Causes of death of sows in three Brazilian pig farms / Causas de morte de matrizes suínas em três granjas brasileiras

Sow mortality is directly related to financial losses and productive efficiency in pig farms. Despite this, diseases associated with the death of sows are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death of sows in Brazilian pig farms. To perform this research, three Brazilian pig farms were visited, and necropsies were performed on all sows that had died spontaneously or were subjected to euthanasia. Tissue fragments were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination. In addition, the clinical signs, productive stage, parity, and type of death (spontaneous or euthanasia) were recorded. A total of 138 necropsies were performed, and 132 had a conclusive diagnosis. The most frequent productive stages were gestation and lactation (33.3 and 31.9%, respectively), followed by parturient sows (17.4%), cull sows (9.4%), weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) (4.3%), and unmated gilts (3.6%). The most affected organ systems were reproductive (28%), digestive (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9.1%), and hematopoietic (6.1%). The most frequently diagnosed conditions were uterine prolapse (16/132; 12.1%), gastric ulcer (13/132; 9.8%), suppurative arthritis (11/132; 8.3%), liver lobe torsion (11/132; 8.3%), heart failure (9/132; 6.8%), vaginal or vaginal and rectal prolapse (9/132; 6.8%), and pododermatitis (8/132; 6.1%). Although 58.2% of the deaths were due to one of these seven diseases, there was a great variability in diagnoses.(AU)

A mortalidade de porcas está diretamente relacionada a perdas financeiras e à eficiência produtiva das granjas. Apesar disso, as doenças associadas à morte de porcas são pouco conhecidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte de porcas em granjas suinícolas brasileiras. Para a realização desta pesquisa, três granjas brasileiras foram visitadas e necropsias foram realizadas em todas as porcas que morreram espontaneamente ou foram submetidas à eutanásia. Fragmentos de tecidos foram coletados para exame histopatológico e bacteriológico. Além disso, foram registrados os sinais clínicos, estágio reprodutivo, ordem de parto e tipo de morte (espontânea ou eutanásia). Um total de 138 necropsias foram realizadas e 132 tiveram um diagnóstico conclusivo. Os estágios produtivos mais frequentes foram gestação e lactação (33,3 e 31,9%, respectivamente), seguidos por porcas parturientes (17,4%), porcas de descarte (9,4%), intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) (4,3%) e leitoas vazias (3,6%). Os sistemas orgânicos mais afetados foram reprodutor (28%), digestivo (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9,1%) e hematopoiético (6,1%). As condições mais frequentemente diagnosticadas foram prolapso uterino (16/132; 12,1%), úlcera gástrica (13/132; 9,8%), artrite supurativa (11/132; 8,3%), torção do lobo hepático (11/132; 8,3%), insuficiência cardíaca (9/132; 6,8%), prolapso vaginal ou prolapso vaginal e retal (9/132; 6,8%) e pododermatite (8/132; 6,1%). Embora 58,2% dos óbitos tenham ocorrido por uma dessas sete doenças, houve grande variabilidade de diagnósticos.(AU)

Causes of death of sows in three Brazilian pig farms / Causas de morte de matrizes suínas em três granjas brasileiras

Sow mortality is directly related to financial losses and productive efficiency in pig farms. Despite this, diseases associated with the death of sows are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death of sows in Brazilian pig farms. To perform this research, three Brazilian pig farms were visited, and necropsies were performed on all sows that had died spontaneously or were subjected to euthanasia. Tissue fragments were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination. In addition, the clinical signs, productive stage, parity, and type of death (spontaneous or euthanasia) were recorded. A total of 138 necropsies were performed, and 132 had a conclusive diagnosis. The most frequent productive stages were gestation and lactation (33.3 and 31.9%, respectively), followed by parturient sows (17.4%), cull sows (9.4%), weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) (4.3%), and unmated gilts (3.6%). The most affected organ systems were reproductive (28%), digestive (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9.1%), and hematopoietic (6.1%). The most frequently diagnosed conditions were uterine prolapse (16/132; 12.1%), gastric ulcer (13/132; 9.8%), suppurative arthritis (11/132; 8.3%), liver lobe torsion (11/132; 8.3%), heart failure (9/132; 6.8%), vaginal or vaginal and rectal prolapse (9/132; 6.8%), and pododermatitis (8/132; 6.1%). Although 58.2% of the deaths were due to one of these seven diseases, there was a great variability in diagnoses.(AU)

A mortalidade de porcas está diretamente relacionada a perdas financeiras e à eficiência produtiva das granjas. Apesar disso, as doenças associadas à morte de porcas são pouco conhecidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte de porcas em granjas suinícolas brasileiras. Para a realização desta pesquisa, três granjas brasileiras foram visitadas e necropsias foram realizadas em todas as porcas que morreram espontaneamente ou foram submetidas à eutanásia. Fragmentos de tecidos foram coletados para exame histopatológico e bacteriológico. Além disso, foram registrados os sinais clínicos, estágio reprodutivo, ordem de parto e tipo de morte (espontânea ou eutanásia). Um total de 138 necropsias foram realizadas e 132 tiveram um diagnóstico conclusivo. Os estágios produtivos mais frequentes foram gestação e lactação (33,3 e 31,9%, respectivamente), seguidos por porcas parturientes (17,4%), porcas de descarte (9,4%), intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) (4,3%) e leitoas vazias (3,6%). Os sistemas orgânicos mais afetados foram reprodutor (28%), digestivo (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9,1%) e hematopoiético (6,1%). As condições mais frequentemente diagnosticadas foram prolapso uterino (16/132; 12,1%), úlcera gástrica (13/132; 9,8%), artrite supurativa (11/132; 8,3%), torção do lobo hepático (11/132; 8,3%), insuficiência cardíaca (9/132; 6,8%), prolapso vaginal ou prolapso vaginal e retal (9/132; 6,8%) e pododermatite (8/132; 6,1%). Embora 58,2% dos óbitos tenham ocorrido por uma dessas sete doenças, houve grande variabilidade de diagnósticos.(AU)

Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. DESIGN: Two-year serial cross-sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre-pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post-pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post-pandemic period). SAMPLE: Backyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT-PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population-based active surveillance cohort study in Peru. RESULTS: Among 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre-pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post-pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human-to-swine transmission events in backyard farm settings. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that human-to-swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.

Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos criados sob diferentes sistemas de manejo no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

From 2012 to 2013 were surveyed gastrointestinal parasites from pig farms located in different municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples from 790 pigs were collected from the rectum on 88 family farms and 702 farms with industrial production. The samples were subjected to Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz and direct examination faecal techniques. The estimated parasite prevalence was 93.1% in family farms and 59.1% in industrial farms. Balantidium coli, coccidia and Entamoeba sp. were the parasites with the highest frequencies, and the male and female reproductive categories and fatteners pigs the most infected (p<0.05). Trophozoites of B. coli were most evident in stool samples from semi-solid followed by solid and diarrheal consistencies. Strongyles eggs and Trichuris suis have been detected exclusively in family farms. Ascaris suum eggs and Strongyloides ransomi showed low frequency. The high degree of parasitism, especially protozoa, indicates the need to reassess the management of pigs in both types of production.(AU)

De 2012 a 2013 foram pesquisados parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos de granjas localizadas em diferentes municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais de 790 suínos foram coletadas da ampola retal, sendo 88 de propriedades familiares e 702 de granjas com produção industrial. As amostras foram submetidas às técnicas de Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz e exame direto. A prevalência estimada foi de 93,1% nas granjas familiares e 59,1% nas granjas industriais. Balantidium coli, coccídios e Entamoeba sp. foram os parasitos que apresentaram as maiores frequências, sendo as categorias machos e fêmeas reprodutoras e leitões de terminação as mais infectadas (p<0,05). Trofozoítas de B. coli foram mais evidenciados nas amostras fecais de consistências semi-sólida, seguida pelas fezes com consistências sólida e diarreica. Ovos de estrongilídeos e Trichuris suis foram detectados exclusivamente em criações familiares. Ovos de Ascaris suum e de Strongyloides ransomi apresentaram baixa frequência. O alto grau de parasitismo, principalmente de protozoários, indica a necessidade de reavaliação do manejo dos suínos em ambos os tipos de produção.(AU)

Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos criados sob diferentes sistemas de manejo no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

From 2012 to 2013 were surveyed gastrointestinal parasites from pig farms located in different municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples from 790 pigs were collected from the rectum on 88 family farms and 702 farms with industrial production. The samples were subjected to Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz and direct examination faecal techniques. The estimated parasite prevalence was 93.1% in family farms and 59.1% in industrial farms. Balantidium coli, coccidia and Entamoeba sp. were the parasites with the highest frequencies, and the male and female reproductive categories and fatteners pigs the most infected (p<0.05). Trophozoites of B. coli were most evident in stool samples from semi-solid followed by solid and diarrheal consistencies. Strongyles eggs and Trichuris suis have been detected exclusively in family farms. Ascaris suum eggs and Strongyloides ransomi showed low frequency. The high degree of parasitism, especially protozoa, indicates the need to reassess the management of pigs in both types of production...

De 2012 a 2013 foram pesquisados parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos de granjas localizadas em diferentes municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais de 790 suínos foram coletadas da ampola retal, sendo 88 de propriedades familiares e 702 de granjas com produção industrial. As amostras foram submetidas às técnicas de Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz e exame direto. A prevalência estimada foi de 93,1% nas granjas familiares e 59,1% nas granjas industriais. Balantidium coli, coccídios e Entamoeba sp. foram os parasitos que apresentaram as maiores frequências, sendo as categorias machos e fêmeas reprodutoras e leitões de terminação as mais infectadas (p<0,05). Trofozoítas de B. coli foram mais evidenciados nas amostras fecais de consistências semi-sólida, seguida pelas fezes com consistências sólida e diarreica. Ovos de estrongilídeos e Trichuris suis foram detectados exclusivamente em criações familiares. Ovos de Ascaris suum e de Strongyloides ransomi apresentaram baixa frequência. O alto grau de parasitismo, principalmente de protozoários, indica a necessidade de reavaliação do manejo dos suínos em ambos os tipos de produção...

Infection by helmints and coccidia in confined swine from the district of camaragibe Pernambuco State Brazil / Infecção por helmintos e coccídios em criação de suínos de sistema confinado localizada no município de Camaragibe-PE

In this work the objective was to analize the helminth and coccidia infection in confined swines from the city of Camaragibe - Pernambuco State - Brazil. Faecal samples from 1126 pigs of both sexes and different age groups were submitted to faecal nematode egg / oocyst counts (FEC) and to the larval culture in pre-established dates, at intervals of 21 to 30 days from August/2003 through July/2004. The FEC showed that 0.26% (3/1126) of pigs were positive. Strongyloidea type eggs were identified in 0.18% (2/1126) and Ascaris suum in 0.09% (1/1126). The genera identified from fecal cultures were Hyostrongylus in 2.35% (25/1065) and Trichostrongylus in 1.03% (11/ 1065), mixed infection were identified in 0.47% (05/1065). Despite the low indexes, the infection was observed throughout the year, except in february and march/2004. Coccidia infection was detected in 1.60% (18/1126) of samples. Only in 0.80% (09/ 1126) of the samples the differentiation between genus was possible, 0.71% (8/1126) presented Eimeria and 0.44% (1/1126) Isospora suis. Among the positive animals, 0.98% (11/1126) were piglets from 5 to 30 days old, 0.44% (5/1126) were sows, 0.09% (1/1126) boars and 0.09% (1/1126) piglets from nursery.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar a infecção por helmintos e coccídios em suínos criados em sistema confinado na cidade de Camaragibe no Estado de Pernambuco - Brasil. Amostras fecais de 1126 suínos de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades foram submetidas a exames coproparasitógicos para observação de ovos de helmintos e oocistos de protozoários, mensalmente, em datas pré-estabelecidas, a intervalos variando de 21 a 30 dias, no período de agosto/2003 a julho/ 2004. O percentual de positividade foi de 0,27% (3/1126) ao OPG, sendo 0,18% (2/1126) para ovos tipo Strongyloidea e 0,09% (1/1126) para Ascaris suum. Foram evidenciados na coprocultura os gêneros Hyostrongylus em 2,35% (25/1065), Trichostrongylus em 1,03% (11/1065) e infecção mista em 0,47% (5/1065). A infecção por coccídios foi detectada em 1,60% (18/1126) das amostras, havendo a possibilidade de diferenciação entre os gêneros em apenas 0,80% (9/1126), das quais 0,71% (8/1126) apresentou o gênero Eimeria e 0,44% (1/1126) Isospora suis. Dentre os animais positivos, 0,98% (11/1126) eram leitões com idade entre 5 e 30 dias, 0,44% (5/1126) matrizes, 0,09% (1/1126) reprodutores e 0,09% (1/1126) leitões na creche.

Infection by helmints and coccidia in confined swine from the district of camaragibe Pernambuco State Brazil / Infecção por helmintos e coccídios em criação de suínos de sistema confinado localizada no município de Camaragibe-PE

In this work the objective was to analize the helminth and coccidia infection in confined swines from the city of Camaragibe - Pernambuco State - Brazil. Faecal samples from 1126 pigs of both sexes and different age groups were submitted to faecal nematode egg / oocyst counts (FEC) and to the larval culture in pre-established dates, at intervals of 21 to 30 days from August/2003 through July/2004. The FEC showed that 0.26% (3/1126) of pigs were positive. Strongyloidea type eggs were identified in 0.18% (2/1126) and Ascaris suum in 0.09% (1/1126). The genera identified from fecal cultures were Hyostrongylus in 2.35% (25/1065) and Trichostrongylus in 1.03% (11/ 1065), mixed infection were identified in 0.47% (05/1065). Despite the low indexes, the infection was observed throughout the year, except in february and march/2004. Coccidia infection was detected in 1.60% (18/1126) of samples. Only in 0.80% (09/ 1126) of the samples the differentiation between genus was possible, 0.71% (8/1126) presented Eimeria and 0.44% (1/1126) Isospora suis. Among the positive animals, 0.98% (11/1126) were piglets from 5 to 30 days old, 0.44% (5/1126) were sows, 0.09% (1/1126) boars and 0.09% (1/1126) piglets from nursery.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar a infecção por helmintos e coccídios em suínos criados em sistema confinado na cidade de Camaragibe no Estado de Pernambuco - Brasil. Amostras fecais de 1126 suínos de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades foram submetidas a exames coproparasitógicos para observação de ovos de helmintos e oocistos de protozoários, mensalmente, em datas pré-estabelecidas, a intervalos variando de 21 a 30 dias, no período de agosto/2003 a julho/ 2004. O percentual de positividade foi de 0,27% (3/1126) ao OPG, sendo 0,18% (2/1126) para ovos tipo Strongyloidea e 0,09% (1/1126) para Ascaris suum. Foram evidenciados na coprocultura os gêneros Hyostrongylus em 2,35% (25/1065), Trichostrongylus em 1,03% (11/1065) e infecção mista em 0,47% (5/1065). A infecção por coccídios foi detectada em 1,60% (18/1126) das amostras, havendo a possibilidade de diferenciação entre os gêneros em apenas 0,80% (9/1126), das quais 0,71% (8/1126) apresentou o gênero Eimeria e 0,44% (1/1126) Isospora suis. Dentre os animais positivos, 0,98% (11/1126) eram leitões com idade entre 5 e 30 dias, 0,44% (5/1126) matrizes, 0,09% (1/1126) reprodutores e 0,09% (1/1126) leitões na creche.