Phytophotodermatitis From Lime Margaritas on a Mexico Vacation.

Phytophotodermatitis is a type of contact dermatitis that occurs upon skin exposure to certain plant chemicals, known as furocoumarins, along with simultaneous sun exposure. This case details a 34-year-old patient who presented to the office with an asymptomatic, irregularly shaped, and hyperpigmented patch located on the left inferior middle back that had been present since a recent beach vacation in Mexico. Upon gathering the history, clinicians should inquire about recent sunlight exposure while consuming and/or touching phytotoxic plant derivatives found in most citrus plants. The history should correspond with the skin examination findings and conclude that a cutaneous phytotoxic reaction had occurred when a lime margarita contacted the hand, which was subsequently rubbed onto the patient's back. This case highlights the importance of both taking a thorough history and physical examination and being aware of the broad range of skin manifestations to prevent unnecessary treatment, such as topical corticosteroids, for other skin disorders (the irregular presentation of atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and dermatitis unspecified) or improperly suspected child abuse in younger patient presentations.

Primary Photosensitization by Chamaecrista serpens in Santa Inês Sheep.

This study aimed to clarify the type of photosensitization induced by C. serpens and to verify if the plant remains toxic after being collected and stored. Eight crossbred sheep, aged between 6 and 36 months, were divided into three groups (G1 to G3). Over 30 days, daily, G1 received an exclusive diet of C. serpens, and G2 and G3 received 10 g/kg/BW and 20 g/kg/BW, respectively. Two other sheep were used as controls (CG). Before administration, the plant had been harvested every 15 days. Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken from all sheep on day zero and weekly. All sheep that received the plant developed clinical signs of photosensitization, and no changes were observed in the serum activities of AST and GGT. On day 30, all sheep except Ov1 from G1 and Ov7 were euthanized and necropsied. All sheep that received the plant developed clinical signs. Macroscopic or histologic lesions were not observed in the liver. Ov 1 recovered 13 days after the end of ingestion. These results demonstrated that C. serpens causes primary photosensitization. It is advisable to avoid grazing on pastures invaded by the plant or to remove them from the pastures immediately after observing the first signs.

Hepatogenous photosensitization in ruminants and horses caused by the ingestion of Chamaecrista serpens in Brazil.

This study aimed to describe the first reports of outbreaks of hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle, sheep, and horses caused by spontaneous ingestion of Chamaecrista serpens, as well as to reproduce poisoning in sheep experimentally. Eleven photodermatitis outbreaks of unknown cause occurred in cattle, sheep and horses on nine farms in the semiarid region of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, between July 2017 and July 2020. Cutaneous lesions of photosensitization initiated until one week after the animals were introduced in paddocks invaded by the plant at the beginning of the rainy season. The photosensitive skin lesions were progressive and consisted of hyperemia, edema, ulcerative-crusted lesions with necrosis, especially in non-pigmented skin areas. The lesions in young animals were more severe. The animals avoided the sun and exhibited hyporexia, weight loss, restlessness, irritability, and severe itching. An experimental study was made using seven sheep, and resulted in photodermatitis, similar to that observed in the natural poisoning, seven days after the beginning of plant ingestion. Two sheep were reserved for the control group. Serum biochemistry changes indicated liver injury caused by the plant. Skin biopsies and liver biopsy guided by ultrasound were performed. The one sheep that had more pronounced skin lesions was euthanized and necropsied. At the necropsy, the liver was enlarged, diffusely pale, and firm, with an evident lobular pattern and an empty gallbladder. Histopathology revealed similar skin and liver lesions in samples from biopsies and the necropsy. There was a marked disorganization of the cords of hepatocytes associated with degenerative necrotic changes on the liver. The cutaneous injuries included orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, acanthosis, and extensive areas of epidermic necrosis and ulceration. Three sheep were protected from sunlight and the lesions regressed within 45 days after the plant's consumption ceased. In conclusion, C. serpens causes hepatogenous photosensitization in ruminants and horses, and should be included in the list of differential diagnoses in cases of photosensitive dermatitis.

Hepatogenous photosensitization in steer by Brachiaria decumbens

Background: Although the etiology of hepatogenous photosensitization has not yet been fully elucidated, it is known that hepatotoxic substances (saponins) present in grasses of the genus Brachiaria spp. are responsible for intoxication of ruminants and horses, causing great economic losses in the whole world. Since this grass is the source of food for the herd in Brazil, and other countries of the world, the aim of this paper is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and anatomopathological aspects of a steer with this disease. Case: A 3-year-old Nellore steer was referred to veterinary care at a property in Bahia, with a 3-week history of swelling, loss of cutaneous tissue in the ear and scrotum region, and dry faeces. The animal was raised in pasture with Brachiaria decumbens along with five animals of different age and sex; however, it was the only one to present symptoms. Although the animal had been treated at the farm, there was no clinical improvement. On clinical examination, the steer was apathetic with jaundiced mucous membranes, nasal and ocular discharge, epiphora, and ulcers on the labial and gum commissure. The steer had leukocytosis with neutrophilia, anemia, and hyperfibrinogemia. The body condition score (BCS) was 2 (BCS ranges from 1 to 5), and the skin lesions observed were bedsores, necrosis and scabs in several regions. The increase in liver enzymes (GGT, AST) indicated hepatic impairment, suggesting a case of hepatogenous photosensitization. The therapeutic protocol instituted was enteral hydration, electrolyte replacement, topical application of ointment in the injured areas. In addition, it was recommended to maintain the animal in the shade, supply of good quality grass, and a new clinical evaluation in seven days. On new examination, it was observed that there was no satisfactory clinical improvement of the animal, and persistence of laboratory changes. Despite the poor prognosis, treatment was continued for another month with the same recommendations. However, in view of the severe clinical condition and unfavorable prognosis, the animal was submitted euthanasia. Necropsy revealed extensive areas of bedsores, erythema, severe jaundice in the mucous membranes, eyeballs and opaque corneas. The liver had an enlarged volume with bulging edges and a greenish color. The kidneys had a pale brownish color, with an irregular and mottled subcapsular surface, with blackened and depressed spots. Histologically, the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes was finely vacuolated, sometimes refringent and with an abundant presence of bile pigment. It was also observed in the middle of the liver parenchyma, multiple foci of accumulation of macrophages filled with vacuoles of different sizes containing saponins and crystals of saponins inside bile ducts. Furthermore, it was possible to observe hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Kupffer cells, disarrangement of hepatocytes with individual necrosis of hepatocytes. Discussion: The diagnosis of hepatogenous photosensitization was based on history, clinical, laboratory and anatomopathological findings. Serum biochemistry was important to measure hepatic impairment and possible secondary lesions, which were confirmed by the necropsy. Although hepatogenous photosensitization is less common in adult cattle, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of skin lesions, reduced appetite, and jaundice. Since it was a sporadic case, individual predisposition is probably a preponderant factor.

Protodioscin levels in Brachiaria spp. in a sheep production system and a brief review of the literature of Brachiaria spp. poisoning in ruminants / Níveis de protodioscina em Brachiaria spp. em um sistema de produção de ovinos e uma breve revisão da literatura da intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. em ruminantes

Plants of the genus Brachiaria, used in several countries as forage, are poisonous to some livestock species. Their toxic principle is protodioscin, and the main form of clinical presentation of the toxicosis is hepatogenous photosensitization. Here we compare protodioscin levels in B. decumbens and B. brizantha and review the literature on the concentrations and methodologies of collection and analysis of the toxic principle in Brachiaria spp. and the risk of contamination of pastures by more toxic species that may facilitate poisoning by plants of this genus in sheep. The experiment was conducted in pastures originally formed by B. brizantha, with many B. decumbens invasion points. The occurrence of cases of poisoning by Brachiaria spp. was the criterion for confirming pasture toxicity. The forage samples were collected at ten random points every 28 days through manual grazing simulation. The samples were analyzed for protodioscin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with light scattering by evaporation (ELSD) after being dried and crushed. In the flock of 69 sheep, five poisoning cases occurred, three sheep died, and two recovered. The protodioscin levels found in the evaluated pastures ranged from 0.70 to 0.45%; higher levels appeared in B. decumbens (7.09%) compared to 1.04% in B. brizantha. We suggest that Brachiaria spp. should be avoided in pastures where sheep are grazing.(AU)

Plantas do gênero Brachiaria, utilizadas em vários países como forragem, são tóxicas para várias espécies pecuárias. Seu princípio tóxico é a protodioscina, e a principal forma de apresentação clínica da toxicose é a fotossensibilização hepatógena. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os níveis de protodioscina em B. decumbens e B. brizantha e revisar a literatura sobre as concentrações e metodologias de coleta e análise do princípio tóxico em Brachiaria spp. e o risco de contaminação das pastagens por espécies mais tóxicas que podem facilitar a intoxicação por plantas desse gênero em ovinos. O experimento foi conduzido em pastagens originalmente formadas por B. brizantha, com diversos pontos de invasão por B. decumbens. Ocorrência de casos de intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. foi o critério para confirmação da toxicidade da pastagem. As amostras de forragem foram coletadas a cada 28 dias em dez pontos aleatórios por meio de simulação de pastejo manual. As amostras foram analisadas para protodioscina por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com dispersão de luz por evaporação (ELSD) após serem secadas e trituradas. No rebanho de 69 ovelhas, cinco desenvolveram a intoxicação, três morreram e duas se recuperaram. Os níveis de protodioscina encontrados nas pastagens avaliadas variaram de 0,70 a 0,45%; níveis mais elevados apareceram em B. decumbens (7,09%) em comparação com 1,04% em B. brizantha. Sugerimos que Brachiaria spp. deve ser evitada no pasto de ovelhas em pastejo.(AU)

Protodioscin levels in Brachiaria spp. in a sheep production system and a brief review of the literature of Brachiaria spp. poisoning in ruminants

ABSTRACT: Plants of the genus Brachiaria, used in several countries as forage, are poisonous to some livestock species. Their toxic principle is protodioscin, and the main form of clinical presentation of the toxicosis is hepatogenous photosensitization. Here we compare protodioscin levels in B. decumbens and B. brizantha and review the literature on the concentrations and methodologies of collection and analysis of the toxic principle in Brachiaria spp. and the risk of contamination of pastures by more toxic species that may facilitate poisoning by plants of this genus in sheep. The experiment was conducted in pastures originally formed by B. brizantha, with many B. decumbens invasion points. The occurrence of cases of poisoning by Brachiaria spp. was the criterion for confirming pasture toxicity. The forage samples were collected at ten random points every 28 days through manual grazing simulation. The samples were analyzed for protodioscin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with light scattering by evaporation (ELSD) after being dried and crushed. In the flock of 69 sheep, five poisoning cases occurred, three sheep died, and two recovered. The protodioscin levels found in the evaluated pastures ranged from 0.70 to 0.45%; higher levels appeared in B. decumbens (7.09%) compared to 1.04% in B. brizantha. We suggest that Brachiaria spp. should be avoided in pastures where sheep are grazing.

RESUMO: Plantas do gênero Brachiaria, utilizadas em vários países como forragem, são tóxicas para várias espécies pecuárias. Seu princípio tóxico é a protodioscina, e a principal forma de apresentação clínica da toxicose é a fotossensibilização hepatógena. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os níveis de protodioscina em B. decumbens e B. brizantha e revisar a literatura sobre as concentrações e metodologias de coleta e análise do princípio tóxico em Brachiaria spp. e o risco de contaminação das pastagens por espécies mais tóxicas que podem facilitar a intoxicação por plantas desse gênero em ovinos. O experimento foi conduzido em pastagens originalmente formadas por B. brizantha, com diversos pontos de invasão por B. decumbens. Ocorrência de casos de intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. foi o critério para confirmação da toxicidade da pastagem. As amostras de forragem foram coletadas a cada 28 dias em dez pontos aleatórios por meio de simulação de pastejo manual. As amostras foram analisadas para protodioscina por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com dispersão de luz por evaporação (ELSD) após serem secadas e trituradas. No rebanho de 69 ovelhas, cinco desenvolveram a intoxicação, três morreram e duas se recuperaram. Os níveis de protodioscina encontrados nas pastagens avaliadas variaram de 0,70 a 0,45%; níveis mais elevados apareceram em B. decumbens (7,09%) em comparação com 1,04% em B. brizantha. Sugerimos que Brachiaria spp. deve ser evitada no pasto de ovelhas em pastejo.

Protodioscin levels in Brachiaria spp. in a sheep production system and a brief review of the literature of Brachiaria spp. poisoning in ruminants / Níveis de protodioscina em Brachiaria spp. em um sistema de produção de ovinos e uma breve revisão da literatura da intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. em ruminantes

Plants of the genus Brachiaria, used in several countries as forage, are poisonous to some livestock species. Their toxic principle is protodioscin, and the main form of clinical presentation of the toxicosis is hepatogenous photosensitization. Here we compare protodioscin levels in B. decumbens and B. brizantha and review the literature on the concentrations and methodologies of collection and analysis of the toxic principle in Brachiaria spp. and the risk of contamination of pastures by more toxic species that may facilitate poisoning by plants of this genus in sheep. The experiment was conducted in pastures originally formed by B. brizantha, with many B. decumbens invasion points. The occurrence of cases of poisoning by Brachiaria spp. was the criterion for confirming pasture toxicity. The forage samples were collected at ten random points every 28 days through manual grazing simulation. The samples were analyzed for protodioscin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with light scattering by evaporation (ELSD) after being dried and crushed. In the flock of 69 sheep, five poisoning cases occurred, three sheep died, and two recovered. The protodioscin levels found in the evaluated pastures ranged from 0.70 to 0.45%; higher levels appeared in B. decumbens (7.09%) compared to 1.04% in B. brizantha. We suggest that Brachiaria spp. should be avoided in pastures where sheep are grazing.(AU)

Plantas do gênero Brachiaria, utilizadas em vários países como forragem, são tóxicas para várias espécies pecuárias. Seu princípio tóxico é a protodioscina, e a principal forma de apresentação clínica da toxicose é a fotossensibilização hepatógena. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os níveis de protodioscina em B. decumbens e B. brizantha e revisar a literatura sobre as concentrações e metodologias de coleta e análise do princípio tóxico em Brachiaria spp. e o risco de contaminação das pastagens por espécies mais tóxicas que podem facilitar a intoxicação por plantas desse gênero em ovinos. O experimento foi conduzido em pastagens originalmente formadas por B. brizantha, com diversos pontos de invasão por B. decumbens. Ocorrência de casos de intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. foi o critério para confirmação da toxicidade da pastagem. As amostras de forragem foram coletadas a cada 28 dias em dez pontos aleatórios por meio de simulação de pastejo manual. As amostras foram analisadas para protodioscina por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com dispersão de luz por evaporação (ELSD) após serem secadas e trituradas. No rebanho de 69 ovelhas, cinco desenvolveram a intoxicação, três morreram e duas se recuperaram. Os níveis de protodioscina encontrados nas pastagens avaliadas variaram de 0,70 a 0,45%; níveis mais elevados apareceram em B. decumbens (7,09%) em comparação com 1,04% em B. brizantha. Sugerimos que Brachiaria spp. deve ser evitada no pasto de ovelhas em pastejo.(AU)

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos

The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of two outbreaks of spontaneous poisoning caused by Froelichia humboldtiana in cattle in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil and reproduce experimentally this poisoning in cattle. Spontaneous poisonings of primary photosensitization occurred in two farms at the municipalities of Cachoeirinha and São Caetano and affected twenty-two adult bovines and two suckling calves after the rainy season. All bovines have recovered 21 days after they were removed from the pasture. To reproduce experimental poisoning, three cows and a calf were maintained in a pasture with 1ha composed by F. humboldtiana during 14 days. Clinical signs and skin lesions were similar in both spontaneous and experimental poisoning and consisted of cutaneous itching and hyperemia of non-pigmented areas of skin that evolved into edema, exudative dermatitis and extensive areas of skin necrosis. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total, direct and indirect bilirubin were normal in all cattle examined. Histologically, lesions consisted of epidermal necrosis, hyperkeratosis with large amounts of degenerate neutrophils and acanthosis. In the dermis, edema and inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells mainly around the blood vessels were observed. In the experimental group, clinical signs of photosensitization were observed after the third day of F. humboldtiana consumption. The suckling calf displayed mild clinical signs of photodermatitis on the 8th day of the experiment. It was estimated that the average consumption of F. humboldtiana necessary to initiate clinical signs in each adult bovine was 78kg.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de dois surtos de intoxicação por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos em Pernambuco e reproduzir experimentalmente essa intoxicação em bovinos. Intoxicações espontâneas foram observadas após o início do período chuvoso nos municípios de Cachoerinha e São Caetano. Vinte e dois bovinos apresentaram sinais clínicos e lesões cutâneas compatíveis com fotossensibilização primária, dentre os quais, dois bezerros lactentes. Todos os bovinos se recuperaram totalmente cerca de 21 dias após serem retirados da pastagem. Para reproduzir experimentalmente a intoxicação, três vacas, uma delas com bezerro ao pé, foram mantidas em um piquete de 1ha composto por F. humboldtiana por 14 dias consecutivos. O quadro clínico e as lesões tegumentares, tanto nos bovinos intoxicados nos surtos espontâneos, quanto nos bovinos do experimento consistiram em prurido e hiperemia em áreas despigmentadas de pele, que evoluíam para edema, dermatite exsudativa e necrose de áreas extensas de pele. Em todos os bovinos examinados, os níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), bilirrubina total, direta e indireta estavam normais. Histologicamente, as lesões consistiram em necrose da epiderme, hiperqueratose com grande quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e acantose. Na derme havia edema e infiltrado inflamatório composto por eosinófilos, linfócitos e plasmócitos principalmente ao redor dos vasos sanguíneos. Nos bovinos do experimento, sinais clínicos de fotossensibilização foram observados após o terceiro dia de consumo de F. humboldtiana. O bezerro lactente apresentou sinais clínicos leves de fotodermatite no 8º dia do experimento. Estimou-se que o consumo médio de matéria seca de F. humboldtiana necessário para iniciar os sinais clínicos em cada bovino adulto foi de 78kg.(AU)

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos

The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of two outbreaks of spontaneous poisoning caused by Froelichia humboldtiana in cattle in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil and reproduce experimentally this poisoning in cattle. Spontaneous poisonings of primary photosensitization occurred in two farms at the municipalities of Cachoeirinha and São Caetano and affected twenty-two adult bovines and two suckling calves after the rainy season. All bovines have recovered 21 days after they were removed from the pasture. To reproduce experimental poisoning, three cows and a calf were maintained in a pasture with 1ha composed by F. humboldtiana during 14 days. Clinical signs and skin lesions were similar in both spontaneous and experimental poisoning and consisted of cutaneous itching and hyperemia of non-pigmented areas of skin that evolved into edema, exudative dermatitis and extensive areas of skin necrosis. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total, direct and indirect bilirubin were normal in all cattle examined. Histologically, lesions consisted of epidermal necrosis, hyperkeratosis with large amounts of degenerate neutrophils and acanthosis. In the dermis, edema and inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells mainly around the blood vessels were observed. In the experimental group, clinical signs of photosensitization were observed after the third day of F. humboldtiana consumption. The suckling calf displayed mild clinical signs of photodermatitis on the 8th day of the experiment. It was estimated that the average consumption of F. humboldtiana necessary to initiate clinical signs in each adult bovine was 78kg.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de dois surtos de intoxicação por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos em Pernambuco e reproduzir experimentalmente essa intoxicação em bovinos. Intoxicações espontâneas foram observadas após o início do período chuvoso nos municípios de Cachoerinha e São Caetano. Vinte e dois bovinos apresentaram sinais clínicos e lesões cutâneas compatíveis com fotossensibilização primária, dentre os quais, dois bezerros lactentes. Todos os bovinos se recuperaram totalmente cerca de 21 dias após serem retirados da pastagem. Para reproduzir experimentalmente a intoxicação, três vacas, uma delas com bezerro ao pé, foram mantidas em um piquete de 1ha composto por F. humboldtiana por 14 dias consecutivos. O quadro clínico e as lesões tegumentares, tanto nos bovinos intoxicados nos surtos espontâneos, quanto nos bovinos do experimento consistiram em prurido e hiperemia em áreas despigmentadas de pele, que evoluíam para edema, dermatite exsudativa e necrose de áreas extensas de pele. Em todos os bovinos examinados, os níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), bilirrubina total, direta e indireta estavam normais. Histologicamente, as lesões consistiram em necrose da epiderme, hiperqueratose com grande quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e acantose. Na derme havia edema e infiltrado inflamatório composto por eosinófilos, linfócitos e plasmócitos principalmente ao redor dos vasos sanguíneos. Nos bovinos do experimento, sinais clínicos de fotossensibilização foram observados após o terceiro dia de consumo de F. humboldtiana. O bezerro lactente apresentou sinais clínicos leves de fotodermatite no 8º dia do experimento. Estimou-se que o consumo médio de matéria seca de F. humboldtiana necessário para iniciar os sinais clínicos em cada bovino adulto foi de 78kg.(AU)

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana in cattle

ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of two outbreaks of spontaneous poisoning caused by Froelichia humboldtiana in cattle in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil and reproduce experimentally this poisoning in cattle. Spontaneous poisonings of primary photosensitization occurred in two farms at the municipalities of Cachoeirinha and São Caetano and affected twenty-two adult bovines and two suckling calves after the rainy season. All bovines have recovered 21 days after they were removed from the pasture. To reproduce experimental poisoning, three cows and a calf were maintained in a pasture with 1ha composed by F. humboldtiana during 14 days. Clinical signs and skin lesions were similar in both spontaneous and experimental poisoning and consisted of cutaneous itching and hyperemia of non-pigmented areas of skin that evolved into edema, exudative dermatitis and extensive areas of skin necrosis. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total, direct and indirect bilirubin were normal in all cattle examined. Histologically, lesions consisted of epidermal necrosis, hyperkeratosis with large amounts of degenerate neutrophils and acanthosis. In the dermis, edema and inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells mainly around the blood vessels were observed. In the experimental group, clinical signs of photosensitization were observed after the third day of F. humboldtiana consumption. The suckling calf displayed mild clinical signs of photodermatitis on the 8th day of the experiment. It was estimated that the average consumption of F. humboldtiana necessary to initiate clinical signs in each adult bovine was 78kg.

RESUMO: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de dois surtos de intoxicação por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos em Pernambuco e reproduzir experimentalmente essa intoxicação em bovinos. Intoxicações espontâneas foram observadas após o início do período chuvoso nos municípios de Cachoerinha e São Caetano. Vinte e dois bovinos apresentaram sinais clínicos e lesões cutâneas compatíveis com fotossensibilização primária, dentre os quais, dois bezerros lactentes. Todos os bovinos se recuperaram totalmente cerca de 21 dias após serem retirados da pastagem. Para reproduzir experimentalmente a intoxicação, três vacas, uma delas com bezerro ao pé, foram mantidas em um piquete de 1ha composto por F. humboldtiana por 14 dias consecutivos. O quadro clínico e as lesões tegumentares, tanto nos bovinos intoxicados nos surtos espontâneos, quanto nos bovinos do experimento consistiram em prurido e hiperemia em áreas despigmentadas de pele, que evoluíam para edema, dermatite exsudativa e necrose de áreas extensas de pele. Em todos os bovinos examinados, os níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), bilirrubina total, direta e indireta estavam normais. Histologicamente, as lesões consistiram em necrose da epiderme, hiperqueratose com grande quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e acantose. Na derme havia edema e infiltrado inflamatório composto por eosinófilos, linfócitos e plasmócitos principalmente ao redor dos vasos sanguíneos. Nos bovinos do experimento, sinais clínicos de fotossensibilização foram observados após o terceiro dia de consumo de F. humboldtiana. O bezerro lactente apresentou sinais clínicos leves de fotodermatite no 8º dia do experimento. Estimou-se que o consumo médio de matéria seca de F. humboldtiana necessário para iniciar os sinais clínicos em cada bovino adulto foi de 78kg.

Hepatogenous photosensitization by Brachiaria spp. in sheep: first report in Mexico

Ruminants are highly susceptible to photosensitization caused by the ingestion of hepatotoxic plants. In two adjacent farms in Colima, Mexico, several sheep exhibited signs of depression and crusting dermatitis involving the ears, periorbital skin, eyelids, nostrils, and axillary regions. Results of serum biochemistry were indicative of liver injury. Post mortem examination revealed jaundice, craniofacial edema as well as an enlarged liver having an orange-brown discoloration; on the cut surface, the hepatic parenchyma had a subtle zonal pattern. Histopathological findings were those of severe necrotizing dermatitis, lymphoplasmacytic cholangiohepatitis, and renal tubular necrosis. Acicular crystals were microscopically and ultrastructurally evident in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, biliary ducts, renal tubules and interstitium. The clinical, gross and microscopic findings were consistent with hepatogenous photosensitization. A field investigation revealed that affected sheep had been grazing Brachiaria spp., a potentially toxic grass originated from Africa and commonly cultivated in Australia and South America. This grass contains hepatotoxic saponins that cause liver injury and secondary hepatogenous photosensitization. Although frequently reported in South America, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Brachiaria spp. toxicity in Mexico.(AU)

Hepatogenous photosensitization by Brachiaria spp. in sheep: first report in Mexico

Ruminants are highly susceptible to photosensitization caused by the ingestion of hepatotoxic plants. In two adjacent farms in Colima, Mexico, several sheep exhibited signs of depression and crusting dermatitis involving the ears, periorbital skin, eyelids, nostrils, and axillary regions. Results of serum biochemistry were indicative of liver injury. Post mortem examination revealed jaundice, craniofacial edema as well as an enlarged liver having an orange-brown discoloration; on the cut surface, the hepatic parenchyma had a subtle zonal pattern. Histopathological findings were those of severe necrotizing dermatitis, lymphoplasmacytic cholangiohepatitis, and renal tubular necrosis. Acicular crystals were microscopically and ultrastructurally evident in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, biliary ducts, renal tubules and interstitium. The clinical, gross and microscopic findings were consistent with hepatogenous photosensitization. A field investigation revealed that affected sheep had been grazing Brachiaria spp., a potentially toxic grass originated from Africa and commonly cultivated in Australia and South America. This grass contains hepatotoxic saponins that cause liver injury and secondary hepatogenous photosensitization. Although frequently reported in South America, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Brachiaria spp. toxicity in Mexico.

Surtos de fotossensibilização e dermatite alérgica em ruminantes e equídeos no Nordeste do Brasil / Outbreaks of photosensitization and allergic dermatitis in ruminants and equidae in northeastern Brazil

O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar as causas de fotossensibilização em ruminantes e equídeos no Nordeste do Brasil, através da revisão dos laudos de exames arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Durante os quatro anos do estudo foram diagnosticados 22 surtos de fotossensibilização, incluindo 11 surtos de fotossensibilização primária e oito surtos de fotossensibilização hepatógena. A intoxicação por Froelichia humboldtiana foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização e a única causa de fotossensibilização primária. As espécies mais gravemente afetadas por fotossensibilização primária foram os asininos, caprinos, bovinos e ovinos, mas os equinos e mulas também são afetados. A intoxicação por Brachiaria decumbens foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização hepatógena e afetou apenas os ovinos e bovinos. Outras plantas associadas com fotossensibilização hepatógena incluíram Enterolobium contortisiliquum e Lantana camara. Dermatite alérgica foi diagnosticada em dois rebanhos ovinos e em um cavalo. Os animais tinham lesões crônicas, caracterizadas por alopecia, crostas e hiperpigmentação no topo da cabeça, ao redor dos olhos (ovinos) e nos membros (equino). O prurido foi o principal sinal clínico observado nos casos de fotossensibilização primária e hipersensibilidade à picada de insetos.(AU)

The study was conducted to determine the causes of photosensitization in ruminants and equidae in northeastern Brazil through a review of the files at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal da Paraíba. During four years of the study 22 outbreaks of photosensitization were diagnosed, including 11 outbreaks of primary photosensitization and eight outbreaks of hepatogenous photosensitization. Poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana was the main cause of photosensitization, and the only cause of primary photosensitization. The most severely affected animals by primary photosensitization are donkeys, goats, cattle and sheep, but horses and mules may also be affected. Poisoning by Brachiaria decumbens was the main cause of hepatogenous photosensitization, and affected only sheep and cattle. Other plants associated with hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle include Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Lantana camara. Allergic dermatitis was diagnosed in two flocks of sheep and in a horse. The animals had chronic lesions characterized by areas of alopecia, crusts and hyperpigmentation on the head, around the eyes (sheep) and at the legs (horse). Itching was the main clinical sign in cases of primary photosensitization and insect hypersensitivity.(AU)

Fotossensibilização primária em bovinos leiteiros causada por Froelichia humboldtiana / Primary photosensitization in dairy cattle caused by Froelichia humboldtiana

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de relatar um surto de fotossensibilização causado por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos leiteiros no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram examinados animais de uma propriedade rural que apresentavam sintomatologia compatível com fotodermatite. Procedeu-se a coleta de amostras de sangue periférico de cinco bovinos para análise das atividades das enzimas hepáticas gamaglutamiltransferase e aspartatoaminotransferase, além da concentração de bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. Das áreas de pele com lesões de dois animais foram realizadas biópsias. Constatou-se que 15 animais de um rebanho composto por 40 animais apresentaram fotossemsibilização. Os animais tinham histórico de apresentar lesões de fotodermatite aproximadamente 10 dias após pastarem em áreas invadidas por F. humboldtiana. Ao exame clínico dos bovinos leiteiros notou-se que inicialmente apresentavam prurido e hiperemia nas áreas de pele despigmentadas do dorso e úbere, também havia alterações do comportamento. Posteriormente, as áreas hiperêmicas se apresentavam com edema que evoluíam para dermatite ulcerativa, necrotizante e exudativa, com perda de extensas áreas da epiderme. As úlceras eram mais graves nos quatro bovinos que apresentavam automutilação por lambedura. Esses quatro animais foram retirados do pasto e abrigados em local sombreado. Uma semana após, o prurido regrediu e as fissuras da pele passaram a cicatrizar. Porém, as lesões reapareceram logo após os bovinos serem reintroduzidas no pasto infestado por F. humbolditiana. Percebeu-se ainda queda na produção leiteira (redução de 50-60%) das vacas após a instalação de fotodermatite. Porém, os bezerros que ainda eram lactantes e ingeriam o leite nas vacas acometidas por fotossensibilização, não apresentaram sinais de fotodermatite. A histopatologia...(AU)

The present study was conducted with the objective to report an outbreak of photosensitization caused by Froelichia humboldtiana in dairy cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Animals from a rural property with symptoms compatible with photodermatitis were examined. Peripheral blood samples from five cattle were collected for the analysis of the activities of hepatic enzymes gammaglutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, in addition were also analysed the concentration of total, direct and indirect bilirubin. From the areas of skin with lesions of two animals, biopsies were performed. It was verified that 15 animals from a herd composed by 40 animals presented photosensitization. The animals had a history of photodermatitis lesions approximately 10 days after grazing in areas invaded by F. humboldtiana. Clinical examination of dairy cattle showed that they initially had pruritus and hyperemia in the depigmented areas of the dorsum and udder, and there were also behavioral changes. Subsequently, the hyperemic areas presented edema that evolved to ulcerative, necrotizing and exudative dermatitis, with loss of extensive areas of the epidermis. The ulcers were more severe in four bovines that had self-mutilation by licking. These four animals were removed from the pasture and sheltered in a shady location. A week later, the pruritus regressed and the fissures of the skin began to heal. However, the lesions reappeared after the cattle were reintroduced in the grass infested by F. humbolditiana. There was also a decrease in milk production (reduction of 50-60%) of cows after the installation of photodermatitis. However, calves that were still lactating and ingested the milk in photosensitized cows, showed no signs of photodermatitis. Histopathology of skin biopsies revealed inflammation in the superficial dermis consisting of mast cells, lymphocytes, and some plasma cells...(AU)

Surtos de fotossensibilização e dermatite alérgica em ruminantes e equídeos no Nordeste do Brasil / Outbreaks of photosensitization and allergic dermatitis in ruminants and equidae in northeastern Brazil

O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar as causas de fotossensibilização em ruminantes e equídeos no Nordeste do Brasil, através da revisão dos laudos de exames arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Durante os quatro anos do estudo foram diagnosticados 22 surtos de fotossensibilização, incluindo 11 surtos de fotossensibilização primária e oito surtos de fotossensibilização hepatógena. A intoxicação por Froelichia humboldtiana foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização e a única causa de fotossensibilização primária. As espécies mais gravemente afetadas por fotossensibilização primária foram os asininos, caprinos, bovinos e ovinos, mas os equinos e mulas também são afetados. A intoxicação por Brachiaria decumbens foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização hepatógena e afetou apenas os ovinos e bovinos. Outras plantas associadas com fotossensibilização hepatógena incluíram Enterolobium contortisiliquum e Lantana camara. Dermatite alérgica foi diagnosticada em dois rebanhos ovinos e em um cavalo. Os animais tinham lesões crônicas, caracterizadas por alopecia, crostas e hiperpigmentação no topo da cabeça, ao redor dos olhos (ovinos) e nos membros (equino). O prurido foi o principal sinal clínico observado nos casos de fotossensibilização primária e hipersensibilidade à picada de insetos.(AU)

The study was conducted to determine the causes of photosensitization in ruminants and equidae in northeastern Brazil through a review of the files at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal da Paraíba. During four years of the study 22 outbreaks of photosensitization were diagnosed, including 11 outbreaks of primary photosensitization and eight outbreaks of hepatogenous photosensitization. Poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana was the main cause of photosensitization, and the only cause of primary photosensitization. The most severely affected animals by primary photosensitization are donkeys, goats, cattle and sheep, but horses and mules may also be affected. Poisoning by Brachiaria decumbens was the main cause of hepatogenous photosensitization, and affected only sheep and cattle. Other plants associated with hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle include Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Lantana camara. Allergic dermatitis was diagnosed in two flocks of sheep and in a horse. The animals had chronic lesions characterized by areas of alopecia, crusts and hyperpigmentation on the head, around the eyes (sheep) and at the legs (horse). Itching was the main clinical sign in cases of primary photosensitization and insect hypersensitivity.(AU)

Fotossensibilização primária em bovinos leiteiros causada por Froelichia humboldtiana / Primary photosensitization in dairy cattle caused by Froelichia humboldtiana

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de relatar um surto de fotossensibilização causado por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos leiteiros no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram examinados animais de uma propriedade rural que apresentavam sintomatologia compatível com fotodermatite. Procedeu-se a coleta de amostras de sangue periférico de cinco bovinos para análise das atividades das enzimas hepáticas gamaglutamiltransferase e aspartatoaminotransferase, além da concentração de bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. Das áreas de pele com lesões de dois animais foram realizadas biópsias. Constatou-se que 15 animais de um rebanho composto por 40 animais apresentaram fotossemsibilização. Os animais tinham histórico de apresentar lesões de fotodermatite aproximadamente 10 dias após pastarem em áreas invadidas por F. humboldtiana. Ao exame clínico dos bovinos leiteiros notou-se que inicialmente apresentavam prurido e hiperemia nas áreas de pele despigmentadas do dorso e úbere, também havia alterações do comportamento. Posteriormente, as áreas hiperêmicas se apresentavam com edema que evoluíam para dermatite ulcerativa, necrotizante e exudativa, com perda de extensas áreas da epiderme. As úlceras eram mais graves nos quatro bovinos que apresentavam automutilação por lambedura. Esses quatro animais foram retirados do pasto e abrigados em local sombreado. Uma semana após, o prurido regrediu e as fissuras da pele passaram a cicatrizar. Porém, as lesões reapareceram logo após os bovinos serem reintroduzidas no pasto infestado por F. humbolditiana. Percebeu-se ainda queda na produção leiteira (redução de 50-60%) das vacas após a instalação de fotodermatite. Porém, os bezerros que ainda eram lactantes e ingeriam o leite nas vacas acometidas por fotossensibilização, não apresentaram sinais de fotodermatite. A histopatologia de biópsias de pele revelou inflamação na derme superficial constituída por mastócitos, linfócitos, e alguns plasmócitos. Na epiderme haviam extensas úlceras, recobertas por crostas, associada a infiltrado neutrofílico. As atividades séricas de AST, GGT e as concentrações de bilirrubina estavam dentro dos valores de referência normais para a espécie bovina. O diagnóstico de fotossensibilização primária associada à ingestão de F. humboldtiana foi baseado na epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, bioquímica sérica, biópsia de pele e reocorrência das lesões após os animais serem reintroduzidos no pasto invadido pela planta. Conclui-se que a F. humboldtiana é uma importante causa de fotossensibilização primária em bovinos leiteiros no semiárido brasileiro e que sua toxina provavelmente não é excretada pelo leite bovino.(AU)

The present study was conducted with the objective to report an outbreak of photosensitization caused by Froelichia humboldtiana in dairy cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Animals from a rural property with symptoms compatible with photodermatitis were examined. Peripheral blood samples from five cattle were collected for the analysis of the activities of hepatic enzymes gammaglutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, in addition were also analysed the concentration of total, direct and indirect bilirubin. From the areas of skin with lesions of two animals, biopsies were performed. It was verified that 15 animals from a herd composed by 40 animals presented photosensitization. The animals had a history of photodermatitis lesions approximately 10 days after grazing in areas invaded by F. humboldtiana. Clinical examination of dairy cattle showed that they initially had pruritus and hyperemia in the depigmented areas of the dorsum and udder, and there were also behavioral changes. Subsequently, the hyperemic areas presented edema that evolved to ulcerative, necrotizing and exudative dermatitis, with loss of extensive areas of the epidermis. The ulcers were more severe in four bovines that had self-mutilation by licking. These four animals were removed from the pasture and sheltered in a shady location. A week later, the pruritus regressed and the fissures of the skin began to heal. However, the lesions reappeared after the cattle were reintroduced in the grass infested by F. humbolditiana. There was also a decrease in milk production (reduction of 50-60%) of cows after the installation of photodermatitis. However, calves that were still lactating and ingested the milk in photosensitized cows, showed no signs of photodermatitis. Histopathology of skin biopsies revealed inflammation in the superficial dermis consisting of mast cells, lymphocytes, and some plasma cells. In the epidermis there were extensive ulcers, covered by crusts, associated with neutrophilic infiltrate. Serum activities of AST, GGT and bilirubin concentrations were within normal reference values for the bovine species. The diagnosis of primary photosensitization associated with F. humboldtiana ingestion was based on epidemiology, clinical signs, serum biochemistry, skin biopsy and lesion reoccurrence after the animals were reintroduced in the pasture invaded by the plant. It is concluded that F. humboldtiana is an important cause of primary photosensitization in dairy cattle in the Brazilian semi-arid region and that its toxin is probably not excreted by bovine milk.(AU)

Surtos de fotossensibilização e dermatite alérgica em ruminantes e equídeos no Nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to determine the causes of photosensitization in ruminants and equidae in northeastern Brazil through a review of the files at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal da Paraíba. During four years of the study 22 outbreaks of photosensitization were diagnosed, including 11 outbreaks of primary photosensitization and eight outbreaks of hepatogenous photosensitization. Poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana was the main cause of photosensitization, and the only cause of primary photosensitization. The most severely affected animals by primary photosensitization are donkeys, goats, cattle and sheep, but horses and mules may also be affected. Poisoning by Brachiaria decumbens was the main cause of hepatogenous photosensitization, and affected only sheep and cattle. Other plants associated with hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle include Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Lantana camara. Allergic dermatitis was diagnosed in two flocks of sheep and in a horse. The animals had chronic lesions characterized by areas of alopecia, crusts and hyperpigmentation on the head, around the eyes (sheep) and at the legs (horse). Itching was the main clinical sign in cases of primary photosensitization and insect hypersensitivity.

RESUMO: O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar as causas de fotossensibilização em ruminantes e equídeos no Nordeste do Brasil, através da revisão dos laudos de exames arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Durante os quatro anos do estudo foram diagnosticados 22 surtos de fotossensibilização, incluindo 11 surtos de fotossensibilização primária e oito surtos de fotossensibilização hepatógena. A intoxicação por Froelichia humboldtiana foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização e a única causa de fotossensibilização primária. As espécies mais gravemente afetadas por fotossensibilização primária foram os asininos, caprinos, bovinos e ovinos, mas os equinos e mulas também são afetados. A intoxicação por Brachiaria decumbens foi a principal causa de fotossensibilização hepatógena e afetou apenas os ovinos e bovinos. Outras plantas associadas com fotossensibilização hepatógena incluíram Enterolobium contortisiliquum e Lantana camara. Dermatite alérgica foi diagnosticada em dois rebanhos ovinos e em um cavalo. Os animais tinham lesões crônicas, caracterizadas por alopecia, crostas e hiperpigmentação no topo da cabeça, ao redor dos olhos (ovinos) e nos membros (equino). O prurido foi o principal sinal clínico observado nos casos de fotossensibilização primária e hipersensibilidade à picada de insetos.

Fotossensibilização primária em bovinos leiteiros causada por Froelichia humboldtiana

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted with the objective to report an outbreak of photosensitization caused by Froelichia humboldtiana in dairy cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Animals from a rural property with symptoms compatible with photodermatitis were examined. Peripheral blood samples from five cattle were collected for the analysis of the activities of hepatic enzymes gammaglutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, in addition were also analysed the concentration of total, direct and indirect bilirubin. From the areas of skin with lesions of two animals, biopsies were performed. It was verified that 15 animals from a herd composed by 40 animals presented photosensitization. The animals had a history of photodermatitis lesions approximately 10 days after grazing in areas invaded by F. humboldtiana. Clinical examination of dairy cattle showed that they initially had pruritus and hyperemia in the depigmented areas of the dorsum and udder, and there were also behavioral changes. Subsequently, the hyperemic areas presented edema that evolved to ulcerative, necrotizing and exudative dermatitis, with loss of extensive areas of the epidermis. The ulcers were more severe in four bovines that had self-mutilation by licking. These four animals were removed from the pasture and sheltered in a shady location. A week later, the pruritus regressed and the fissures of the skin began to heal. However, the lesions reappeared after the cattle were reintroduced in the grass infested by F. humbolditiana. There was also a decrease in milk production (reduction of 50-60%) of cows after the installation of photodermatitis. However, calves that were still lactating and ingested the milk in photosensitized cows, showed no signs of photodermatitis. Histopathology of skin biopsies revealed inflammation in the superficial dermis consisting of mast cells, lymphocytes, and some plasma cells. In the epidermis there were extensive ulcers, covered by crusts, associated with neutrophilic infiltrate. Serum activities of AST, GGT and bilirubin concentrations were within normal reference values for the bovine species. The diagnosis of primary photosensitization associated with F. humboldtiana ingestion was based on epidemiology, clinical signs, serum biochemistry, skin biopsy and lesion reoccurrence after the animals were reintroduced in the pasture invaded by the plant. It is concluded that F. humboldtiana is an important cause of primary photosensitization in dairy cattle in the Brazilian semi-arid region and that its toxin is probably not excreted by bovine milk.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de relatar um surto de fotossensibilização causado por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos leiteiros no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram examinados animais de uma propriedade rural que apresentavam sintomatologia compatível com fotodermatite. Procedeu-se a coleta de amostras de sangue periférico de cinco bovinos para análise das atividades das enzimas hepáticas gamaglutamiltransferase e aspartatoaminotransferase, além da concentração de bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. Das áreas de pele com lesões de dois animais foram realizadas biópsias. Constatou-se que 15 animais de um rebanho composto por 40 animais apresentaram fotossemsibilização. Os animais tinham histórico de apresentar lesões de fotodermatite aproximadamente 10 dias após pastarem em áreas invadidas por F. humboldtiana. Ao exame clínico dos bovinos leiteiros notou-se que inicialmente apresentavam prurido e hiperemia nas áreas de pele despigmentadas do dorso e úbere, também havia alterações do comportamento. Posteriormente, as áreas hiperêmicas se apresentavam com edema que evoluíam para dermatite ulcerativa, necrotizante e exudativa, com perda de extensas áreas da epiderme. As úlceras eram mais graves nos quatro bovinos que apresentavam automutilação por lambedura. Esses quatro animais foram retirados do pasto e abrigados em local sombreado. Uma semana após, o prurido regrediu e as fissuras da pele passaram a cicatrizar. Porém, as lesões reapareceram logo após os bovinos serem reintroduzidas no pasto infestado por F. humbolditiana. Percebeu-se ainda queda na produção leiteira (redução de 50-60%) das vacas após a instalação de fotodermatite. Porém, os bezerros que ainda eram lactantes e ingeriam o leite nas vacas acometidas por fotossensibilização, não apresentaram sinais de fotodermatite. A histopatologia de biópsias de pele revelou inflamação na derme superficial constituída por mastócitos, linfócitos, e alguns plasmócitos. Na epiderme haviam extensas úlceras, recobertas por crostas, associada a infiltrado neutrofílico. As atividades séricas de AST, GGT e as concentrações de bilirrubina estavam dentro dos valores de referência normais para a espécie bovina. O diagnóstico de fotossensibilização primária associada à ingestão de F. humboldtiana foi baseado na epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, bioquímica sérica, biópsia de pele e reocorrência das lesões após os animais serem reintroduzidos no pasto invadido pela planta. Conclui-se que a F. humboldtiana é uma importante causa de fotossensibilização primária em bovinos leiteiros no semiárido brasileiro e que sua toxina provavelmente não é excretada pelo leite bovino.

Primary photosensitization caused by ingestion of Froelichia humboldtiana by dairy goats.

This study aimed to describe the first report of an outbreak of primary photosensitization in dairy goats caused by Froelichia humboldtiana. The disease occurred from March to May 2014, in a mixed flock of 15 Saanen, Alpine, and crossbred lactating goats. The entire flock was affected; however, the Saanen and cross-bred goats developed more severe lesions, and their milk production decreased by as much as 75%. Lesions were progressive and consisted of skin hyperemia, edema, and necrosis, especially in depigmented areas. An experimental study with two goats resulted in photodermatitis, similar to that observed in the natural cases, 10-14 days after the beginning of plant ingestion. Serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and -glutamyltransferase (GGT) and, direct, indirect, and total bilirubin serum concentrations were within the normal ranges. In conclusion, F. humboldtiana causes primary photosensitization in goats with a negative impact on milk production.

Surtos de fotossensibilização primária em equídeos causados por Froelichia humboldtiana / Outbreaks of primary photosensitization in equidae caused by Froelichia humboldtiana

The study was conducted in order to report outbreaks of photosensitization caused by Froelichia humboldtiana in equidae in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Animals from three farms and donkeys found abandoned in roads were examined. Peripheral blood samples were collected from five donkeys and two horses for analysis of serum activities of liver enzymes and concentrations of total, direct and indirect bilirubin...

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de relatar surtos de fotossensibilização causados por Froelichia humboldtiana em equídeos no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram examinados animais de três propriedades rurais, além de asininos abandonados nas estradas. Procedeu-se a coleta de amostras de sangue periférico de cinco jumentos e dois equinos para análise das atividades das enzimas hepáticas e concentrações de bilirrubina total, direta e indireta...