Comparative cytogenetics of the ACPT clade (Anacampserotaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, and Talinaceae): a very diverse group of the suborder Cactineae, Caryophyllales.

The clade ACPT (Anacampserotaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, and Talinaceae) is the most diverse lineage of the subordem Cactineae. The relationships between these families are still uncertain, with different topologies suggested by phylogenetic analyses with several combinations of markers. Different basic numbers (x) have been suggested for each family and for the subord, often in a contestable way. Comparative cytogenetic has helped to understand the evolutionary relationships of phylogenetically poorly resolved groups, as well as their mechanisms of karyotype evolution. The karyotype evolution in representatives of Cactineae was analyzed, focusing on the ACPT clade, through the analysis of chromosome number in a phylogenetic bias. The phylogeny obtained showed a well-resolved topology with support for the monophyly of the five families. Although a chromosomal number is known for less than 30% of the Cactineae species, the analyses revealed a high karyotype variability, from 2n = 8 to 2n = 110. The analysis of character reconstruction of the ancestral haploid numbers (p) suggested p = 12 for Cactineae, with distinct basic numbers for the clade family ACPT: Cactaceae and Montiaceae (p = 11), Talinaceae (p = 12), and Anacampserotaceae and Portulacaceae (p = 9). Talinaceae, Anacampserotaceae, and Cactaceae were stable, while Portulaca and Montiaceae were karyotypically variable. The chromosome evolution of this group was mainly due to events of descending disploidy and poliploidy. Our data confirm that the low phylogenetic resolution among the families of the ACPT clade is due to a divergence of this clade in a short period of time. However, each of these families can be characterized by basic chromosome numbers and unique karyotype evolution events.

Tetraploidia em Rhamdia quelen (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) por choque térmico duplo (quente e frio) / Tetraploidy in Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) by a dual thermal shock (heat and cold)

Avaliou-se a eficiência do choque térmico duplo para induzir tetraploidia em jundiá Rhamdia quelen em diferentes tempos pós-fertilização. Vinte mililitros de ovos (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 mpf minutos pós-fertilização) foram tratados com choque térmico quente (39±0,2ºC) durante 3 min seguido de choque térmico frio (1,0±0,1ºC) durante 30 min. Um grupo controle foi utilizado. As taxas de fertilização e de eclosão foram medidas 12 hpf (horas pós-fertilização) e 30 hpf, respectivamente. Decorridas 60 hpf, 25 larvas de cada unidade experimental foram fixadas para verificação da ploidia, por citometria de fluxo. A taxas de fertilização foram de 87,83% para o controle e de 23,4%; 28,5%; 30,4%; 20,0%; 30,3% e 36,7%, para os grupos tratados com choque térmico aos 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 mpf, respectivamente. Encontraram-se tetraploides apenas nos grupos de ovos tratados aos 15 mpf e 20 mpf. Este é o primeiro trabalho de indução de tetraploidia em jundiá por choques térmicos quente e frio, o qual possibilitou o aperfeiçoamento dessa técnica.(AU)

The efficiency of double thermal shock to induce tetraploidy in Rhamdia quelen (jundiá) at different post-fertilization periods was assessed. Each test was performed with 20 mL of eggs (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 mpf minutes post-fertilization) exposed to hot thermal shock (39±0.2ºC) for 3 min, followed by cold thermal shock (1.0±0.1ºC) for 30 min. A control group was also employed. Fertilization and hatching rates were evaluated 12 and 30 hours post-fertilization (hpf), respectively. After 60 hpf, twenty-five larvae from each experimental unit were fixed to verify the ploidy by flow cytometry. Control fertilization rate was 87.83% and reached 23.4%, 28.5%, 30.4%, 20.0%, 30.3%, 36.7% respectively for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 mpf. Tetraploids were detected only at 15 mpf and 20 mpf. This is the first research of tetraploidy in jundiá obtained by hot and cold shocks, making possible the improvement of this technique.(AU)

Tetraploidia em Rhamdia quelen (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) por choque térmico duplo (quente e frio) / Tetraploidy in Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) by a dual thermal shock (heat and cold)

Avaliou-se a eficiência do choque térmico duplo para induzir tetraploidia em jundiá Rhamdia quelen em diferentes tempos pós-fertilização. Vinte mililitros de ovos (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 mpf – minutos pós-fertilização) foram tratados com choque térmico quente (39±0,2ºC) durante 3 min seguido de choque térmico frio (1,0±0,1ºC) durante 30 min. Um grupo controle foi utilizado. As taxas de fertilização e de eclosão foram medidas 12 hpf (horas pós-fertilização) e 30 hpf, respectivamente. Decorridas 60 hpf, 25 larvas de cada unidade experimental foram fixadas para verificação da ploidia, por citometria de fluxo. A taxas de fertilização foram de 87,83% para o controle e de 23,4%; 28,5%; 30,4%; 20,0%; 30,3% e 36,7%, para os grupos tratados com choque térmico aos 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 mpf, respectivamente. Encontraram-se tetraploides apenas nos grupos de ovos tratados aos 15 mpf e 20 mpf. Este é o primeiro trabalho de indução de tetraploidia em jundiá por choques térmicos quente e frio, o qual possibilitou o aperfeiçoamento dessa técnica.

The efficiency of double thermal shock to induce tetraploidy in Rhamdia quelen (jundiá) at different post-fertilization periods was assessed. Each test was performed with 20 mL of eggs (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 mpf – minutes post-fertilization) exposed to hot thermal shock (39±0.2ºC) for 3 min, followed by cold thermal shock (1.0±0.1ºC) for 30 min. A control group was also employed. Fertilization and hatching rates were evaluated 12 and 30 hours post-fertilization (hpf), respectively. After 60 hpf, twenty-five larvae from each experimental unit were fixed to verify the ploidy by flow cytometry. Control fertilization rate was 87.83% and reached 23.4%, 28.5%, 30.4%, 20.0%, 30.3%, 36.7% respectively for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 mpf. Tetraploids were detected only at 15 mpf and 20 mpf. This is the first research of tetraploidy in jundiá obtained by hot and cold shocks, making possible the improvement of this technique.