominal pain and one of every 600 pregnant women will require nonobstetric abdominal surgery during pregnancy. To determine the frequency and types of surgical pathologies during pregnancy in patients hospitalized in the HNI from 2010 to 2014. Methodology: observational, descriptive, retrospective study population crosscut: population studied pregnant and / or postpartum women treated at the National Hospital with a diagnosis of surgical pathologies during the years 2010-2014, no probabilistic sampling according to criteria. Results: 76 (0.5%) with surgical pathologies, median age were found: 27 ± 6.2 years, Cholelithiasis and acute appendicitis were the most frequent. Median gestational age was 28 ± 9.4 weeks. The complication were acute abdominal patology and acute pancreatitis, requiring surgery 39 (51.3%) patients. Conclusions: The frequency of surgical pathologies were less than 1%, biliary and appendicular pathology were the most frequent.

Severity assessment of acute pancreatitis: applying Marshall scoring system / Avaliação da gravidade da pancreatite aguda: aplicando o sistema de pontuação de Marshall

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of the Marshall scoring system to evaluate the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods : We performed a prospective, observational study in 39 patients with AP evaluated by the Marshall scoring system and the Ranson criteria (admission and 48 hours). We assessed the progression of the disease for seven days and compared the data of the two criteria. Results : Seven patients died during the observation period and one died afterwards. All deaths had shown failure of at least one system by the Marshall method. Conclusion : The Marshall scoring system may be used as an effective and simplified application method to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis.

Objetivo: analisar a eficácia do sistema de pontuação de Marshall na avaliação da gravidade da pancreatite aguda. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo prospectivo e observacional em 39 pacientes com PA, avaliados pelo sistema de pontuação dos critérios de Marshall e Ranson (admissão e 48 horas). Foi avaliada a evolução do quadro clínico durante sete dias e comparados os dados dos dois critérios. Resultados: sete pacientes morreram durante o período de observação e um morreu após esse período. Todos os óbitos possuíam, pelo sistema de Marshall, falência de pelo menos um sistema. Conclusão: concluímos que o sistema de pontuação de Marshall pode ser utilizado, por ser um método eficaz e de aplicação simplificada, para avaliar a gravidade da pancreatite aguda.

Therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis: an overview / Alternativas terapéuticas para el tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa: una visión general

Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) continues to be a complex problem to solve. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different surgical alternatives for the treatment of IPN. Articles published between 2000 to 2013, and related to effectiveness of open surgery (OS) and minimally invasive treatmente (MIT) in patients with IPN were evaluated. PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register RCT, DARE, IBECS, SciELO, LILACS, PAHO, WHOLIS, ASERNIP-S, NIHR, HTA, Clinical Excellence, York Health Economic Consortium and Tripdatabase were reviewed, searching systematic reviews (SR), randomized clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies (OST), in which the effectiveness of OS and MIT was evaluated in relation to the variables mortality, intra-abdominal bleeding, development of enterocutaneous fistula or hollow viscera perforation, development of pancreatic fistula, reoperations for complications, reoperations for new necrosectomy, development of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic enzyme requirements. Three hundred eighty-nine articles were retrieved, 10 of which met the selection criteria (2 SR, 1 RCT and 7 OST). The studies have a level of evidence of 2a, 2b, 3a and 4. MIT are associated with better results than OS in all variables analyzed, but significantly only in the development of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic enzyme requirement. Articles found are few and heterogeneous, making meaningful conclusions difficult. Studies with a better level of evidence, methodological quality and population size are needed to make conclusions and recommendations.

A pesar de los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos, el tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa (NPI) sigue siendo un problema complejo de resolver. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la eficacia de las diferentes alternativas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento del NPI. Fueron evaluados artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2013, relacionados con la efectividad de la cirugía abierta (CA) y el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo (TMI) en pacientes diagnosticados con NPI. Se PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register RCT, DARE, IBECS, SciELO, LILACS, PAHO, WHOLIS, ASERNIP-S, NIHR, HTA, Clinical Excellence, York Health Economic Consortium y Tripdatabase, en búsqueda de revisiones sistemáticas (RS), ensayos clínicos aleatorios (ECA) y estudios observacionales (EO). En estos estudios se evaluó la eficacia de la cirugía y el TMI en relación con diferentes variables, como la mortalidad, el sangrado intra-abdominal, el desarrollo de fístula enterocutánea o la perforación de víscera hueca, el desarrollo de fístula pancreática, reintervenciones por complicaciones, reintervenciones por necrosectomía, el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus y la necesidad de enzimas pancreáticas. Se consiguieron 389 artículos, de los cuales 10 cumplieron con los criterios de selección (2 RS, 1 ECA y 7 EO). Los estudios presentaron un nivel de evidencia de 2a, 2b, 3a y 4. El TMI se asocia con mejores resultados que la CA en todas las variables analizadas, pero en forma significativa sólo en el desarrollo de la diabetes mellitus y la necesidad de enzimas pancreáticas. Los artículos encontrados son pocos y heterogéneos, lo que hace difícil poder alcanzar conclusiones significativas. Se necesitan estudios con un mejor nivel de evidencia, calidad metodológica y tamaño de población estudiada para poder establecer conclusiones y recomendaciones.

Difficult cannulation: what should I do before EUS guided access? / Canulación difícil: ¿qué hacer antes de acceso guiado por EUS?

Selective cannulation of the common bile duct can be difficult, so multiple strategies have been developed to overcome the situation. In this review we analize the different strategies that can be used like different papillotome instead of the standard catheter, precut papillotomy using precut needle knives or precut papillotome, transpancreatic papillary septotomy, and stenting of the pancreatic duct. Bile duct cannulation remains an important benchmark of successful ERCP. Alternative biliary access indication and its use is very important If biliary cannulation remains unsuccessful.The suprapapillary puncture is a promissory technique. It´s important to have in mind that the goal of all techniques is to provide acute pancreatitis decrease.

La canulación selectiva del conducto biliar común puede ser difícil por eso se han desarrollado diferentes estrategias para disminuir esta dificultad. La presente revisión analiza el uso de papilótomos diferentes en lugar del catéter estándar, la papilotomía con pre corte usando cuchillos o papilótomos, la septotomía papilar transpancreática y el uso de stents. La canulación biliar sigue siendo el factor más importante para considerar una ERCP como exitosa. Las indicaciones de accesos biliares alternativos y su uso es muy importante si esta falla. La punción suprapapilar es una técnica promisoria. Es importante tener en cuenta que la meta de todas las técnicas es disminuir la ocurrencia de pancreatitis aguda.

Manejo endoscópico de las complicaciones de la pancreatitis / Endoscopic management of the complications of pancreatitis

Tanto la pancreatitis aguda como crónica causan diferentes complicaciones que antes del advenimiento de la terapéutica endoscópica tenían que ser tratadas con cirugía convencional. El avance de la endoscopía intervencionista nos ha permitido acceder al páncreas y tratar estas complicaciones efectivamente y con menor morbilidad para nuestros pacientes. Aproximadamente el 90% de las pancreatitis aguda son edematosas, tienen una resolución clínica temprana y sin complicaciones. Los pacientes que son admitidos con pancreatitis necrotizante están predispuestos a tener diferentes tipos de complicaciones tanto locales como sistémicas particularmente si hay falla orgánica. Por otro lado la pancreatitis crónica es un proceso inflamatorio crónico del páncreas en donde se ha establecido la fibrosis de la glándula con posible disfunción exocrina y/o endocrina. El objetivo principal de la terapéutica endoscópica en la pancreatitis crónica es aliviar la obstrucción y disminuir la presión del conducto pancreático con la intención de aliviar el dolor abdominal. En esta revisión vamos a hablar acerca de las indicaciones y técnica endoscópica para tratar las diferentes complicaciones de la pancreatitis como, drenaje de pseudoquistes, necrosectomía pancreática, manejo del síndrome de conducto desconectado y terapia endoscópica en pancreatitis crónica.

Acute and chronic pancreatitis may lead to complications that prior the recent advancement of therapeutic endoscopy had to be treated with conventional surgery. The current techniques in interventional endoscopy allow us to access the pancreas and treat some of the complications in a minimally invasive way leading to less morbidity in our patients. Approximately 90% of acute pancreatitis episodes are edematous with early resolution of clinical symptoms and rarely leading to major complications. Patients with necrotizing pancreatitis are susceptible to local and systemic complications particularly in the setting of organ failure. On the other hand chronic pancreatitis is as a chronic inflammatory process that leads to fibrosis of the gland and in occasions to exocrine and/or endocrine insufficiency. The main objective of therapeutic endoscopy in chronic pancreatitis is to relief the obstruction and decreases the pressure in the pancreatic duct with the intention to alleviate abdominal pain. In this review we will address the indications and endoscopic techniques to treat the different complications of pancreatitis such as pseudo cyst drainage, walled off necrosis debridement, disconnected duct syndrome and different options for endoscopic therapy in chronic pancreatitis.

Mortalidad de la pancreatitis aguda: experiencia de 20 años en el Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Mortality of acute pancreatitis in a 20 years period

Background: Mortality for acute pancreatitis (AP) in Chile has fluctuated between 7 ana 10% in last years. Aim: To evaluate AP mortality over a period of 20 years in a clinical hospital in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Review of the database of hospital discharges with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, between 1990 and 2010 and the medical records of those patients. Age, gender, length of hospital stay, surgeries, percutaneous interventions and mortality were registered. To compare the evolution of the disease over time, patients were divided in two groups: those hospitalized between 1990 and 1999 and those hospitalized between 2000 and 2010. Results: We reviewed the records of 1367 patients with a median age of 48 years (48% men). In the first period, 93 of637 (14.6%) patients died, whereas in the second period, 22 of 730 patients died (3.0%). In the first and second period, 41.9 and 25.3% of patients were subjected to surgical procedures. The hospital stay was shorter in the second group, compared with the first (14.2 and 25.9 days respectively). Conclusions: There was a decrease in mortality caused by AP in the last 10 years, probably associated with a better interdisciplinary management of these patients.

Unusual tomographic findings of complicated necrotizing pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potential life-threatening disease, which originates from inflammatory involvement of the pancreas and surrounding tissues. Serious complications eventuate and treatment is difficult. AP is classified in both interstitial edematous pancreatitis, which occurs in 70-80% of patients, and necrotizing pancreatitis, which occurs in 20-30% of patients. Diagnosis is based on the presence of two of the following criteria: abdominal pain, increased serum determination of amylase and/or lipase more than three times the reference value, and characteristic tomographic findings. Among the latter, there is the pancreatic and surrounding tissue damage as well as that related to distant organ involvement. This case report shows the fatal case of a male patient with a history of heavy alcoholic abuse admitted with the diagnosis of necrotizing pancreatitis. The authors call attention to the unusual tomographic findings; namely, a huge duodenal hematoma and a large hemoperitoneum, ischemic involvement of the spleen and kidneys, as well as pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis.

Dolor abdominal agudo: Enfoque para el médico de atención primaria / Acute abdominal pain: Approach to the primary care physician

El dolor abdominal es una causa frecuente de consulta en cualquier servicio de urgencias, y por esto, los médicos de atención primaria deben conocer las patologías que puedan poner en peligro la vida de sus pacientes. Se hace una revisión de las patologías más frecuentemente asociadas a dolor abdominal en el ámbito de urgencias, y se hace énfasis en los medios por los que se puede llegar al diagnóstico adecuado y los conceptos generales del tratamiento de cada una de estas condiciones. [Ochoa SR. Dolor abdominal agudo: Enfoque para el médico de pain: Approach to the primary care physician. MedUNAB atención primaria. MedUNAB 2012; 15:113-122].

Acute abdominal pain is a frequent cause of emergency room consult, and because of that, primary care physicians should know about pathologies that can put their patient's life at risk. We present a review of the most common conditions associated with acute abdominal pain in the emergency room, and we emphasize on the approach for an accurate diagnosis and give the general concepts for the treatment of each condition. [Ochoa SR. Acute abdominal pain: Approach to the primary care physician. MedUNAB 2012; 15:113-122].