Differences in Bacterial Communities and Pathogen Indicators of Raw and Lagoon-Stabilized Farm Dairy Effluents.

One practice for handling farm dairy effluent (DE) comprises recycling them to the soil with the challenge of balancing the tradeoff associated with environmental pollution through nutrient and microorganism loading. This study investigated seasonal bacterial community composition, diversity, abundance, and pathogenic indicators in untreated (Raw) and lagoon-stabilized (Lagoon) DE. The correlation between bacterial profiles and DE physicochemical characteristics was also analyzed. Pathogen-indicator bacteria were studied by enumerating viable counts and the bacterial community structure by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Lagoon storage effectively reduced total solids (64%), suspended solids (77%), organic carbon (40%), and total nitrogen (82%), along with total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci. However, this efficiency was compromised in winter. Lagoon and Raw sample bacterial communities presented different compositions, with several environmental variables correlating to microbial community differences. Lagoon-treated DE exhibited the most diverse bacterial community, dominated by Firmicutes (40%), Proteobacteria (30%), and Bacteroidota (7.6%), whereas raw DE was mainly composed of Firmicutes (76%). Regardless of the season, dominant genera included Trichococcus, Romboutsia, Corynebacterium, and Paeniclostridium. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of lagoon treatment for DE stabilization, showcasing its role in altering bacterial community composition and mitigating environmental risks associated with pathogens and nutrients, particularly in summer.

Characterisation and sensory appraisal of fresh 'molido' cheese from cows fed different levels of sunflower silage inclusion in small-scale dairy systems.

Small-scale dairy systems require feeding strategies to improve their productivity and sustainability. These systems in central Mexico mostly sell their milk to local artisan cheese makers. Cow diets influence milk and dairy products composition; therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect on physicochemical characteristics, sensory appraisal, and economic performance of cheese made with milk from cows fed different levels of sunflower silage (SFSL). Treatments were the inclusion of SFSL in the forage DM component of diets (T0 = 0% SFSL; T20 = 20%; T40 = 40%; and, T60 = 60%). Physicochemical composition was analysed by analysis of variance in a completely randomised design and the sensory assessment of the cheese was with a hedonistic five-point scale and the results were analysed by means of descriptive statistics and a radar graph. Partial budgets were used for economic analyses. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) for all physicochemical variables (moisture content, cheese yield, protein, fat content, and pH) of the cheese, with higher values for yield, protein, and fat content in the treatments that included SFSL. Sensory assessment values were in the average perception range of judges. Treatments that included SFSL had lower production costs, higher margins over costs, and higher returns/costs ratios. The inclusion of sunflower silage at 40 and 60% of the forage component of diets for dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems had positive effects. Yields of cheese as well as protein and fat content were higher. There were positive sensory attributes that meant acceptance by consumers, lower production costs, and higher incomes from cheese making.

Comparison of Four Oil Extraction Methods for Sinami Fruit (Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst): Evaluating Quality, Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity.

The sinami palm (Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst) is a plant from the South American Amazonia that has great potential for industrial applications in the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. In this manuscript, the physicochemical properties, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of sinami oil that was obtained using four extraction systems, namely expeller press extraction (EPE), cold press extraction (CPE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), were studied and compared. The oxidative stability (OSI) was statistically non-significant in EPE and SFE. The chromatic properties (CIELab) were influenced by the extraction methods and SFE presented high values of L* and a lower content of plant pigments. Ultrasound-assisted extraction showed a higher content of polyphenols and higher antioxidant activity. Different analyses for the evaluation of the physicochemical properties, the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity were used to classify sinami oil according to chemometrics using principal component analysis (PCA). For example, the sinami oil that was obtained using each extraction method was in a different part of the plot. In summary, sinami oil is an excellent resource for plant pigments. Additionally, the information that was obtained on the quality parameters in this study provided a good foundation for further studies on the characterization of major and minor compounds.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Yogurt from Sheep Fed with Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts.

This study determined the effect of feeding Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf extracts to lactating ewes on the physicochemical composition of their milk and yogurt during storage (4 °C for 14 days) and the sensory acceptance of the yogurt. Over 45 days, 24 multiparous lactating Pelibuey and Katahdin ewes (two days in lactation) were randomly assigned to four groups: MO-0, basal diet (BD) + 0 mL MO; MO-20, BD + 20 mL MO; MO-40, BD + 40 mL MO; and MO-60, BD + 60 mL MO. In the milk, an increase of 6% in protein, 26% in leucine, 14% in ash, and 1% in the pH (6.71) was observed with MO-60. The density values decreased by 0.3% at a higher dose of MO compared to MO-0, while the nonfat solids (NFS) in the milk were similar between the treatments. In the yogurt, an increase of 5% in protein, 113% in leucine (MO-20), 9% in NFS, and a reduction of 2% in moisture with MO-60 was observed. The acidity reflected an inverse relationship to the pH, as did the moisture and NFS with MO-60. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with MO in lactating ewes did not have negative effects on the chemical composition of their yogurt during storage (14 days). Overall, feeding sheep with 20 mL of MO positively influenced the physicochemical composition of their milk and yogurt during storage.

Postharvest quality and functional compounds in "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruit at different stages of maturity / Qualidade pós-colheita e compostos funcionais de pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari' em diferentes estádios de maturação

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruits at different maturity stages, and determine the ideal harvest stage for fresh consumption. The pepper plants were grown in the experimental field of Embrapa Hortaliças (Brasília, DF, Brazil) in 2012, and their fruits were evaluated at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 days after anthesis (DAA) to determine the soluble solid content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, color (hue angle and lightness), a, b, and total chlorophyll, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and capsanthin. It was observed that SS content increased until 70 DAA, and TA increased until 50 DAA, with decrease at 80 DAA. The a and total chlorophyll decreased until 60 DAA. Values for chlorophyll b were high until 30 DAA, and then decreased. The values for hue angle and lightness decreased until 60 DAA, indicating a change from green to red in fruits external color, with small changes in color from 60 to 80 DAA. The TPC content increased until 60 DAA, and then small increases occurred until 80 DAA. The AA increased as the fruit ripened, and the capsanthin content increased until 70 DAA. These results indicated that the ideal stage for harvest of the "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruits is at 70 days after anthesis, when they also have a full development of red color in the fruit epidermis.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físico-químicas e propriedades funcionais da pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari', em diferentes estádios de maturação, e determinar o estádio ideal de colheita dos frutos destinados ao consumo in natura. As pimentas foram cultivadas no campo experimental da Embrapa Hortaliças (Brasília, DF, Brasil), em 2012. Seus frutos avaliados aos 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 dias após a antese (DAA) quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, coloração (ângulo hue e luminosidade), clorofilas a, b e total, compostos fenólicos totais (CFT), atividade antioxidante (AAT) e capsantina. Observou-se que o teor de SS aumentou até 70 DAA e a AT aumentou até os 50 DAA com decréscimo aos 80 DAA. Clorofilas a e total diminuíram até 60 DAA. Os valores de clorofila b foram mais elevados até 30 DAA e depois diminuíram. Os valores de ângulo hue e luminosidade diminuíram até 60 DAA, indicando mudança de verde para vermelho na 'coloração externa' dos frutos, com pequenas mudanças na coloração de 60 até 80 DAA. O conteúdo CFT aumentou até 60 DAA e depois pequenos aumentos ocorreram até 80 DAA. AAT aumentou à medida que os frutos amadureciam e o conteúdo de capsantina aumentou até 70 DAA. Esses resultados indicam que o estádio ideal para colheita da pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari' é aos 70 dias após a antese, quando ela também apresenta o total desenvolvimento da coloração vermelha na epiderme.(AU)

Postharvest quality and functional compounds in "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruit at different stages of maturity / Qualidade pós-colheita e compostos funcionais de pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari' em diferentes estádios de maturação

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruits at different maturity stages, and determine the ideal harvest stage for fresh consumption. The pepper plants were grown in the experimental field of Embrapa Hortaliças (Brasília, DF, Brazil) in 2012, and their fruits were evaluated at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 days after anthesis (DAA) to determine the soluble solid content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, color (hue angle and lightness), a, b, and total chlorophyll, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and capsanthin. It was observed that SS content increased until 70 DAA, and TA increased until 50 DAA, with decrease at 80 DAA. The a and total chlorophyll decreased until 60 DAA. Values for chlorophyll b were high until 30 DAA, and then decreased. The values for hue angle and lightness decreased until 60 DAA, indicating a change from green to red in fruits external color, with small changes in color from 60 to 80 DAA. The TPC content increased until 60 DAA, and then small increases occurred until 80 DAA. The AA increased as the fruit ripened, and the capsanthin content increased until 70 DAA. These results indicated that the ideal stage for harvest of the "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruits is at 70 days after anthesis, when they also have a full development of red color in the fruit epidermis.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físico-químicas e propriedades funcionais da pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari', em diferentes estádios de maturação, e determinar o estádio ideal de colheita dos frutos destinados ao consumo in natura. As pimentas foram cultivadas no campo experimental da Embrapa Hortaliças (Brasília, DF, Brasil), em 2012. Seus frutos avaliados aos 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 dias após a antese (DAA) quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, coloração (ângulo hue e luminosidade), clorofilas a, b e total, compostos fenólicos totais (CFT), atividade antioxidante (AAT) e capsantina. Observou-se que o teor de SS aumentou até 70 DAA e a AT aumentou até os 50 DAA com decréscimo aos 80 DAA. Clorofilas a e total diminuíram até 60 DAA. Os valores de clorofila b foram mais elevados até 30 DAA e depois diminuíram. Os valores de ângulo hue e luminosidade diminuíram até 60 DAA, indicando mudança de verde para vermelho na 'coloração externa' dos frutos, com pequenas mudanças na coloração de 60 até 80 DAA. O conteúdo CFT aumentou até 60 DAA e depois pequenos aumentos ocorreram até 80 DAA. AAT aumentou à medida que os frutos amadureciam e o conteúdo de capsantina aumentou até 70 DAA. Esses resultados indicam que o estádio ideal para colheita da pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari' é aos 70 dias após a antese, quando ela também apresenta o total desenvolvimento da coloração vermelha na epiderme.

Physicochemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk from F1 Holstein x Zebu cows fed with increasing concentrations of urea / Composição físico-química e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu alimentadas com teores crescentes de ureia

We evaluated the physicochemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk from F1 Holstein × Zebu cows that were fed increasing levels of urea (0%, 33%, 66% and 100%, corresponding to 0%, 0.92%, 1.84% and 2.77% CP as NPN) as a substitute for soybean meal. Eight lactating F1 Holstein × Zebu cows producing an average of 10 kg of milk per day corrected to 3.5% fat, were placed in two 4 × 4 Latin squares (4 animals, 4 diets and 4 periods). Each experimental period lasted 18 days. Milk samples from each cow were collected from morning and afternoon milkings and analyzed for composition and fatty acid concentration. Milk urea nitrogen increased linearly (P 0.05) with increasing dietary urea. Other variables including fat content, protein, fixed mineral residues, lactose, total nonfat solids, acidity, density, casein, cryoscopic index, somatic cell count, and milk fatty acid concentrations, were not affected by treatment. Thus, urea provides a viable alternative to soybean meal that does not affect the characteristics of milk from primiparous F1 Holstein × Zebu cows, producing up to 10 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição físico-química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas F1 Holandês × Zebu alimentadas com teores crescentes de ureia (0; 33%; 66% e 100%, que corresponderam a 0, 0,92, 1,84 e 2,77% de PB na forma de NNP), em substituição ao farelo de soja. Foram utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandês × Zebu com produção média de 10 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura dia-1, em duplo quadrados latinos 4 × 4 (4 animais, 4 dietas e 4 períodos). Os períodos tiveram dezoito dias. As amostras de leite de cada vaca, da ordenha da manhã e da tarde, foram coletadas e analisadas quanto à composição e a concentração de ácidos graxos. O nitrogênio uréico no leite aumentou linearmente (P 0,05) em função dos teores de ureia na dieta. Outras variáveis, incluindo os teores de gordura, proteína, resíduo mineral fixo, lactose, extrato seco total e desengordurado, acidez, densidade, caseína, índice crioscópico, contagem de células somáticas, e a concentração de ácidos graxos do leite, não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos. Portanto conclui-se que a substituição total do farelo de soja pela uréia não influencia composição e nem a concentração de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas primíparas F1 Holandês × Zebu, com produção de até 10 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura dia-1.(AU)

Physicochemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk from F1 Holstein x Zebu cows fed with increasing concentrations of urea / Composição físico-química e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu alimentadas com teores crescentes de ureia

We evaluated the physicochemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk from F1 Holstein × Zebu cows that were fed increasing levels of urea (0%, 33%, 66% and 100%, corresponding to 0%, 0.92%, 1.84% and 2.77% CP as NPN) as a substitute for soybean meal. Eight lactating F1 Holstein × Zebu cows producing an average of 10 kg of milk per day corrected to 3.5% fat, were placed in two 4 × 4 Latin squares (4 animals, 4 diets and 4 periods). Each experimental period lasted 18 days. Milk samples from each cow were collected from morning and afternoon milkings and analyzed for composition and fatty acid concentration. Milk urea nitrogen increased linearly (P 0.05) with increasing dietary urea. Other variables including fat content, protein, fixed mineral residues, lactose, total nonfat solids, acidity, density, casein, cryoscopic index, somatic cell count, and milk fatty acid concentrations, were not affected by treatment. Thus, urea provides a viable alternative to soybean meal that does not affect the characteristics of milk from primiparous F1 Holstein × Zebu cows, producing up to 10 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição físico-química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas F1 Holandês × Zebu alimentadas com teores crescentes de ureia (0; 33%; 66% e 100%, que corresponderam a 0, 0,92, 1,84 e 2,77% de PB na forma de NNP), em substituição ao farelo de soja. Foram utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandês × Zebu com produção média de 10 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura dia-1, em duplo quadrados latinos 4 × 4 (4 animais, 4 dietas e 4 períodos). Os períodos tiveram dezoito dias. As amostras de leite de cada vaca, da ordenha da manhã e da tarde, foram coletadas e analisadas quanto à composição e a concentração de ácidos graxos. O nitrogênio uréico no leite aumentou linearmente (P 0,05) em função dos teores de ureia na dieta. Outras variáveis, incluindo os teores de gordura, proteína, resíduo mineral fixo, lactose, extrato seco total e desengordurado, acidez, densidade, caseína, índice crioscópico, contagem de células somáticas, e a concentração de ácidos graxos do leite, não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos. Portanto conclui-se que a substituição total do farelo de soja pela uréia não influencia composição e nem a concentração de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas primíparas F1 Holandês × Zebu, com produção de até 10 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura dia-1.

Pólen apícola desidratado: composição físico-química, qualidade microbiologica, compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, capacidade antioxidante e origem botânica / Dehydrtated bee pollen: physicochemical, microbiological quality, phenolic and flavonoids compounds, antioxidant and botanical origin

O pólen apícola, produto da aglutinação do pólen das flores com néctar e substâncias salivares das abelhas, tem sido promovido como suplemento da dieta humana por apresentar propriedades nutricionais e bioativas. Sessenta e duas amostras de pólen apícola desidratado foram avaliadas para as análises de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, atividade antioxidante por três métodos (DPPH, sistema ß-caroteno e ORAC), origem botânica, qualidade comercial (umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas e carboidratos) e sanitária (bolores e leveduras, aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E.coli, clostrídios sulfito redutores e S.aureus.), além da atividade antimicrobiana (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). Os valores obtidos para compostos fenólicos e flavonoides totais variaram de 12,60 a 84,22 mg GAE/g de pólen apícola (GAE: equivalentes em ácido gálico) e 1,90 a 36,85 mg de quercetina/g de pólen apícola respectivamente. O EC50, determinado pelo método do DPPH, variou de 0,35 a 13,42 mg pólen apícola/mL de extrato. Os extratos de pólen apícola apresentaram valores entre 52,58 e 98,37 % para o método do ß-caroteno. Quando quantificada por ORAC, a atividade antioxidante medida ficou entre 132,98 e 575,85 µmol eq. trolox/g pólen apícola. Na avaliação da qualidade comercial foram obtidos os valores de 3,06% a 8,12% para umidade, de 1,94 a 4,61%, para cinzas, de 3,35 a 10,96% para lipídeos; de 17,73 a 34,73% para as proteínas, de 11,86 a 25,71% e de 2,77 a 15,87% para os açúcares frutose e glicose, respectivamente. Verificou-se que a presença do pólen apícola inibiu o crescimento de todos os microrganismos estudados. Candida albicans foi a mais resistente e o Staphylococcus epidermides foi o mais sensível. Observou-se 36 tipos polínicos diferentes, destacando-se: Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.), Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae, Poaceae., Euphorbiaceae e Brassica que ocorreram com maior frequência entre as amostras estudadas. Foram observadas somente correlações moderadas e fracas entre os tipos polínicos presentes e os parâmetros avaliados para as amostras desidratadas de pólen apícola

Bee pollen, a product of agglutination of flower pollen with nectar and bee salivary substances, has been promoted as a dietary supplement for human because of its nutritional and bioactive properties. Sixty-two samples of dehydrated bee pollen were analyzed for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity using three methods (DPPH, ßcarotene and ORAC), botanical composition, commercial quality (moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates), hygiene (aerobic mesophiles, yeasts and moulds, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and sulfite-reducing Clostridium), and antimicrobial activity (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). The obtained values for total phenolics ranged from 12.60 to 84.22 mg GAE/g bee pollen (GAE: gallic acid equivalents) while for total flavonoids ranged from 1.90 and 36.85 mg quercetin/g bee pollen. The EC50, determined by the DPPH method, ranged from 0.35 to 13.42 mg bee pollen/ml of extract. The bee pollen extracts showed values between 52.58 and 98.37% by ß- carotene method. When measured by ORAC, antioxidant activity was between 132.98 and 575.85 µmols eq. trolox/g bee pollen. In the evaluation of commercial quality, the following results were achieved: 3.06% to 8.12% for moisture, 1.94 to 4.61% for ashes, 3.35 to 10.96% for lipids, 17.73 to 34.73% for proteins, from 11.86 to 25.71% and 2.77 to 15.87% for the carbohydrates glucose and fructose respectively. It was verified that the presence of the bee pollen inhibited the growth of all microorganisms studied. Candida albicans was the more resistant and Staphylococcus epidermides the more sensitive. Thirty-three pollen-types were identified mainly Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.) sp., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae sp., Poaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp. and Brassica sp. that occurred more frequently among the samples studied. It was observed only moderate and weak correlations between the pollen types present and the evaluated parameters for dehydrated samples of bee pollen

Effect of the racial group and number of lactation on the productivity and composition of bovine milk / Efeito do grupo racial e do número de lactações sobre a produtividade e a composição do leite bovino

Milk in Brazil is produced mainly by Holstein, Girolando and crossbred cattle. Animal breed and number of lactations are factor that can affect productivity and features of the milk. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of breed and number of lactation on milk productivity, physicochemical composition, and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) from Holstein, Girolando and crossbred cattle. These data were collected from a farm, on the north of Parana state, from 2006 to 2011. The relations among the parameters were evaluated by correlation test and the effects of breed and number of lactations (1-6) by variance analysis and Tukeys test. Holstein showed the highest productivity (p 0.05). Milk from crossbred and Girolando presented similar protein, lipid and total solids contents, which were superior to the values from Holstein milk. The breed groups did not differ in SCC and lactose content. Milk production and SCC increased until 3rd and 5th lactations, respectively, while lactose contents were reduced continuously after the 1st lactation and protein and lipid contents were little affected. All parameters correlations were significant (p 0.05), being the highest: milk production x protein and lactose contents, total solids content x lipid and protein contents, lipids content x protein content, and SCC x lactose content. Holstein was found the most productive; ho

Bovinos holandeses, girolandos e mestiços são os principais responsáveis pela produção de leite no Brasil. A raça e o número de lactações são fatores que podem afetar essa produtividade, bem como características do leite. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do grupo racial e do número de lactações sobre a produção leiteira, a composição físico-química e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite de bovinos Holandeses, Girolandos e mestiços. Dados de uma propriedade rural, no norte do Paraná, foram coletados entre os anos de 2006 e 2011. A relação entre os parâmetros foi analisada por meio de teste de correlação, e os efeitos do número de lactações (1-6) e do grupo racial por análise de variância (ANOVA). As diferenças entre as médias foram avaliadas através de teste de Tukey. A raça Holandesa apresentou maior produtividade diária de leite (p 0,05). Os animais mestiços e Girolandos apresentaram teores de proteínas, de lipídios e de sólidos totais do leite, semelhantes e superiores aos animais da raça Holandesa. Os grupos raciais não diferiram quanto à CCS e teor de lactose do leite. Produção leiteira e CCS aumentaram até a 3ª e a 5ª lactações, respectivamente, enquanto os teores de lactose decaíram continuamente após a 1ª lactação e os de lipídios e de proteínas praticamente não se alteraram. Todas as correlações entre os parâmetros foram significativas sen

Qualidade do leite cru refrigerado de uma planta de processamento, no norte do Paraná, após a implementação das mudanças impostas pela NI 62 de 2011 / Refrigerated raw milk quality of a processing plant in the north of Parana after the implementation of changes imposed by NI 62 of 2011

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química de leite cru proveniente de tanques individuais e coletivos, identificar a microbiota psicrotrófica do leite cru refrigerado e verificar o cumprimento da legislação vigente para este alimento. Realizou-se a contagem da microbiota de psicrotróficos, proteolíticos, lipolíticos, aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E. coli e enterobactérias. A microbiota psicrotrófica foi caracterizada através de testes morfotintoriais. Análises dos teores de gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, acidez titulável, índice crioscópico e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) também foram realizados. As contagens médias de aeróbios mesófilos não atenderam aos requisitos mínimos de qualidade, já os resultados médios de CCS e os parâmetros físicoquímicos estudados estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente. A contagem de psicrotróficos foi, em média, 90% da contagem total de aeróbios mesófilos, com contagens de psicrotróficos menores que 6 log UFC/ml. Foi encontrada alta porcentagem de proteolíticos e lipolíticos em relação à contagem total de psicrotróficos. Considerando as duas semanas de análise, houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as amostras de leite provenientes de tanques coletivos e individuais somente para coliformes totais e para os teores de proteína e lactose. A microbiota psicrotrófica pred

This study aimed to compare the microbiological and physicochemical quality of raw milk from individual and collective tanks, identify the psychrotrophic microbiota of refrigerated raw milk and verify compliance with current legislation. The enumeration of proteolytic and lipolytic psychrotrophs, as well as, populations of mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacteria was carried out. The psychrotrophic microbiota was characterized by morpho-tinctorial tests. Determination of fat content, protein, lactose, total solids, titratable acidity, cryoscopic index and somatic cells count (SCC) were also conducted. The average counts of mesophilic aerobes did not met the minimum quality requirements; however, the average results of SCC and the physicochemical parameters were in accordance with Brazilian legislation. The psychrotrophs counts were on average 90% of the total count of mesophilic aerobes, with psychrotrophic population of less than 6 log CFU/ml. A high percentage of proteolytic and lipolytic psychrotrophs in relation to psychrotrophs total counts was found. Considering the two weeks testing, there was a significant difference (P> 0.05) between milk samples from collective and individual tanks only for total coliforms and for protein and lactose contents. Although the predominant psychrotrophic microbiota was Gram negative bacilli, but Gram positive bact

Qualidade do leite cru refrigerado de uma planta de processamento, no norte do Paraná, após a implementação das mudanças impostas pela NI 62 de 2011 / Refrigerated raw milk quality of a processing plant in the north of Parana after the implementation of changes imposed by NI 62 of 2011

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química de leite cru proveniente de tanques individuais e coletivos, identificar a microbiota psicrotrófica do leite cru refrigerado e verificar o cumprimento da legislação vigente para este alimento. Realizou-se a contagem da microbiota de psicrotróficos, proteolíticos, lipolíticos, aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E. coli e enterobactérias. A microbiota psicrotrófica foi caracterizada através de testes morfotintoriais. Análises dos teores de gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, acidez titulável, índice crioscópico e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) também foram realizados. As contagens médias de aeróbios mesófilos não atenderam aos requisitos mínimos de qualidade, já os resultados médios de CCS e os parâmetros físicoquímicos estudados estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente. A contagem de psicrotróficos foi, em média, 90% da contagem total de aeróbios mesófilos, com contagens de psicrotróficos menores que 6 log UFC/ml. Foi encontrada alta porcentagem de proteolíticos e lipolíticos em relação à contagem total de psicrotróficos. Considerando as duas semanas de análise, houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as amostras de leite provenientes de tanques coletivos e individuais somente para coliformes totais e para os teores de proteína e lactose. A microbiota psicrotrófica pred

This study aimed to compare the microbiological and physicochemical quality of raw milk from individual and collective tanks, identify the psychrotrophic microbiota of refrigerated raw milk and verify compliance with current legislation. The enumeration of proteolytic and lipolytic psychrotrophs, as well as, populations of mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacteria was carried out. The psychrotrophic microbiota was characterized by morpho-tinctorial tests. Determination of fat content, protein, lactose, total solids, titratable acidity, cryoscopic index and somatic cells count (SCC) were also conducted. The average counts of mesophilic aerobes did not met the minimum quality requirements; however, the average results of SCC and the physicochemical parameters were in accordance with Brazilian legislation. The psychrotrophs counts were on average 90% of the total count of mesophilic aerobes, with psychrotrophic population of less than 6 log CFU/ml. A high percentage of proteolytic and lipolytic psychrotrophs in relation to psychrotrophs total counts was found. Considering the two weeks testing, there was a significant difference (P> 0.05) between milk samples from collective and individual tanks only for total coliforms and for protein and lactose contents. Although the predominant psychrotrophic microbiota was Gram negative bacilli, but Gram positive bact

Effect of the racial group and number of lactation on the productivity and composition of bovine milk / Efeito do grupo racial e do número de lactações sobre a produtividade e a composição do leite bovino

Milk in Brazil is produced mainly by Holstein, Girolando and crossbred cattle. Animal breed and number of lactations are factor that can affect productivity and features of the milk. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of breed and number of lactation on milk productivity, physicochemical composition, and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) from Holstein, Girolando and crossbred cattle. These data were collected from a farm, on the north of Parana state, from 2006 to 2011. The relations among the parameters were evaluated by correlation test and the effects of breed and number of lactations (1-6) by variance analysis and Tukeys test. Holstein showed the highest productivity (p 0.05). Milk from crossbred and Girolando presented similar protein, lipid and total solids contents, which were superior to the values from Holstein milk. The breed groups did not differ in SCC and lactose content. Milk production and SCC increased until 3rd and 5th lactations, respectively, while lactose contents were reduced continuously after the 1st lactation and protein and lipid contents were little affected. All parameters correlations were significant (p 0.05), being the highest: milk production x protein and lactose contents, total solids content x lipid and protein contents, lipids content x protein content, and SCC x lactose content. Holstein was found the most productive; ho

Bovinos holandeses, girolandos e mestiços são os principais responsáveis pela produção de leite no Brasil. A raça e o número de lactações são fatores que podem afetar essa produtividade, bem como características do leite. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do grupo racial e do número de lactações sobre a produção leiteira, a composição físico-química e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite de bovinos Holandeses, Girolandos e mestiços. Dados de uma propriedade rural, no norte do Paraná, foram coletados entre os anos de 2006 e 2011. A relação entre os parâmetros foi analisada por meio de teste de correlação, e os efeitos do número de lactações (1-6) e do grupo racial por análise de variância (ANOVA). As diferenças entre as médias foram avaliadas através de teste de Tukey. A raça Holandesa apresentou maior produtividade diária de leite (p 0,05). Os animais mestiços e Girolandos apresentaram teores de proteínas, de lipídios e de sólidos totais do leite, semelhantes e superiores aos animais da raça Holandesa. Os grupos raciais não diferiram quanto à CCS e teor de lactose do leite. Produção leiteira e CCS aumentaram até a 3ª e a 5ª lactações, respectivamente, enquanto os teores de lactose decaíram continuamente após a 1ª lactação e os de lipídios e de proteínas praticamente não se alteraram. Todas as correlações entre os parâmetros foram significativas sen

Caracterización físicoquímica de mieles de abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini) de Venezuela / Physicochemical characterization of stingless bee (Meliponini) honey from Venezuela

Las mieles producidas por abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini) tienen una composición diferente a las mieles de Apis me - llifera; sin embargo, no se han incorporado sus estándares en las normas de calidad para este producto de la colmena. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron mieles producidas en Venezuela por seis especies de abejas sin aguijón: Frieseomelitta paupera (Provancher, 1888), Scaura aff. latitarsis (Friese, 1900), Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), Plebeia sp., Scaptotrigona sp. y una especie no identificada. Se obtuvieron las siguientes variaciones en los valores de la composición físicoquímica de las mieles de abejas sin aguijón: 1. pH (3,24 - 4,94). 2. Acidez libre (16,92 - 248,52 meq/kg miel). 3. Cenizas (0,21 - 1,49 g/100 g miel). 4. Conductividad eléctrica (0,24 - 2,14 mS/cm). 5. Humedad (19,3 - 27,3 g agua/100 g miel). 6. Nitrógeno (41,91 - 335,31 mg N/100 g miel). 7. Azúcares reductores (48,18 - 71,19 g/100 g miel). 8. Sacarosa aparente (1,09 - 12,30 g/100g miel). 9. Actividad de la diastasa (positiva en todas las mieles). Hidroximetilfurfural (negativo en todas las mieles).

Honeys produced by stingless bees (Meliponini) have a different composition from Apis mellifera honey. However, their standards have not been included in norms of quality for this product of the hive. In this work Venezuelan honeys produced by six species of stingless bees, were studied: Frie - seomelitta paupera (Provancher, 1888), Scaura aff. latitarsis (Friese, 1900), Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), Plebeia sp., Scaptotrigona sp. and an non identified species. The following variations of physicochemical compo - sitional values were obtained: 1. pH (3.24 - 4.94). 2. Free acidity (16.92 - 248.52 meq/kg honey). 3. Ash (0.21 - 1.49 g/100 g honey). 4. Electrical conductivity (0.24 - 2.14 mS/cm). 5. Moisture (19.3 - 27.3 g water/100 g honey). 6. Ni trogen (41.91 - 335.31 mg N/100 g honey). 7. Reducing su gars (48.18 - 71.19 g/100 g honey). 8. Apparent sucrose (1.09 - 12.30 g/100g honey). 9. Diastase activity (positive in all honeys). Hydroxymethylfurfural (negative in all honeys).

Composición química de polen apícola fresco recolectado en el páramo de Misintá de Los Andes venezolanos / Chemical composition of fresh bee pollen collected in the Misintá páramo from the venezuelan Andes

El polen apícola venezolano no ha sido caracterizado, y su comercialización no está normalizada. El polen es consumido con fines de apiterapia por sus propiedades nutricionales y medicinales. Este producto de la colmena es el más popular después de la miel de abejas; por eso es necesario caracterizarlo y valorizarlo para iniciar una base de datos que sustente la propuesta de una norma para el control de calidad del polen apícola. Se caracterizaron muestras de polen recolectado por abejas en el páramo de Misintá del estado Mérida, según la composición química (humedad, cenizas, extracto etéreo, pH, proteínas) de cuatro fracciones de color (amarillo, anaranjado, ocre, verde). La fracción más frecuente fue el polen amarillo, con 2,18 g cenizas/100g, 5,37 g extracto etéreo/100 g, 14,88 g humedad/100 g y 37,32 g proteínas/100 g.

Venezuelan bee pollen has not been characterized, and marketing is not regulated. Pollen is consumed for apitherapeutical purposes for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This product of the hive is the most popular after honey; therefore it is necessary to characterize and to value it to initiate a database to support the proposal of a norm for bee pollen quality control. Samples of bee pollen collected by bees in the Misintá páramo of Mérida state were characterized accoridng to the chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat, pH, proteins) of four color fractions (yellow, orange, ochre, green). Yellow pollen was the most frequent fraction, with 2,18 g ash/100g, 5,37 g ether extract/100 g, 14,88 g moisture/100 g, and 37,32 g proteins/100 g.

Physicochemical composition of Bordô wines from Flores da Cunha, RS, made with grapes matured in low rain conditions / Composição físico-química do vinho Bordô de Flores da Cunha, RS, elaborado com uvas maturadas em condições de baixa precipitação

The Bordô, after Isabel, is the table wine presenting the greater economic importance in the Serra Gaúcha region, because there is a segment of the market that likes its characteristics, specially its fruity flavor, color intensity, and violet hue. Due to these aspects and to the very dry climatic conditions in the 2005 summer, where rain represented 38% of the climatological normal, Bordô wines were analyzed from the commune of Flores da Cunha, RS, Brazil, one of the most important producers of the Serra Gaúcha region. Analyzed wines were varietal ones and made according to the technology of each winery. Thirty nine variables were evaluated and the average parameters of the most expressive ones were the following: alcohol 10.58% v/v; total acidity 91meq L-1; volatile acidity 7.3meq L-1; pH 3.21; dry extract 24.24g L-1; reducing sugars 2.90g L-1; reduced dry extract 22.34g L-1; ashes 2.09g L-1; tartaric acid 5.35g L-1; A 420 0.480; A 520 1.296; A 620 0.184; tannins 1.41g L-1; anthocianins 778.8mg L-1; ethanal 14.9mg L-1; ethyl acetate 59.3mg L-1; methanol 290.9mg L-1; 1-propanol 24.9mg L-1; 2-mehyL-1-propanol 40.6mg L-1; 2-methyL-1-butanol 45.9mg L-1; 3-methyL-1-butanol 149.1mg L-1; sum of higher alcohols 260.5mg L-1; and K 953mg L-1.(AU)

O Bordô é, depois do Isabel, o vinho de mesa de maior importância econômica na Serra Gaúcha, pois existe um considerável segmento de mercado que o aprecia, especialmente por seu sabor frutado e por sua cor intensa e matiz violeta. Devido a isso e às condições de estiagem que ocorreram no verão de 2005, quando as chuvas corresponderam a 38% da normal climatológica, analisaram-se vinhos Bordô do município de Flores da Cunha, RS, um dos mais importantes produtores da Serra Gaúcha. Os vinhos analisados eram varietalmente puros e elaborados segundo a tecnologia de cada vinícola. Avaliaram-se 39 variáveis, das quais os resultados mais expressivos foram os seguintes: álcool 10,58% v/v; acidez total 91meq L-1; acidez volátil 7,3meq L-1; pH 3,21; extrato seco 24,24g L-1; açúcares redutores 2,90g L-1; extrato seco reduzido 22,34g L-1; cinzas 2,09g L-1; ácido tartárico 5,35g L-1; DO 420 0,480; DO 520 1,296; DO 620 0,184; taninos 1,41g L-1; antocianinas 778,8mg L-1; etanal 14,9mg L-1; acetato de etila 59,3mg L-1; metanol 290,9mg L-1; 1-propanol 24,9mg L-1; 2-metiL-1-propanol 40,6mg L-1; 2-metiL-1-butanol 45,9mg L-1; 3-metiL-1-butanol 149,1mg L-1; soma dos álcoois superiores 260,5mg L-1; e K 953mg L-1.(AU)

Physicochemical composition of Bordô wines from Flores da Cunha, RS, made with grapes matured in low rain conditions / Composição físico-química do vinho Bordô de Flores da Cunha, RS, elaborado com uvas maturadas em condições de baixa precipitação

The Bordô, after Isabel, is the table wine presenting the greater economic importance in the Serra Gaúcha region, because there is a segment of the market that likes its characteristics, specially its fruity flavor, color intensity, and violet hue. Due to these aspects and to the very dry climatic conditions in the 2005 summer, where rain represented 38% of the climatological normal, Bordô wines were analyzed from the commune of Flores da Cunha, RS, Brazil, one of the most important producers of the Serra Gaúcha region. Analyzed wines were varietal ones and made according to the technology of each winery. Thirty nine variables were evaluated and the average parameters of the most expressive ones were the following: alcohol 10.58% v/v; total acidity 91meq L-1; volatile acidity 7.3meq L-1; pH 3.21; dry extract 24.24g L-1; reducing sugars 2.90g L-1; reduced dry extract 22.34g L-1; ashes 2.09g L-1; tartaric acid 5.35g L-1; A 420 0.480; A 520 1.296; A 620 0.184; tannins 1.41g L-1; anthocianins 778.8mg L-1; ethanal 14.9mg L-1; ethyl acetate 59.3mg L-1; methanol 290.9mg L-1; 1-propanol 24.9mg L-1; 2-mehyL-1-propanol 40.6mg L-1; 2-methyL-1-butanol 45.9mg L-1; 3-methyL-1-butanol 149.1mg L-1; sum of higher alcohols 260.5mg L-1; and K 953mg L-1.

O Bordô é, depois do Isabel, o vinho de mesa de maior importância econômica na Serra Gaúcha, pois existe um considerável segmento de mercado que o aprecia, especialmente por seu sabor frutado e por sua cor intensa e matiz violeta. Devido a isso e às condições de estiagem que ocorreram no verão de 2005, quando as chuvas corresponderam a 38% da normal climatológica, analisaram-se vinhos Bordô do município de Flores da Cunha, RS, um dos mais importantes produtores da Serra Gaúcha. Os vinhos analisados eram varietalmente puros e elaborados segundo a tecnologia de cada vinícola. Avaliaram-se 39 variáveis, das quais os resultados mais expressivos foram os seguintes: álcool 10,58% v/v; acidez total 91meq L-1; acidez volátil 7,3meq L-1; pH 3,21; extrato seco 24,24g L-1; açúcares redutores 2,90g L-1; extrato seco reduzido 22,34g L-1; cinzas 2,09g L-1; ácido tartárico 5,35g L-1; DO 420 0,480; DO 520 1,296; DO 620 0,184; taninos 1,41g L-1; antocianinas 778,8mg L-1; etanal 14,9mg L-1; acetato de etila 59,3mg L-1; metanol 290,9mg L-1; 1-propanol 24,9mg L-1; 2-metiL-1-propanol 40,6mg L-1; 2-metiL-1-butanol 45,9mg L-1; 3-metiL-1-butanol 149,1mg L-1; soma dos álcoois superiores 260,5mg L-1; e K 953mg L-1.