Daughters rewarding mothers' piteous lives: Eldest daughters caring for aging mothers.

This study is an analysis of the personal and social meanings of married women's experiences caring for their aging mothers as the eldest daughter in Korean society. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants for this study. The interviews were conducted in Korean, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis in four categories: "being the eldest daughter and daughter-in-law in a patriarchal society with nothing but duties"; "the pain of taking care of my mother that invades my daily life"; "The compassion of an eldest daughter who can't turn a blind eye to her mother's miserable life."; and "Support from society to overcome the psychological difficulties of caregivers and help older adults in their daily lives". The study participants felt emotional pain in caring for their mothers, and it was difficult for them to simultaneously play the roles of daughter-in-law, wife, and mother. However, they felt compassion for their mothers' lives in a patriarchal society and believed they could compensate for their mothers' hardships by caring for them. The participants emphasized the need for specialized in-home services that address the specific health needs of the older adult, along with counseling services for their caregivers. In Korean society, when daughters care for their mothers, it strengthens the shared history and emotions between mothers and daughters, affirming female solidarity. Based on the above findings, policy and practical measures are recommended to ensure that daughters who provide care for their mothers can deliver stable care.

A global study into Indian women's experiences of domestic violence and control: the role of patriarchal beliefs.

Domestic violence (DV) is a serious and preventable human rights issue that disproportionately affects certain groups of people, including Indian women. Feminist theory suggests that patriarchal ideologies produce an entitlement in male perpetrators of DV; however, this has not been examined in the context of women from the Indian subcontinent. This study examined Indian women's experiences of abuse (physical, sexual, and psychological) and controlling behavior across 31 countries by examining the relationship between the patriarchal beliefs held by the women's partners and the women's experience of DV. This study uses an intersectional feminist framework to examine the variables. Data from an online questionnaire was collected from 825 Indian women aged between 18 and 77 years (M = 35.64, SD = 8.71) living in 31 countries across Asia (37.1%), Europe (18.3%), Oceania (23.8%), the Americas (16.1%) and Africa (3.2%) and analyzed using a hierarchical linear regression. A majority of participants (72.5%) had experienced at least one form of abuse during their relationship, and over a third (35.1%) had experienced controlling behavior. In support of the central hypotheses, after controlling for potential confounders, women whose partners showed greater endorsement of patriarchal beliefs were less likely to have access to freedom during their relationship (ß = -0.38, p < 0.001) and were more likely to have been abused by their partner or a member of his family (ß = 0.34, p < 0.001). The findings of this study highlight the need to engage with men in Indian communities through culturally-tailored intervention strategies designed to challenge the patriarchal ideologies that propagate, justify, and excuse DV.

Predictors of Rape Myth Acceptance Among South Asian Students in Canada.

Transmission of rape myths is expected in every culture, yet limited research exists on rape myth acceptance (RMA) within global South Asian (SA) diasporas. We examined whether gender, attitudes toward gender roles, and patriarchal beliefs contributed to RMA among young SA adults in Canada. An ethnically diverse sample of 116 (ages 17-25) students, comprising equal numbers of men and women and domestic and international students, completed an online survey. SA students were generally egalitarian with low RMA similar to the majority of North American samples. As predicted, male gender, traditional attitudes towards SA women, and patriarchal beliefs were strong predictors of RMA.

Chinese Women's Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women.

Few studies have empirically examined factors influencing attitudes toward acceptance of intimate partner violence (IPV), and no study has yet studied the topic in China. We empirically test the effects of attitudes toward gender roles and exposure to violence during childhood on the acceptance of IPV and the moderating effects of education and income on these relationships. Using survey data collected from 600 Chinese women from southern China, we found that education and income moderate the relationship between belief in gender equality and acceptance of IPV. The effect of exposure to parental physical violence on the acceptance of IPV is moderated by education.

O feminino na fantasia: entre a dialética do desejo em Lacan e a fantasia social em Zizek / The feminine in fantasy: between the dialectic of desire in Lacan and social fantasy in Zizek / Lo femenino en la fantasía: entre la dialéctica del deseo en Lacan y la fantasía social en Zizek

Partindo do perceptível conflito entre as determinações fantasísticas do social, referentes ao feminino e o desejo da mulher enquanto sujeito, que chega à clínica materializado em um profundo sofrimento psíquico do qual ela parece incapaz de atravessar, questionamos: quais seriam os elementos da cena social atramados na fantasia social que apontam para o que consideramos representações do feminino? Assim, objetivamos articular o grafo do desejo em Lacan com a noção de fantasia social em Zizek para tentar responder o que haveria de feminino na fantasia, ou seja, como a dialética do desejo e a noção de fantasia social podem ajudar a compreender as construções fantasísticas do feminino. Para tanto, lançamos mão de uma investigação teórica com enfoque no texto lacaniano Subversão do sujeito e dialética do desejo no inconsciente freudiano (1960) e no texto de Slavoj Zizek Eles não sabem o que fazem - o sublime objeto da ideologia (1992), sem desconsiderar, contudo, comentadores de ambos os teóricos mencionados. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo desenvolveu a articulação dos conceitos - fantasia, desejo, feminino e fantasia social - procurando se organizar a partir de três questões: 1) De que forma as elaborações de Zizek sobre ideologia como fantasia social auxilia a compreender a dialética do desejo em Lacan?; 2) De que forma o desejo do Outro, enquanto social, resta na fantasia do sujeito, de modo a responder pela articulação fundamental entre a demanda e o desejo?; 3) Sob qual razão os elementos conjunturais são tomados na perspectiva estrutural que compõe o que entendemos por feminino na fantasia? Tomando por base a assertiva de que a sociedade não existe por si mesma, o feminino na fantasia poderia sustentar a própria fantasia de uma ordem social, ao cumprir a função de tamponar os hiatos deixados pela dissimetria entre o sujeito e o social.

Starting from the perceptible conflict between the fantastical determinations of the social referring to the feminine and the woman's desire as a subject who arrives at the clinic materialized in a deep psychic suffering that she seems unable to go through, we question: what would be the elements of the social scene strung in fantasy that point to what we consider representations of the feminine? Thus, we aim to articulate the graph of desire in Lacan with the notion of social fantasy in Zizek to try to answer what would be feminine in fantasy, that is, how the dialectic of desire and the notion of social fantasy can help us to understand the constructions feminine fantasies. For that, we make use of a theoretical investigation focusing on the Lacanian text Subversion of the subject and the dialectic of desire in the Freudian unconscious (1960) and on the text of Slavoj Zizek They do not know what they do - the sublime object of ideology (1992), without disregard, however, commentators of both theorists mentioned. In this perspective, this study developed the articulation of the concepts - fantasy, desire, feminine and social fantasy - seeking to organize itself from three questions: 1) How do Zizek's elaborations on ideology as social fantasy help us to understand the dialectic of the desire in Lacan?; 2) How does the Other's desire, as a social one, remain in the subject's fantasy, in order to respond to the fundamental articulation between demand and desire?; 3) Under what reason are the conjunctural elements taken in the structural perspective that compose what we understand by feminine in fantasy? Based on the assertion that society does not exist by itself, the feminine in fantasy could sustain the fantasy of a social order, by fulfilling the function of plugging the holes left by the dissymmetry between the subject and the social.

Partiendo del perceptible conflicto entre las determinaciones fantásticas de lo social referente a lo femenino y el deseo de la mujer como sujeto que llega a la clínica materializado en un profundo sufrimiento psíquico que parece incapaz de atravesar, nos cuestionamos: ¿cuáles serían los elementos de la escena social ensartadas en la fantasía que apuntan a lo que consideramos representaciones de lo femenino? Así, pretendemos articular el grafo del deseo en Lacan con la noción de fantasía social en Zizek para tratar de responder qué sería femenino en la fantasía, es decir, cómo la dialéctica del deseo y la noción de fantasía social pueden ayudarnos a comprender las construcciones fantasías femeninas. Para ello, nos valemos de una investigación teórica centrada en el texto lacaniano Subversión del sujeto y la dialéctica del deseo en el inconsciente freudiano (1960) y en el texto de Slavoj Zizek No saben lo que hacen - el objeto sublime de la ideología (1992), sin menospreciar, sin embargo, los comentadores de ambos teóricos mencionados. En esta perspectiva, este estudio desarrolló la articulación de los conceptos - fantasía, deseo, femenino y fantasía social- buscando organizarse a partir de tres interrogantes: 1) ¿De qué manera las elaboraciones de Zizek sobre la ideología como fantasía social nos ayudan a comprender la dialéctica del deseo? en Lacan?; 2) ¿Cómo el deseo del Otro, como social, permanece en la fantasía del sujeto, para responder a la articulación fundamental entre demanda y deseo?; 3) ¿Bajo qué razón se toman los elementos coyunturales en la perspectiva estructural que componen lo que entendemos por femenino en la fantasía? Partiendo de la afirmación de que la sociedad no existe por sí mismo, lo femenino en la fantasía podría sustentar la fantasía de un orden social, cumpliendo la función de tapar los agujeros dejados por la disimetría entre el sujeto y lo social.

Changing Lens: Broadening the Research Agenda of Women in Management in China.

Human resource management (HRM) is underpinned by, and contributes to, the business ethics of the organization. Opportunities available to men and women as managers, and the role of managers more broadly, are critical in shaping business ethics in contemporary organizations. Research on women in management therefore provides an important lens through which to understand the institutional and cultural context of HR ethics as part of the business ethics of a country. To date, women in management in China remains an under-charted topic of research in the HRM field. Extant research and recommendations on the improvement of the position of women in management in China focus primarily on women themselves from a traditional, gender norm angle, instead of challenging the political and patriarchal system or any institutionalized discriminatory practice. This is, in part, due to the absence in China of a critical feminism approach or feminist movement, as found in Western societies, and the continuing strong influence of the state and media in portraying women's (stereotypical) image. There is significant room for research capacity building in scholarship on women in management research, for example, and through cross-fertilization of different disciplines and more rigorous research design and execution. This paper provides a critical analysis of extant literature on women in management and the ideologies underpinning it, and offers some suggestions for future research and conceptualization.

Indian females in the twenty-first century: how they have fared? An analysis using geospatial techniques.

Gender equality and women empowerment have been on the top of the agenda globally. Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls has been mentioned by the United Nations in its Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-5) as a target. Various efforts and initiatives have been taken at global, regional and local level to eliminate gender inequality. Women in India have been stereotyped and discriminated since ancient times due to the patriarchal mindset. Social evils such as sati, purdah system, female foeticide, female infanticide, dowry, domestic violence have been faced by women. Various constitutional and legal provisions have been framed to eliminate such evils. In contemporary times, women have become sensitised about their rights and have come a long way in terms of women empowerment. Various schemes have been launched by central and state governments for emancipation of women. However, the patriarchal mindset still exists and gender biasness is still experienced by women both in public and private space. The paper attempts to analyse the level of women empowerment in different states of India. The study is based on the secondary data collected from various government sources. An analysis of the reasons responsible for the trends has also been done. It has been found in the study that female literacy has a positive bearing on the health and decision-making of females. Also, government support in the from of infrastructure and schemes act as a catalyst in women empowerment. Women-centric organisations and Self Help organisations have promoted economic empowerment and decision-making of females.

Khaled Hosseini's women as modern archetypes: A study of obedient, resistant and empowered Afghan women.

This article focuses on Khaled Hosseini's use of the analogy of women as obedient, resistant, and empowered as modern archetypes who learn of the gendered oppression that works through their bodies. Khaled Hosseini, through his writings, lends voice and offers moral encouragement to women by crafting resistant, rebellious, empowered, and strong female characters. With theoretical support from Johnson's Patriarchal Terrorism and Spivak's Can the subaltern speak, this article traces how Hosseini interrogates the patriarchal hierarchies that encompass women's identity in Afghanistan. Women's sufferings correlate with the country's overall circumstances, particularly during and after the war, on the terror regime. Therefore, women's endurance and Afghanistan's endurance amid hostile and oppressive circumstances become equally imperative for Hosseini's works. This article finds that Hosseini correlates Afghan women's issues like tradition and modernity, women and Islam, mother and daughter relationship, resistance and rebellion, and their quest for change and empowerment with the war on terror, foreign invasions, and the rule of the Taliban in Afghanistan.

"When You Come Together and Do Everything, It'll be Better for Everybody": Exploring Gender Relations Among Two Southeastern Native American Tribes.

Prior to the imposition of patriarchal colonial norms, Native American (NA) gender relations were characterized as complementary and egalitarian; however, little research has explored gender relations within NA communities today. This study used a community-based critical ethnography to explore contemporary NA gender relations with a purposive sample of 208 individuals from the "Coastal Tribe" and 228 participants from the "Inland Tribe." After participant observation, interviews, and focus groups were conducted, a collaborative approach to reconstructive analysis was used to identify themes in the data. Within these communities, gender relations tended to reflect egalitarian and cooperative but gendered norms, and participants provided examples of how tribal members are transcending patriarchal colonialism. Through the lens of the Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence, we theorize how these gender norms may protect families from risks associated with historical oppression and promote family resilience with implications for research, practice, and policy.

Towards A Psychoanalytic Understanding Of War.

Inspired by the Horneyan concept of a morality of evolution and applying the psychoanalytic method, I researched a body of scientific literature to understand the status of our society today. History, linked to natural history, is the narrative of my patient, the human species. I endeavored to find if there was a repressed trauma in the history of humanity that could explain the symptomatic, recurrent phenomenon of war. In Einstein's terms, we all condemn war and yet, paradoxically, we engage in it again and again allowing might to supersede right. I found, first, that war is not a natural but a purely historical phenomenon; second, that psychoanalysis is a qualified method to understand the phenomenon of war; and third, that, in the history of subjectivity, the slavery of women who had led the species for two-hundred-thousand years before and were then deprived of their transcendence in civil society, offered an answer to the puzzle. Most remarkable is the fact that academia has repeatedly ignored the issue when evidence is presented. I arrived at the conclusion that true gender parity in any society offers a model for substantive equality and space for peaceful expression of our inevitable differences.

The role of patriarchal structure and gender stereotypes in cyber dating abuse: A qualitative examination of male perpetrators experiences.

In Jordan, premarital romantic relationships are still socially unacceptable as they contradict traditional values and norms. Although previous studies have examined cyber dating abuse (CDA), few have utilized an exploratory qualitative design to clarify male abusers' perceptions of their motivations, particularly in Arabic and clan environments. Therefore, this study conducted a thematic qualitative analysis of 47 male university students aged 19-26 and asked about their experiences and beliefs regarding their engagement in CDA against female romantic partners via social media (WhatsApp, Facebook) and mobile phone. Two themes were identified: (1) contexts and motivations for male perpetration of CDA (2) consequences of CDA for the male perpetrators. The results revealed that control and direct aggression and sexual behaviors are common practices among male perpetrators; gender identity and male entitlement are related factors, enabling and normalizing male abusive behavior. Women, taught to be submissive by Jordanian society, are unable to defend themselves. Hence, CDA also predicts offline intimate partner violence-related behaviors. Moreover, the main motives for CDA from the perspective of male perpetrators are anger, jealousy, revenge, abandonment, feeling betrayed by female partners, earning money, sexual exploitation, and incitement by another woman. The results suggest that engaging in CDA behaviors can negatively impact perpetrators' physical and psychological health as well as their social and academic behaviors. These results confirm that efforts to reduce CDA that may lead to domestic violence against women must address the social pressures and context of violence, including masculinity and patriarchal domination.

Gender ideology and fertility: evidence for a curvilinear hypothesis.

Research on the relationship between fertility and gender ideology revealed inconsistent results. In the present study, we argue that inconsistencies may be due to the fact that such a relationship may be nonlinear. We hypothesize a U-shaped relationship between two dimensions of gender ideology (i.e., primacy of breadwinner role and acceptance of male privilege) and fertility rates. We conducted a cross-national analysis of 60 countries using data from the World Values Survey as well as the World Population Prospects 2019. Controlling for gross domestic product, we found support for a U-shaped relationship between gender ideology and fertility. Higher levels of fertility rates were found at lower and especially higher levels of traditional gender ideology, while a medium level of gender ideology was associated with the lowest fertility rate. This curvilinear relationship is in agreement with the phase of the gender revolution in which the country is located.

Autism: an 'epidemic' of contemporary times?

The text discusses the growing incidence of autism in the world, presents an understanding of autism from the point of view of analytical psychology, and reflects on the treatment of autistic patients. Today, it is understood that autism is part of a continuum of characteristics on a spectrum with biological and congenital causes. It is a non-specific picture resulting from multiple causations of non-linear factors. Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities. Autism spectrum disorder must be considered as a clinical entity, with current clearly defined characteristics. It is an extremely complex condition, which requires multidisciplinary approaches aiming at the possibility of prognosis and effective therapeutic approaches. This paper explores how a disturbance may occur from the intra-uterine phase, in which matriarchal experiences do not constellate. The structuring function of the patriarchal organization can then become dominant, and people with autism need understanding and help to organize their world and learn to live in it. As they don't have the capacity to structure consciousness through the matriarchal archetype, they rely entirely on the structuring and organizing capacity of the Father archetype.

Ce texte traite du taux croissant d'autisme dans le monde. Il présente une compréhension de l'autisme du point de vue de la psychologie analytique, et réfléchit au traitement des patients autistes. Au jour d'aujourd'hui il est accepté que l'autisme fait partie d'un continuum de caractéristiques sur un spectre qui inclut des causes biologiques et congénitales. Il s'agit d'un tableau non-spécifique qui est le résultat de causalités multiples concernant des facteurs non-linéaires. L'autisme est un trouble neuro-développemental caractérisé par une triade de symptômes: des déficits durables dans la communication et les interactions sociales, et des schémas de comportements, d'intérêts et d'activités restreints et répétitifs. Le spectre autistique doit être considéré comme une entité clinique, avec des traits caractéristiques actuels raisonnablement définis. C'est une condition extrêmement complexe, qui requiert des approches multidisciplinaires ayant pour but la possibilité d'un pronostic et d'approches thérapeutiques efficaces. Il est possible qu'un problème se produise durant la phase intra-utérine, dans laquelle les expériences matriarcales ne se constelleraient pas. La fonction structurante de l'organisation patriarcale peut devenir dominante et les personnes autistes ont besoin de compréhension et d'aide pour organiser leur monde et apprendre à vivre dedans. N'ayant pas la capacité de structurer la conscience à travers l'archétype matriarcal, elles s'appuient complètement sur la capacité structurante et organisatrice de l'archétype du Père.

El texto describe la incidencia en aumento de autismo en el mundo, presenta una comprensión sobre el autismo desde la perspectiva de la psicología analítica, y reflexiona acerca del tratamiento de pacientes autistas. Actualmente, se comprende que el autismo es parte de un continuum de características en un espectro con causas biológicas y congénitas. Es un cuadro no específico resultado de múltiples causalidades de factores no-lineales. El autismo es un trastorno del neuro-desarrollo caracterizado por una tríada de síntomas: un déficit persistente en la comunicación e interacción social; patrones de conducta, intereses o actividades restrictivas y repetitivas. El trastorno de espectro autista debe ser considerado como una entidad clínica, con características razonablemente definidas y vigentes. Es una condición extremadamente compleja, que requiere de abordajes multidisciplinarios tendientes a la posibilidad de una prognosis y de abordajes terapéuticos efectivos. Posiblemente, una alteración ocurre en la fase intrauterina, en la cual la experiencia matriarcal no se constela. La función estructurante de la organización patriarcal puede volverse dominante y las personas con autismo necesitan comprensión y ayuda para organizar su mundo y aprender a vivir en éste. Al no tener la capacidad de estructurar la consciencia a través del arquetipo matriarcal, dependen enteramente de la capacidad estructurante y organizadora del arquetipo del Padre.

O texto discute a crescente incidência de autismo no mundo, apresenta uma compreensão do autismo do ponto de vista da psicologia analítica e reflete sobre o tratamento de pacientes autistas. Hoje, entende-se que o autismo faz parte de um continuum de características em um espectro com causas biológicas e congênitas. É um quadro inespecífico resultante de múltiplas causas de fatores não lineares. O autismo é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento caracterizado por uma tríade de sintomas: déficits persistentes na comunicação social, na interação social; e padrões restritos e repetitivos de comportamentos, interesses ou atividades. O transtorno do espectro do autismo deve ser considerado como uma entidade clínica, com características atuais razoavelmente definidas. É uma condição extremamente complexa, que requer abordagens multidisciplinares visando a possibilidade de prognóstico e abordagens terapêuticas eficazes. Possivelmente, ocorre um distúrbio a partir da fase intrauterina, na qual as experiências matriarcais não se constelam. A função estruturante da organização patriarcal pode se tornar dominante e as pessoas com autismo precisam de compreensão e ajuda para organizar seu mundo e aprender a viver nele. Como eles não têm a capacidade de estruturar a consciência através do arquétipo matriarcal, eles dependem inteiramente da capacidade de estruturação e organização do arquétipo do Pai.

Análisis de trayectoria de las creencias patriarcales y sexistas, actitudes favorables a la violencia y violencia en el noviazgo / [Trajectory analysis of patriarchal and sexist beliefs, attitudes favorable to violence and dating violence]

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las relaciones entre las creencias patriarcales y sexistas, las actitudes favorables a la violencia física, psicológica y sexual hacia las mujeres y hacia los hombres, y la presencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Participaron 774 universitarios mexicanos (52,33% mujeres). Los resultados mostraron que los hombres han desarrollado más actitudes favoreciendo el uso de la violencia física, psicológica y sexual en contra de las mujeres a partir de la influencia de las creencias patriarcales y sexistas. Las mujeres con mayor adhesión a las creencias patriarcales y sexistas presentaron más actitudes favorables a la violencia física, psicológica y sexual hacia ellas mismas. Las mujeres que tuvieron puntuaciones más altas en las actitudes que favorecen la violencia hacia ellas tuvieron un mayor nivel de victimización. En conclusión, los cuatro modelos de análisis de trayectorias revelaron el impacto que tienen las creencias patriarcales y sexistas en la violencia en el noviazgo por medio de las actitudes que favorecen la violencia hacia las mujeres y hacia los hombres.

Dating violence research needs to examine the perspective and experience that women and men have of this type of violence and the cognitive factors associated with it. In order to fill this gap, the objective of this research was to analyze the relations between patriarchal and sexist beliefs, attitudes favorable to physical, psychological, and sexual violence towards women and men, and the prevalence of dating violence. A total of 774 Mexican university students (52.33% women and 47.67% men) participated answering five instruments. In order to examine the data obtained, four path analysis models were created. The results showed that men have developed more attitudes supporting the use of physical, psychological, and sexual violence against women from the influence of patriarchal and sexist beliefs. Likewise, women who reported greater adherence to patriarchal and sexist beliefs presented more favorable attitudes towards physical, psychological, and sexual violence towards themselves. In turn, it was found that female participants who reported higher scores in the attitudes supporting sexual, psychological, and sexual violence towards themselves had a higher level of victimization. In conclusion, the four models revealed the impact that patriarchal and sexist beliefs have on dating violence through attitudes supporting violence towards women and men.

Empowered but abused? A moderated mediation analysis to explore the relationship between wife's relative resources, relational empowerment and physical abuse.

There is a growing body of literature focusing on the direct relationship between women's relative resources (WRR) and intimate partner violence (IPV). However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unexplored. Grounded in the popular sociological theories, Relative Resource Theory (RRT) and Gendered Resource Theory (GRT), this study addresses the research gap by proposing a moderated-mediation model to i) understand the process through which WRR influences the relational empowerment and violence victimization, and, ii) explain the role of husband's patriarchal attitude in the proposed linkages. We posit that the relationship between WRR and IPV is mediated by relational empowerment, and husband's patriarchal attitude moderates the relationship between relational empowerment and physical abuse. The proposed model is tested in the Indian context using secondary data collected from 47,514 married couples. As our variables of interest were latent constructs, we first used factor analysis in AMOS v.22. Then, using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique, the proposed model is tested in SPSS v.22 using the bootstrap Confidence Interval (C.I.) method. In our study sample, about 28% of ever-married women reported experiencing spousal violence in the last 12 months. The study finds that WRR is a significant predictor of relational empowerment (ß = 0.21, p < 0.01), and relational empowerment is negatively associated (ß = -0.06; p < 0.01) with violence victimization, thus supporting mediating role of relational empowerment in WRR-Abuse linkage. The interaction of the husband's patriarchal attitude with relational empowerment significantly predicts violence victimization. Our study results indicate the critical role of socio-cultural norms, rooted in patriarchy, in understanding IPV. The study findings suggest that the potential of women empowerment initiatives against IPV is conditional on men's progressive attitude. The study findings call for acknowledging the complexity of the interaction between patriarchal attitude and IPV on the one hand, and women's position in society, in any attempt at empowerment.

Fear of Crime among Female North Korean Defectors in South Korea.

Although some studies have focused on immigrants' fear of crime in the United States, it is important to point out that the number of North Korean defectors to South Korea has rapidly increased since the 1990s. Therefore, understanding factors associated with fear of crime for North Korean immigrants, especially female defectors, is important for ensuring their successful transitions into South Korean culture. The present study used existing survey data from a sample of female North Korean defectors to explore factors related to fear of crime. Results indicate that the number of North Korean friends, language proficiency, and patriarchal attitudes toward gender were significant predictors of fear of crime for the North Korean female defectors. Findings are described and discussed as a potential source for policymaking to reduce North Korean immigrants' acculturative stress and fear of crime and to encourage smooth transitions into new cultures.

The Effects of Religion and Modernization on Egyptian Women's IPV Attitudes.

This article uses the 2008 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey to explore the relationship between religion and women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV). It also asks whether modernization, as measured by having a higher education or living in an urban area, can mediate or moderate this relationship. Using latent class analysis to create categories of women's wife-beating attitudes, and multinomial regression to explore the relationship between religion, education, and urbanity, we find no significant relationship between being Muslim and justifying wife beating. Our data further suggest that neither education nor urbanity mediate or moderate this relationship.

Pre-and-post-operative aversion among men whose partners had caesarean delivery in a patriarchal setting.

Objectives: The study evaluated pre and post-operative perception and aversion to caesarean delivery (CD) among men whose partners underwent the procedure. Design: A multicentre cross-sectional study. Setting: Two tertiary and two secondary health facilities. Participants: Men whose partners underwent CD at the study sites. Methods: Participants were recruited by purposive sampling, data collection was through interaction via an interviewer-administered questionnaire first immediately the decision for CD was made and thereafter on the third postoperative day. Men whose partners had vaginal delivery were excluded from the study and data management was with SPSS version 21.0 while p<0.05 was significant. Results: Awareness about CD was 84.0% mainly through the healthcare workers (42.1%) and the female partner (34.1%); 88.0% of participants recommended CD for medically-indicated reasons. The greatest influence on consent was the male partner (48.8%). The major pre-operative concerns were limitation of family size (34.7%) and fear of repeat CD (34.0%). Pre-operative perceptions of CD included being expensive (60.7%), fear of the procedure (48.0%), fear of complications (45.3%) and longer hospital stay (44.0%). Aversion to CD was 30.0% pre and 5.3% post-operation; predictors of aversion were history of previous surgery among male or female partner and awareness about CD. However, there were reductions in negative perception and aversion post-operation. Conclusion: The high negative perception and aversion to CD among male partners were reduced post-operation. Healthcare workers should address the concerns and negative perceptions about CD and prioritize patient-friendly experiences during surgical operations. Funding: Funding was by the researchers; no grant or external support was received for the study.

"When my mother called me to say that the time of cutting had arrived, I just escaped to Belgium with my daughter": identifying turning points in the change of attitudes towards the practice of female genital mutilation among migrant women in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a public health concern with negative consequences on women's health. It is a harmful practice which is recognized in international discourses on public health as a form of gender-based violence. Women are not only victims of this, but also perpetrators. The practice of FGM remains a social norm which is difficult to change because it is deeply rooted in tradition and is embedded in the patriarchal system. However, some women have managed to change their attitudes towards it and have spoken out against it. This study identifies and describes turning points that have been defined as significant and critical events in the lives of the women, and that have engendered changes in their attitudes towards the practice of FGM. METHODS: We have conducted an inductive qualitative study based on the life story approach, where we interviewed 15 women who have undergone FGM. During the interviews, we discussed and identified the turning points that gave the research participants the courage to change their position regarding FGM. The analysis drew on lifeline constructions and thematic analysis. RESULTS: Six common turning points relating to a change in attitude towards FGM were identified: turning points related to (i) encounters with health professionals, (ii) education, (iii) social interactions with other cultures and their own culture, (iv) experiences of motherhood, (v) repeated pain during sexual or reproductive activity, and (vi) witnessing the effects of some harmful consequences of FGM on loved ones. CONCLUSIONS: The turning points identified challenged the understanding of what it means to be a 'member' of the community in a patriarchal system; a 'normal woman' according to the community; and what it means to be a 'good mother'. Moreover, the turning points manifested in conjunction with issues centered on emotional responses and coming to terms with conflicts of loyalty, which we see as possible triggers behind the shift experienced by the women in our sample.

"My Husband Has to Stop Beating Me and I Shouldn't Go to the Police": Family Meetings, Patriarchal Bargains, and Marital Violence in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

This article examines how women in South Africa, in challenging marital violence, navigate relations of patriarchal domination through appeals to the state, familial channels, or a combination of both. Using Kandiyoti's concept of "patriarchal bargains," the article describes how women during family meetings draw upon the state to challenge patriarchy within intimate partnerships and reassert control within their marriages. However, by drawing on the state for support, women have to navigate the patriarchal domination at the macro level as the state continues to act as an oppressive entity, particularly as it continues to constrain women's access to justice.