Research on Anchorage Performance of the Foundation Ring for Wind Turbines.

The foundation ring (FR) is a steel component embedded within the concrete of a wind turbine foundation, playing a pivotal role in connecting the wind turbine tower to the foundation structure. In this paper, the FR-foundation connection is equivalent to the exposed foundation and the shallow foundation by analyzing the anchorage characteristics of the foundation ring. Based on the ABAQUS concrete damaged plasticity model, full-scale modeling of the wind turbine foundation is carried out. The influence of embedment depth, ring radius and base flange width of the foundation ring on moment capacity is simulated. Based on the observed stress distributions under ultimate loads, analytical expressions were proposed to estimate the variation law of anchorage load-bearing capacity in the ultimate load state. Compared with the numerical simulation, the average errors under different influencing factors are 8.2%, 9.6% and 10.8%, respectively. The results indicate that the base flange provided the majority of the moment capacity, though the contribution of the sidewall increased to 25-50% that of the base flange in later stages.

A Detailed Numerical Model for a New Composite Slim-Floor Slab System.

The paper concerns the numerical modelling of a new slim-floor system with innovative steel-concrete composite beams called "hybrid beams". Hybrid beams consist of a high-strength TT inverted cross-section steel profile and a concrete core made of high-performance concrete and are jointed with prestressed hollow core slabs by infill concrete and tie reinforcement. Such systems are gaining popularity since they allow the integration of the main structural members within the ceiling depth, shorten the execution time, and reduce the use of concrete and steel. A three-dimensional finite element model is proposed with all parts of the system taken into account and detailed geometry reproduction. Advanced constitutive models are adopted for steel and concrete. Special attention is paid to the proper characterisation of interfaces. The new approach to calibration of damaged elastic traction-separation constitutive model for cohesive elements is applied to concrete-to-concrete contact zones. The model is validated with outcomes of experimental field tests and analytical calculations. A satisfactory agreement between different assessment methods is obtained. The model can be used in the development phase of a new construction system, for instance, to plan further experimental campaigns or to calibrate simplified design formulas.

The effect on punching shear failure in centrally loaded ground-supported concrete slabs for different aspects like slab thickness, size and the position of reinforcement bar, and the strength of concrete using a validated FE model.

The effect of slab thickness, presence of reinforcement and concrete strength on punching shear capacity of the ground-supported concrete slabs (GSCS) is an important issue in Industrial Ground-supported slab construction. In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model for GSCS was validated with three experimental results from literature and used to assess those effects. A Concrete damaged plasticity model in ABAQUS2020 software with a suitable simulation technique and the theory-based material property was adopted. The results of FE models and predictions of the Technical Report34 (TR34) of the Concrete Society were compared with the experimental results. The average FE predicted/Experimental punching shear capacity ratio was 0.93 with a 0.06 standard deviation and the average TR34 predicted/Experimental punching shear capacity ratio was 1.01 with 0.06 standard deviation. However, the average TR34 predicted/FE predicted punching shear capacity ratio was 1.08 with a 0.13 standard deviation. TR34 prediction was little bit liberal. The results of 72 FE models were compared with the TR34 prediction. The average TR34 predicted/FE predicted punching shear capacity ratio is 1.17 with a 0.21 standard deviation. TR34 prediction was liberal compared to FE prediction. The study showed that the effects of an increase of Slab thickness, Concrete strength, and reinforcement were positive in both FE and TR34 predictions, whereas TR34 predictions were conservative up to a certain slab thickness around 115-130mm for concrete grade 20-40 MPa. As concrete strength and thickness increase, TR34 predictions become more liberal. The bottom layer reinforcement provides greater strength, however, TR34 was unable to predict that.

The Porosity Design and Deformation Behavior Analysis of Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffolds through Finite Element Modelling and Mechanical Property Investigations.

Additively manufactured synthetic bone scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates for the replacement and regeneration of damaged and diseased bones. By employing optimal pore architecture, including pore morphology, sizes, and porosities, 3D-printed scaffolds can closely mimic the mechanical properties of natural bone and withstand external loads. This study aims to investigate the deformation pattern exhibited by polymeric bone scaffolds fabricated using the PolyJet (PJ) 3D printing technique. Cubic and hexagonal closed-packed uniform scaffolds with porosities of 30%, 50%, and 70% are utilized in finite element (FE) models. The crushable foam plasticity model is employed to analyze the scaffolds' mechanical response under quasi-static compression. Experimental validation of the FE results demonstrates a favorable agreement, with an average percentage error of 12.27% ± 7.1%. Moreover, the yield strength and elastic modulus of the scaffolds are evaluated and compared, revealing notable differences between cubic and hexagonal closed-packed designs. The 30%, 50%, and 70% porous cubic pore-shaped bone scaffolds exhibit significantly higher yield strengths of 46.89%, 58.29%, and 66.09%, respectively, compared to the hexagonal closed-packed bone scaffolds at percentage strains of 5%, 6%, and 7%. Similarly, the elastic modulus of the 30%, 50%, and 70% porous cubic pore-shaped bone scaffolds is 42.68%, 59.70%, and 58.18% higher, respectively, than the hexagonal closed-packed bone scaffolds at the same percentage strain levels. Furthermore, it is observed in comparison with our previous study the µSLA-printed bone scaffolds demonstrate 1.5 times higher elastic moduli and yield strengths compared to the PJ-printed bone scaffolds.

Study on the postoperative visual function recovery of children with concomitant exotropia based on an augmented reality plasticity model.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clinical application effect of an augmented reality (AR) plasticity model on the postoperative visual function recovery of children with concomitant exotropia. Methods: Between September 2019 and October 2021, 28 patients with concomitant exotropia who visited Shenzhen Children's Hospital (9 male and 19 female) were enrolled in this study. The average age of the patients was 6.4 ± 1.8 years. Postoperative rehabilitation training was conducted using a personalized AR binocular visual perception plasticity model developed based on the patient's examination results. After 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of training, the patients returned to the hospital for examinations of perceptual eye position, static zero-order stereopsis, dynamic first-order fine stereopsis, and dynamic second-order coarse stereopsis to compare the changes in eye position control and stereovision function. Results: After 6 months of eye position training, the horizontal perception eye position of the 28 patients was significantly lower than that before training. The difference in eye position at the first and third months compared with that before training was not statistically significant (1st month: z = -2.255, p = 0.024 > 0.017; 3rd month: z = -2.277, p = 0.023 > 0.017; 6th month: z = -3.051, p = 0.002 < 0.017). The difference in vertical perceptual eye position after training compared with that before training was not statistically significant (1st month: z = -0.252, p = 0.801 > 0.017; 3rd month: z = -1.189, p = 0.234 > 0.017; 6th month: z = -2.225, p = 0.026 > 0.017). The difference in 0.8-m static zero-order stereopsis before and after training was not statistically significant (1st month: z = -2.111, p = 0.035 > 0.017; 3rd month: z = -1.097, p = 0.273 > 0.017; 6th month: z = -1.653, p = 0.098 > 0.017). The 1.5-m static zero-order stereopsis was improved after 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of training compared with that before training (1st month: z = -3.134, p = 0.002 < 0.017; 3rd month: z = -2.835, p = 0.005 < 0.017; 6th month: z = -3.096, p = 0.002 < 0.017). Dynamic first-order fine stereopsis and dynamic second-order coarse stereopsis were measured in the 28 patients before and after training. Patients 1 and 18 had no dynamic first-order fine stereopsis before training, but both regained dynamic stereopsis after 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of training. Patient 16 had no dynamic first-order fine stereopsis or dynamic second-order coarse stereopsis before training, but first-order and second-order stereopsis had been reconstructed after 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of training. Conclusion: Concomitant exotropia surgery improved the basic problem of eye position at the ocular muscle level, but the patient's perceptual eye position and visual function defects at the brain visual level remained. This might partly explain the poor postoperative clinical effect. The AR plasticity model can improve patients' horizontal perceptual eye position and multi-dimensional stereoscopic function, and its clinical effect warrants further study.

Lumped Plasticity Model and Hysteretic Performance of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Rocking Pier.

Rocking piers using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) have high damage-control capacity and self-centering characteristics that can limit the post-earthquake recovery time of bridges. To study the hysteretic behavior of UHPC rocking piers, a lumped plasticity model is proposed that comprises two parallel rotational springs and which can accurately calculate their force-displacement hysteretic behavior. Three states of the rocking piers, decompression, yield, and large deformation, are considered in this study. The model is verified based on existing experimental results, and the hysteretic characteristics of the UHPC rocking piers, such as strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation, are further analyzed. The research results show that the lumped plasticity analysis model proposed in this study can predict the force-displacement hysteretic behavior of the rocking piers accurately. Moreover, the hysteretic performance of the UHPC rocking piers is better than that of rocking piers using normal-strength concrete. An increase in the energy dissipation reinforcement ratio, pre-stressed tendon ratio, and initial pre-stress improves the lateral stiffness and strength of the UHPC rocking piers. However, the increase in the pre-stressed tendon ratio and initial pre-stress reduces their energy-dissipation capacity.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Steel-Polypropylene Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams.

This work experimentally and numerically explored how varied steel-polypropylene fibre mixtures affected simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams. Due to their better mechanical qualities and durability, fibre-reinforced polymer composites are becoming more popular in construction, with hybrid polymer-reinforced concrete (HPRC) promising to increase the strength and ductility of reinforced concrete structures. The study evaluated how different combinations of steel fibres (SF) and polypropylene fibres (PPF) affected beam behaviour experimentally and numerically. The study's focus on deep beams, research of fibre combinations and percentages, and integration of experimental and numerical analysis provide unique insights. The two experimental deep beams were the same size and were composed of hybrid polymer concrete or normal concrete without fibres. Fibres increased deep beam strength and ductility in experiments. The calibrated concrete damage plasticity model in ABAQUS was used to numerically calibrate HPRC deep beams with different fibre combinations at varied percentages. Based on six experimental concrete mixtures, calibrated numerical models of deep beams with different material combinations were investigated. The numerical analysis confirmed that fibres increased deep beam strength and ductility. HPRC deep beams with fibre performed better than those without fibres in numerical analysis. The study also determined the best fibre percentage to improve deep beam behaviour where a combination of 0.75% SF and 0.25% PPF was recommended to enhance load-bearing capacity and crack distribution, while a higher content of PPF was suggested for reducing deflection.

Cell walls of extruded pea snacks: Morphological and mechanical characterisation and finite element modelling.

Pulses extruded foods can be envisaged asall solid foams with voids and walls, the latter being considered as a dense starch/protein composite. Pea flour (PF) and blends of pea starch and pea protein isolate (PPI) with different protein contents (0.5-88% dry basis) were extruded to obtain models of dense starch-protein composites. Their morphology was revealed by CLSM microscopy, and their mechanical properties were investigated using a three-point bending test complemented by Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling. Composite morphology revealed protein aggregates dispersed in the starch matrix. It was described by a starch-protein interface index Ii computed from the measured total area and perimeter of protein aggregates. The mechanical test showed that the extruded PF and PPI ruptured in the elastic domain, while the extruded starch-PPI (SP) blends ruptured in the plasticity domain. The mechanical properties of pea composites were weakened by increasing the particle volume fractions, including proteins and fibres, probably due to the poor adhesion between starch and the other constituents. The mechanical behaviour of pea composites did not accurately follow simple mixing laws because of their morphological heterogeneity. Modelling results show that the elastoplastic constitutive model using the Voce plasticity model satisfactorily described the hardening behaviour of SP blend composites. Reasonable agreement (2-10%) was found between the experimental and modelling approaches for most materials. The computed Young's modulus (1.3-2.5 GPa) and saturation flow stress (20-45 MPa) increased with increasing Ii (0.7-3.1), reflecting the increase of interfacial stiffening with the increase of contact area between starch and proteins. FEM modelling allowed to identify the mechanical effect of structural heterogeneities.

Simplified FE model and experimental study on the tensile properties of the glass fiber reinforced polyester polymer.

This research aims to understand the simplified finite element (FE) model behavior for estimating the glass fiber reinforced polyester polymer (GFRP) structural response and studying its tensile properties. The simplified FE model has been developed using an equivalent single-ply transversely isotropic material model to estimate the multi-layer GFRP laminates tensile behavior. The linear elastic and a trilinear plasticity material formulation were adopted. The experimental study is conducted to determine the tensile properties of the equivalent single-ply model of the multi-layer laminates with the variation of layers number, stacking sequence, and fiber orientation. The tensile test specimen used E-glass fiber reinforcement and polyester resin (Yukalac 157 BQTN-EX) as the matrix. The hand layup method was used for the lamination procedure. The experimental results show that the nonlinearity might occur due to the imperfection and poor quality of the composite laminate. Therefore, the comparison of numerical simulation and the experimental results is conducted to understand the stress-strain behavior of the simplified FE model. Both models presented different characteristics and showed good agreement with the experimental results. The linear model can be adopted while the nonlinearity is not significantly identified. Furthermore, the plastic strain as a compensated constant should be defined thoroughly to conduct an accurate estimation using the trilinear plasticity model. However, neither model is suitable for predicting the composite laminate's initial failure point.

Cooperative assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Deep understanding of the pathophysiological role of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) relies on a well-grounded model explaining how its biogenesis is regulated. The lack of a consistent framework to clarify the modes and mechanisms governing the assembly of the MRC complexes and supercomplexes (SCs) works against progress in the field. The plasticity model was postulated as an attempt to explain the coexistence of mammalian MRC complexes as individual entities and associated in SC species. However, mounting data accumulated throughout the years question the universal validity of the plasticity model as originally proposed. Instead, as we argue here, a cooperative assembly model provides a much better explanation to the phenomena observed when studying MRC biogenesis in physiological and pathological settings.

Analytical and Numerical Investigation of the Behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composite Members under Shear Loads.

This research discusses the performance of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) beams with and without transverse reinforcements using thorough analytical and finite element (FE) approaches under shear. The overall goal of this investigation was to assess the impact of various design characteristics, such as (i) shear span-to-effective depth ratio, (ii) transverse reinforcement ratio, etc., on the shear behavior of ECC beams. Nonlinear three-dimensional (3-D) FE analysis was performed with the commercial software ABAQUS to simulate the shear performance of ECC beams by employing the material properties obtained from the damage plasticity model. The correctness of the proposed FE model was validated with the benchmark experiments available in the literature. The developed FE model accurately computed the ECC beam's overall load-deflection behavior and failure modes. In addition, the provision available in the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) A-method was successfully employed to assess the shear load-carrying capacity of ECC beams. Furthermore, the effects of transverse reinforcement (pw) and shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) on the behavior of ECC beams were also investigated. From a detailed parametric study, it was understood that a decreased a/d ratio exhibits enhanced load-carrying capacity for beams with and without stirrups for a particular cross-section. It was also observed that for the entire a/d ratio, the amount of stirrups had no substantial effect on the load-carrying capability of ECC beams.

Structural-Temporal Peculiarities of Dynamic Deformation of Layered Materials.

The temporal nature of static and dynamic deformation of fibre metal laminates is discussed here. The aim of the study is to verify the proposed innovate model using layered composites. The modified relaxation model is based on the earlier formulated plasticity relaxation model for homogeneous materials. The proposed relaxation model makes it possible to describe the deformation of the layered composites from elastic to irreversible deformation, finalised by the failure moment. The developed approach allows us to consider the effects of the transition from static to dynamic loading. This means that the model-calculated dynamic limiting characteristics of the metal and the strength of brittle materials will have a determining character, depending on the loading history. The verification of the model using a glass fibre reinforced aluminium composite, glass fibre reinforced titanium composite, carbon fibre reinforced aluminium composite, and Kevlar fibre reinforced aluminium composite with different thickness ratios between metal and polymer layers is given. It is shown that the theoretical deformation curves of the metal composites at the various strain rates, finalised by brittle fracture of the polymer layers or continued irreversible deformation of remaining unbroken metal layers with destroyed polymer (fibre/epoxy) layers, are predicted. Based on the same structural-temporal parameters for five (Ti/GFRP (0/90)/Ti/GFRP(90/0)/Ti) and three (Ti/GFRP(0/90/90/0)/Ti) layers glass fibre reinforced titanium composites and the polymer layers, one-stage and two-stage stress drops during the irreversible deformation of the composite under static and dynamic loading are simulated. The change of the multi-stage fracture of the composite from static to dynamic loading and the fracture characteristic times of the polymer (100 s and 15,400 s) and the metal (8.4 ms) are correlated. Continued plastic deformation of the composite after fracture of the polymer layers is related with different values of the characteristic relaxation times of the polymer (fibre/epoxy) and the metal layers.

Image-Based vs. Parametric Modelling of Concrete Meso-Structures.

Damage initiation and crack propagation in concrete are associated with localisation of energy dissipation by the concrete meso-structure. Meso-scale models are, therefore, required for realistic analysis of concrete non-linear behaviour. Such models are constructed either from X-ray Computed Tomography images (image-based modelling) or by in silico meso-structure generation (parametric modelling), while both approaches are widely used and their advantages and disadvantages are recognised, little work is done on comparing their performance in predicting measured macroscopic behaviour with equivalent constitutive relations for meso-structural features. This work uses microstructure characterisation and mechanical behaviour data to construct, validate and compare the two modelling approaches. The macroscopic behaviour obtained with both meso-structural models is found to be in good agreement with experimental data. Differences are observed only between the predicted distributions of damage within specimens. These outcomes suggest that the computationally simpler parametric meso-structures are sufficient to derive stress-strain behaviour for engineering-scale models in the absence of other environmental factors. The observed differences in damage distribution could be important for analysis of coupled behaviour, e.g., mass transport and chemical reactions affecting local mechanical properties and being affected by local damage. Establishing the importance of damage distribution is such cases requires further research.

Numerical Simulation of Steel-Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete Beam Based on Bond-Slip.

In this study, based on the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model in the ABAQUS software, various plastic damage factor calculation methods were introduced to obtain CDP parameters suitable for reactive powder concrete (RPC) materials. Combined with the existing tests for the bending performance of steel-reinforced RPC beams, the CDP parameters of the RPC material were input into ABAQUS to establish a finite element model considering the bond and slip between the steel and RPC for numerical simulation. The load-deflection curve obtained by the simulation was compared with the measured curve in the experiment. The results indicated that on the basis of the experimentally measured RPC material eigenvalue parameters, combined with the appropriate RPC constitutive relationship and the calculation method of the plastic damage factor, the numerical simulation results considering the bond-slip were in good agreement with the experimental results with a deviation of less than 10%. Thus, it is recommended to select a gentle compressive stress-strain curve in the descending section, an approximate strengthening model of the tensile stress-strain curve, and to use the energy loss method and Sidoroff's energy equivalence principle to calculate the RPC plastic damage parameters.

Rational Choice of Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Frame Corners Subjected to Opening Bending Moment.

This paper discusses a choice of the most rational reinforcement details for frame corners subjected to opening bending moment. Frame corners formed from elements of both the same and different cross section heights are considered. The case of corners formed of elements of different cross section is not considered in Eurocode 2 and is very rarely described in handbooks. Several reinforcement details with both the same and different cross section heights are presented. The authors introduce a new reinforcement detail for the different cross section heights. The considered details are comprised of the primary reinforcement in the form of straight bars and loops and the additional reinforcement in the form of diagonal bars or stirrups or a combination of both diagonal stirrups and bars. Two methods of static analysis, strut-and-tie method (S&T) and finite element method (FEM), are used in the research. FEM calculations are performed with Abaqus software using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity model (CDP) for concrete and the classical metal plasticity model for reinforcing steel. The crucial CDP parameters, relaxation time and dilatation angle, were calibrated in numerical tests in Abaqus. The analysis of results from the S&T and FE methods allowed for the determination of the most rational reinforcement details.

Study of Combined Multi-Point Constraint Multi-Scale Modeling Strategy for Ultra-High-Performance Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Structures.

Compared with normal strength concrete (NSC), ultra-high-performance steel fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) shows superior performance. The concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model in ABAQUS can predict the mechanical properties of UHPFRC components well after calibration. However, the simulation of the whole structure is seriously restricted by the computational capability. In this study, a novel multi-scale modeling strategy for UHPFRC structure was proposed, which used a calibrated CDP model. A novel combined multi-point constraint (CMPC) was established by the simultaneous equations of displacement coordination and energy balance in different degrees of freedom of interface nodes. The advantage is to eliminate the problem of the tangential over-constraint of displacement coordination equation at the interface and to avoid stress iteration of the energy balance equation in the plastic stage. The expressions of CMPC equations of typical multi-scale interface connection were derived. The multi-scale models of UHPFRC components under several load cases were established. The results show that the proposed strategy can well predict the strain distribution and damage distribution of UHPFRC while significantly reducing the number of model elements and improving the computational efficiency. This study provides an accurate and efficient finite element modeling strategy for the design and analysis of UHPFRC structures.

Intestinal epithelial regeneration: active versus reserve stem cells and plasticity mechanisms.

The gastrointestinal system is arguably one of the most complicated developmental systems in a multicellular organism, as it carries out at least four major functions: digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, excretion of hormones, and defense against pathogens. Anatomically, the fetal gut has a tubular structure with an outer layer of smooth muscle derived from lateral splanchnic mesoderm and an inner lining of epithelium derived from the definitive endoderm. During morphogenesis of the gut tube, the definitive endoderm transforms into a primitive gut tube with a foregut, midgut, and hindgut. During the course of further development, the midgut gives rise to the small and proximal large intestine and the hindgut gives rise to the distal large intestine and rectum. The small intestine is subdivided into three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, whereas the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, colon, and rectum.

Validation and Investigation on the Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Using a Novel 3D Mesoscale Method.

The mechanical performance of concrete is strongly influenced by the geometry and properties of its components (namely aggregate, mortar, and Interfacial Transitional Zone (ITZ)) from the mesoscale viewpoint, and analyzing the material at that level should be a powerful tool for understanding macroscopic behavior. In this paper, a simple and highly efficient method is proposed for constructing realistic mesostructures of concrete. A shrinking process based on 3D Voronoi tessellation was employed to generate aggregates with random polyhedron and grading size, and reversely, an extending procedure was applied for ITZ generation. 3D mesoscale numerical simulation was conducted under a quasi-static load using an implicit solver which demonstrated the good robustness and feasibility of the presented model. The simulated results resembled favorably the corresponding experiments both in stress-strain curves and failure modes. Damage evolution analysis showed that the ITZ phase has profound influence on the damage behavior of concrete as damage initially develops from here and propagates to mortar. In addition, it was found that tensile damage is the principal factor of mortar failure while compressive damage is the principal factor of ITZ failure under compression.

Experimental and Computational Study of Ductile Fracture in Small Punch Tests.

A unified experimental-computational study on ductile fracture initiation and propagation during small punch testing is presented. Tests are carried out at room temperature with unnotched disks of different thicknesses where large-scale yielding prevails. In thinner specimens, the fracture occurs with severe necking under membrane tension, whereas for thicker ones a through thickness shearing mode prevails changing the crack orientation relative to the loading direction. Computational studies involve finite element simulations using a shear modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman porous plasticity model with an integral-type nonlocal formulation. The predicted punch load-displacement curves and deformed profiles are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Time-Dependent Material Properties of Shotcrete: Experimental and Numerical Study.

A new experimental program, focusing on the evolution of the Young's modulus, uniaxial compressive strength, shrinkage and creep of shotcrete is presented. The laboratory tests are, starting at very young ages of the material, conducted on two different types of specimens sampled at the site of the Brenner Basetunnel. The experimental results are evaluated and compared to other experiments from the literature. In addition, three advanced constitutive models for shotcrete, i.e., the model by Meschke, the model by Schädlich and Schweiger, and the model by Neuner et al., are validated on the basis of the test data, and the capabilities of the models to represent the observed shotcrete behavior are assessed. Hence, the gap between the the outdated experimental data on shotcrete available in the literature on the one hand and the nowadays available advanced shotcrete models, on the other hand, is closed.