Estatus epiléptico: seguimiento e individualización farmacoterapéutica / Status epilepticus: follow-up and pharmacotherapy individualization

El estatus epiléptico superrefractario es un cuadro muy grave que pone en riesgo la vida de los pacientes. En este sentido, la monitorización rigurosa de los antiepilépticos es clave para un desenlace favorable. La excepcionalidad del caso presentado radica en la superrefractariedad del cuadro, que dificultó su manejo terapéutico y requirió un elevado grado de implicación del farmacéutico hospitalario en el seno de un equipo multidisciplinar. (AU)

Super-refractory epileptic status is a really serious and life-threatening condition. In this sense, rigorous monitoring of antiepileptic drugs is key to a favourable outcome. The exceptionality of the case presented lies in the super-refractoriness of the clinical profile, which made its therapeutic management difficult and required a high degree of involvement of the pharmacist’s hospital within a multidisciplinary team. (AU)

Listado de medicamentos trazadores/señaladores como herramienta en programas de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico o de farmacoseguridad / List of drug tracers/ markers as a tool in pharmacotherapeutic follow-up or drug-safety programs

Resumen Introducción: los resultados negativos asociados a la medicación (RNM), incluyendo las reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) o problemas de seguridad, son un problema clínico relevante, debido a su alta incidencia y a efectos nocivos en la salud. Un medicamento podría ser considerado como trazador/señalador, debido a: 1) una mayor probabilidad de causar RAM o problemas de seguridad; o 2) su utilización para tratar y por tanto identificar pacientes con RAM. Los listados de medicamentos trazadores podrían ser útiles en los programas de farmacoseguridad o seguimiento farmacoterapéutico (SFT). Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue estructurar un listado de medicamentos trazadores/ señaladores de los pacientes con mayor riesgo de presentar RNM, el cual podría ser útil para seleccionar pacientes para programas de SFT o farmacoseguridad. Obtención de datos: inicialmente, se realizó una revisión estructurada en PubMed/Medline para identificar medicamentos asociados a la presentación de RAM clasificadas como graves o moderadas y con una prevalencia igual o superior a 10%. Posteriormente, el listado de medicamentos identificados, fue comparado y complementado con medicamentos de alta alerta del Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) y con medicamentos utilizados para el tratamiento de RAM o antídotos. Resultados: se generó un listado general de 139 medicamentos trazadores/señaladores. Conclusiones: este listado podría ser una herramienta para detectar y seleccionar los pacientes que más se podrían beneficiar de los programas de SFT o farmacoseguridad. Se requiere de la realización de estudios diseñados para evaluar la utilidad práctica de dicho listado.

Abstract Introduction: negative outcomes associated with medication (NOM), including adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or safety problems, are a relevant clinical problem due to their high incidence and harmful effects on health. A drug could be considered a tracer / marker because of: 1) an increased likelihood of causing ADR or safety problems; or 2) its use to treat and therefore identify patients with ADR. Tracer drug listings could be useful in pharmacological safety or pharmacotherapeutic monitoring programs. Objective: the objective of this study was to structure a list of drug tracer / markers of the patients with the highest risk of presenting NOM, which could be useful to select patients for FFT or pharmacological safety programs. Data collection: initially, a structured review was performed in PubMed / Medline to identify drugs associated with the presentation of ADRs classified as severe or moderate and with a prevalence of 10% or greater. Subsequently, the list of identified medications was compared and complemented with high alert medications of the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and medications used to treat ADRs or antidotes. Results: a general listing of 139 drug tracers / markers was generated. Conclusions: this listing could be a tool to detect and select the patients who could most benefit from the FTS or pharmacological safety programs. Studies designed to evaluate the practical usefulness of this listing are required.

Uso de marcadores bioquímicos no diabetes tipo II como parâmetro de monitorização no acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes / Monitoring biochemical markers during pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of type 2 diabetic patients

Loss of the modulatory role of the endothelium may be an important factor in the development of diabetic vascular diseases such as cardiac, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease, as evidenced by changes in the serum lipid profile: increased triglycerides (TG), total lipoprotein cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). This article describes a longitudinal intervention study conducted at the Center for Research in Diabetes and Endocrinometabolic Diseases of the Federal University of Ceará (UFC, CE, Brazil), in which 58 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2) were monitored by recording biochemical parameters during two sessions of laboratory tests, and through monthly interview-based pharmacotherapeutic follow-up. The study lasted one year and was approved by the human research ethics committee of UFC. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of the program SPSS 11.0. Hypertension was present in 54.4% of patients with DM2, 64% were sedentary and overweight, 44.7% reported having relatives with cardiovascular disease and 59.5% had a family history of diabetes. The serum levels of fasting glucose, TG, TC and LDL-C and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced after the active follow-up and monitoring of patients. This result reinforces the importance of the role of the pharmacist in the control of biochemical parameters, improvement of patients? quality of life and prevention of complications.

A perda do papel modulador do endotélio pode ser um fator importante no desenvolvimento de doenças vasculares diabéticas como enfermidade cardiovascular, insuficiência cerebrovascular e vascular periférica que são evidenciadas por alterações no perfil lipídico: aumento do nível sérico de triglicérides (TG), colesterol total (lipoproteínas CT) e de baixa densidade (LDL-c), e redução no nível sérico de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c). O estudo delineado foi do tipo longitudinal de intervenção realizado no Centro de Pesquisa em Diabetes e Doenças Endócrinometabólicas da Universidade Federal do Ceará ? UFC no qual foram monitorados 58 pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo II (DM2) através da análise de parâmetros bioquímicos, realizados durante duas sessões de exames laboratóriais, e do acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico mensal. O estudo teve duração de 1 ano com a aprovação pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa em seres humanos da UFC. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa estatístico SPSS versão 11.0. A hipertensão arterial esteve presente em 54,4% dos pacientes portadores de DM2, 64% eram sedentários e com sobrepeso; 44,7% disseram que tem / tinha parentes com a doença cardiovascular, e 59,5% tinham história diabéticos familiar. Os parâmetros de glicemia de jejum, TG, CT e LDL-c, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica foram reduzidos após o monitoramento e acompanhamento dos pacientes. Este resultado reforça a importância da atuação do profissional farmacêutico na redução e controle dos índices bioquímicos, melhoria da qualidade de vida desses e prevenção de complicações.

Determinación de resultados negativos asociados a la medicación en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastornos del humor, hospitalizados en el Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Regional de Iquique Dr. Ernesto Torres Galdames, durante el año 2009 / Determination of negative results associated with medication in patients with mood disorders, hospitalized in the Psychiatry Service Units of the Regional Hospital of Iquique Dr. Ernesto Torre Galdames, during the year 2009

Resultados Negativos Asociados a la Medicación (RNM) son eventos cada vez más frecuentes, vinculados a la terapia farmacológica que obstaculiza los objetivos terapeúticos planteados en los pacientes que requieren tratamiento. Esta investigación se realizó en las dependencias del Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Regional de Iquique, cuyo principal objetivo fue la detección de RNM en las fichas clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de trastornos del humor hospitalizados durante el año 2009. Los casos fueron estudiados apoyados con la metodología Dáder y la clasificación de los RNM identificados, se realizó de acuerdo al tercer consenso de Granada. El total de casos incluidos fue de 164, de ellos el 38,4 por ciento presentó un RNM principalmente del tipo "seguridad". La distribución de los RNM a través de las variables independientes se concentró en: sexo femenino, edades entre 18 y 44 años, pacientes con polifarmacia y en hospitalizaciones que se prolongaron hasta por 30 días. Para evaluar si están asociadas estas variables con la aparición de un RNM se aplicó la prueba estadística chi-cuadrado, revelándose diferencias estadísticas significativas en polifarmacia y días cama. Se concluye que los factores asociados a la aparición de un RNM en los pacientes con trastornos del humor del servicio de psiquiatría son la polifarmacia y los días que dura su hospitalización.

Negative Results Associated with Medication (NRM) are increasingly frequent events, linked to pharmacological therapies that hinder the therapeutic goals in the patients who require treatment. This investigation was conducted in the psychiatry service units of the regional hospital of Iquique, whose main objective was de detection of RNM in the clinical records of patients diagnosed with mood disorders, hospitalized in 2009. The cases were studied with the Dáder methodology; the classification of identified RNM was performed according to the third Granada consensus. The total number of cases was 164, 38,4 percent of them presented an RNM through the independent variables focused on: female, aged between 18 and 44 years, patients with poly pharmacy and hospitalization which lasted up to 30 days. To asses whether these variables were associated with the appearance of an RNM, chi-square statistic test used, revealed statistically significant differences in polypharmacy and bed days. In conclusion, the factors associated with the appearance of a RNM in patients with mood disorder are: polypharmacy and days of hospitalization.