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One of the phytopathogens that cause severe damage to jalapeño pepper is Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud, the causative agent of powdery mildew. Synthetic fungicides are currently employed for its control, contributing to adverse effects on human health and the environment. The main objective of this research was to identify the causal agent of powdery mildew and assess the efficacy of chitosan in powdery mildew control on jalapeño pepper. The following treatments were evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse conditions: T1 = 0.0125% chitosan, T2 = 0.0025% chitosan, T3 = 0.05% chitosan, T4 = 0.1% chitosan, T5 = 0.2% chitosan, T6 = tebuconazole 25% (1.8 mL/L water), and T7 = control (water). Symptomatology results indicated that L. taurica is indeed the causative agent of powdery mildew. Treatments T4 and T5 exhibited the lowest percentages of incidences and severity, hence achieving higher control efficacy in the laboratory (57.70 ± 3.85 and 65.39 ± 3.85) and greenhouse (56.67 ± 4.08 and 70 ± 8.16%) compared to T6 (control efficacy, 38.46 ± 0.00% in the laboratory and 50 ± 0.00% in the greenhouse). The chitosan derived from shrimp had a significant impact on the cell walls of L. taurica spores and mycelium. Consequently, chitosan emerges as a viable organic alternative to fungicides for controlling powdery mildew in jalapeño pepper.
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While Cannabis sativa L. varieties have been traditionally characterized by their major cannabinoid profile, it is now well established that other plant metabolites can also have physiological effects, including minor cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Given the multiple applications of cannabis in the medical field, it is therefore critical to characterize it according to its chemical composition (i.e., its metabolome) and not only its botanical traits. With this in mind, the cannabinoid and metabolomic profiles from inflorescences of two C. sativa varieties with either high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) or high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) contents harvested at different times were studied. According to results from HPLC and NMR-based untargeted metabolomic analyses of organic and aqueous plant material extracts, we show that in addition to expected variations according to cannabinoid profiles, it is possible to distinguish between harvests of the same variety. In particular, it was possible to correlate variations in the metabolome with presence of powdery mildew, leading to the identification of molecular markers associated with this fungal infection in C. sativa.
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Cotton (Gossypium L.; Malvaceae) is the most important fiber crop worldwide, also as a source of vegetable protein and edible oil. Cultivated species of cotton were apparently domesticated independently in four separate regions, in both the Old and the New World. Due to its economic importance, it is necessary to study the diseases that limit its production. During July of 2020-2022, symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on 80 ornamental cotton plants in a nursery located in Cuautla (18°52'38"N; 98°58'28"W), Morelos, Mexico. Disease incidence was 29%. Signs first appeared as small white colonies, which subsequently developed into abundant mycelial grown mainly on the upper leaf surface. White patches of mycelia were observed on leaves. In advanced stages of the disease, plants exhibited symptoms of yellowing, necrosis, and early defoliation. Microscopic analysis from 10 plant samples showed that mycelia were amphigenous, epiphyllous, in thin patches and evanescent. Hyphae were hyaline, thin walled and hyphal appressoria were simply lobed. Chasmothecia (n=50) were sub-aggregate, generally spherical to subglobose (46-61 µm in diameter), whitish, subhyaline, smooth, with a peridium of a single cell layer and appendages were absent. Three asci per chasmothecia, subspherical, 30-44 × 26-38 µm, with 4-6 ascospores per ascus. Ascospores were hyaline, ellipsoid to ovoid (16-23 × 10-18 µm). The asexual phase was not observed. The characteristics observed correspond to Brasiliomyces malachrae (Braun and Cook 2012; Cabrera et al. 2018). A voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Plant-Insect Interactions at the Biotic Products Development Center of the National Polytechnic Institute under accession no. IPN 10.0114. To confirm identification, DNA was recovered from the fungus and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from one sample was amplified by PCR, using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The sequence was deposited in GenBank (OQ546720) and showed 100% sequence homology (647/1642bp) with the type sequence of B. malachrae (LC191217) from Malvastrum coromandelianum in Argentina (Cabrera et al. 2018). Pathogenicity was verified through inoculation by gently dusting conidia from infected leaves onto leaves of five healthy cotton plants. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures from 28±2°C and relative humidity ranging from 80±5%. The experiment was performed twice. Inoculated plants developed powdery mildew symptoms after 14 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus on the inoculated leaves was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Brasiliomyces malachrae causing powdery mildew on Gossypium hirsutum in Mexico and North America (Farr and Rossman 2023). Powdery mildew on G. hirsutum caused by B. malachrae has been previously identified in Venezuela by Hanlin and Tortolero (1984). This disease could be a primary source of inoculum of powdery mildew for commercial cotton plantations, derived from the free movement of ornamental plants.
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Powdery mildew severely affects several important crops and cash plants. Disruption of mildew resistance locus O (MLO) genes elevates resistance against powdery mildew in several plants. However, whether rubber tree (Heveae brasiliensis) MLO proteins are linked to susceptibility remains unknown, owing to technical limitations in the genetic manipulation of this woody plant. A previous study showed that the H. brasiliensis MLO-like protein HbMLO12 demonstrates high amino acid sequence similarity with the known Arabidopsis MLO protein AtMLO12. In this study, we investigated whether HbMLO12 regulates susceptibility to powdery mildew. H. brasiliensis leaves take up exogenously synthesized double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), and foliar application of dsRNA homologous to HbMLO12 gene specifically induces HbMLO12 silencing in H. brasiliensis leaf tissues. Notably, HbMLO12 silencing inhibited fungal infection and elevated the immune response during interaction with the rubber tree powdery mildew fungus. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of HbMLO12 suppressed bacterial flg22- and fungal chitin-induced immune responses and enhanced bacterial infection in Arabidopsis. Our study provides evidence that HbMLO12 contributes to susceptibility to powdery mildew. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Ascomicetos , Hevea , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Hevea/genética , Hevea/metabolismo , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Resistência à Doença/genéticaRESUMO
Grapevine is a fruit crop of major significance worldwide. Fungal attacks are one of the most relevant factors affecting grapevine yield and fruit quality, and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator is one of the most harmful fungal diseases for this fruit-bearing species. Incorporating resistance genes such as Run1 and Ren1 in new vine selections offers a sustainable alternative to control the disease. These combined loci produce an immune response that prevents the development of the disease. However, to date studies are lacking concerning whether this response generates alterations in the physiological and antioxidant parameters of resistant plants in the presence of the fungus or if it has an associated energy cost. Therefore, the main goal of our research was to determine if Run1Ren1 plants present alterations in their physiological and biochemical parameters in the presence of the fungus. To achieve this target, a previously characterized resistant Run1Ren1 genotype and the susceptible Carménère cultivar were analyzed. We evaluated photochemical parameters (Fv'/Fm', ΦPSII and ETR), net photosynthesis (Pn), photosynthetic pigments, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs ), oxidative stress parameters (MDA), antioxidant activity, and phenols. Our results show that the physiological parameters of Run1Ren1 plants were not negatively affected by the fungus at 10 days post-inoculation, contrasting with alterations observed in the susceptible plants. Therefore, we propose that the resistance response triggered by Run1Ren1 is physiologically and biochemically advantageous to grapevines by preventing the development of powdery mildew infection.
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The RPW8s (Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8) are atypical broad-spectrum resistance genes that provide resistance to the powdery mildew fungi. Powdery mildew of rubber tree is one of the serious fungal diseases that affect tree growth and latex production. However, the RPW8 homologs in rubber tree and their role of resistance to powdery mildew remain unclear. In this study, four RPW8 genes, HbRPW8-a, b, c, d, were identified in rubber tree, and phylogenetic analysis showed that HbRPW8-a was clustered with AtRPW8.1 and AtRPW8.2 of Arabidopsis. The HbRPW8-a protein was localized on the plasma membrane and its expression in rubber tree was significantly induced upon powdery mildew infection. Transient expression of HbRPW8-a in tobacco leaves induced plant immune responses, including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the deposition of callose in plant cells, which was similar to that induced by AtRPW8.2. Consistently, overexpression of HbRPW8-a in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC30000 (PstDC3000). Moreover, such HbRPW8-a mediated resistance to powdery mildew was in a salicylic acid (SA) dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated a new RPW8 member in rubber tree, HbRPW8-a, which could potentially contribute the resistance to powdery mildew.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Ascomicetos , Hevea , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Hevea/genética , Hevea/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Expressão Ectópica do Gene , Filogenia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Látex/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Erysiphe , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença/genéticaRESUMO
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the main fruit crops worldwide. In 2020, the total surface area planted with vines was estimated at 7.3 million hectares. Diverse pathogens affect grapevine yield, fruit, and wine quality of which powdery mildew is the most important disease prior to harvest. Its causal agent is the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, which generates a decrease in cluster weight, delays fruit ripening, and reduces photosynthetic and transpiration rates. In addition, powdery mildew induces metabolic reprogramming in its host, affecting primary metabolism. Most commercial grapevine cultivars are highly susceptible to powdery mildew; consequently, large quantities of fungicide are applied during the productive season. However, pesticides are associated with health problems, negative environmental impacts, and high costs for farmers. In paralleled, consumers are demanding more sustainable practices during food production. Therefore, new grapevine cultivars with genetic resistance to powdery mildew are needed for sustainable viticulture, while maintaining yield, fruit, and wine quality. Two main gene families confer resistance to powdery mildew in the Vitaceae, Run (Resistance to Uncinula necator) and Ren (Resistance to Erysiphe necator). This article reviews the powdery mildew resistance genes and loci and their use in grapevine breeding programs.
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Powdery mildew causes substantial losses in crop and economic plant yields worldwide. Although powdery mildew infection of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), caused by the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe quercicola, severely threatens natural rubber production, little is known about the mechanism by which E. quercicola adapts to H. brasiliensis to invade the host plant. In barley and Arabidopsis thaliana, lifeguard (LFG) proteins, which have topological similarity to BAX INHIBITOR-1, are involved in host plant susceptibility to powdery mildew infection. In this study, we characterized an H. brasiliensis LFG protein (HbLFG1) with a focus on its function in regulating defense against powdery mildew. HbLFG1 gene expression was found to be upregulated during E. quercicola infection. HbLFG1 showed conserved functions in cell death inhibition and membrane localization. Expression of HbLFG1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and A. thaliana Col-0 was demonstrated to significantly suppress callose deposition induced by conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns chitin and flg22. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of HbLFG1 in H. brasiliensis mesophyll protoplasts significantly suppressed the chitin-induced burst of reactive oxygen species. Although A. thaliana Col-0 and E. quercicola displayed an incompatible interaction, Col-0 transformants overexpressing HbLFG1 were shown to be susceptible to E. quercicola. Collectively, the findings of this study provide evidence that HbLFG1 acts as a negative regulator of plant immunity that facilitates E. quercicola infection in H. brasiliensis.
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Hevea , Hevea/genética , Doenças das Plantas , Imunidade VegetalRESUMO
Brazilian verbena (Verbena brasiliensis, family Lamiaceae) is a highly invasive plant found throughout the southern portion of the United States. As suggested by its name, it originates in South America but has prospered in the US due to its highly ruderal growing pattern and its ability to tolerate drought and disturbance. During the summer of 2019, sixty-four V. brasiliensis plants were growing in the University of Houston's temperature-controlled greenhouse (Houston, TX). Eight plants exhibited symptoms of powdery mildew infection on the stems and adaxial surface of the leaves. White circular powdery colonies with high numbers of aerially dispersing spores were observed on leaves, seemingly uncorrelated with leaf age. Upon examination, chlorosis of leaf tissue was detected in areas of infection. Conidiophores (n=25) were on average 210 µm in length and produced 6 to 9 conidia in true chains. Base-cells of conidiophores branched from hyphae forming right angles and averaged 35 µm long at the base. Conidia were hyaline, ovate, and measured 28-31 × 19-21µm. These structures are typical of the powdery mildew oidium anamorph of the genus Podosphaera. No chasmothecia were observed within colonies.The morphological characteristics and measurements were consistent with those of Podosphaera xanthii (Braun and Takamatsu 2000). Pathogenicity was confirmed by gently rubbing symptomatic V. brasiliensis leaves onto healthy leaves of V. brasiliensis plants (Lee 2013). Fifteen plants were inoculated, and five remained uninoculated to serve as negative controls. Inoculated plants developed powdery mildew symptoms between 6 to 12 days (averaging 10 days), whereas all controls remained disease-free. DNA was extracted from fungal tissue from the original plant, inocula sample, and the newly infected leaves. The internal transcribed region was amplified using the ITS1f and ITS4 primers (White 1990). Three samples, one from the original plant, the inocula, and the reisolated fungi were sequenced, identified using NCBI BLAST, and the resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (MN818562, (inocula), MN818563 (re-isolate), MN818564 (original)). All three sequences had 98.7% similarity to the P. xanthii on Brazilian verbena reported in South Korea assession number KJ472787 (Cho et al 2014). All three samples were amplified using the mating type primer sets and PCR protocal described in Brewer et al 2011. All three samples were determined to be MAT1-1-1 based on positive and negative control used for MAT1-1-1 and MAT-1-2-1 Positive controls included DNA from confirmed isolates from MAT1-1-1 and MAT-1-2-1 and negative controls were sterile water. Podosphaera xanthii, a common powdery mildew species, has been reported on a large range of important agricultural hosts, especially cucurbits (McCreight 2006). This is the first formal report of P. xanthii in Texas as well as the first report on Brazilian verbena in the United States. While we did not explicitly measure the pathogen's effect on host fitness, infection may result in a reduction in the plant's invasiveness. As Texas is a large producer of cucurbits, this pathogen could impact agriculture in the state. Given the invasive nature of V. brasiliensis in areas of high disturbance, such as agricultural fields and restored prairies, this discovery has broad importance for both agriculture and the ecological conservation of native species. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (Award #DEB-1754287), Texas Ecolab, and the University of Houston. References Braun, U., Takamatsu, S. 2000. Phylogeny of Erysiphe, Microsphaera, Uncinula (Erysipheae) and Cystotheca, Podosphaera, Sphaerotheca (Cystotheceae) inferred from rDNA ITS sequences-some taxonomic consequences. Schlechtendalia 4:1-33. Brewer, M. T., Cadle-Davidson, L., Cortesi, P., Spanu, P. D., and Milgroom, M. G. 2011. Identification and structure of the mating-type locus and development of PCR-based markers for mating type in powdery mildew fungi. Fungal Genet. Biol. 48:704-713. Cho, S. E., Park, J. H., Hong, S. H., Kim, B. S., & Shin, H. D. 2014. First report of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Verbena brasiliensis in Korea. Plant Dis. 98:8, 1159. Lee, H. B. 2013. First report of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. P. fusca)n cocklebur in Korea. Plant Dis. 97(6), 842. McCreight, J. D. 2006. Melon-powdery mildew interactions reveal variation in melon cultigens and Podosphaera xanthii races 1 and 2. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 131(1), 59-65.
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Fungal pathogenicity is governed by environmental factors, with nitrogen playing a key role in triggering pathogenic development. Spores germinating on the plant cuticle are exposed to a nitrogen-free environment, and reprograming of nitrogen metabolism is required for bridging the time needed to gain access to the nitrogen sources of the host. Although degradation of endogenous purine bases efficiently generates ammonium and may allow the fungus to bridge the preinvasion nitrogen gap, the roles of the purine degradation pathway and of the key genes encoding allantoicase and urease are largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi. To investigate the roles of the allantoicase and urease genes ALA1 and URE1 of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola in pathogenic development, we generated ALA1:eGFP and URE1:eGFP fusion strains as well as allantoicase- and urease-deficient mutants. Virulence assays, live cell, and differential interference contrast imaging, chemical complementation and employment of a urease inhibitor showed that the purine degradation genes ALA1 and URE1 are required for bridging nitrogen deficiency at early phases of the infection process and for full virulence. Application of the urease inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid did not only protect maize from C. graminicola infection, but also interfered with the infection process of the wheat powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, the maize and broad bean rusts Puccinia sorghi and Uromyces viciae-fabae, and the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Our data strongly suggest that inhibition of the purine degradation pathway might represent a novel approach to control plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes.
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Colletotrichum , Doenças das Plantas , Purinas , Urease , Zea maysRESUMO
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos produtos acibenzolar-s-metil, fosfito de potássio, silicato de potássio e trifloxistrobina + protioconazole no controle curativo do oídio (Microsphaera diffusa) na soja. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema unifatorial, contendo cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada no estádio fenológico V4, no qual as plantas possuíam 5% de severidade da doença. Aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após aplicação dos tratamentos (DAA), foi avaliada a incidência e severidade da doença. O trifloxistrobina + protioconazole reduziu a incidência em 30% e a severidade em 80%, quando comparado ao controle. Também foi avaliado o efeito inibitório dos produtos na produção de conídios in vivo e na sua germinação in vitro. O trifloxistrobina + protioconazole proporcionou a maior redução na produção de conídios e na inibição da germinação. O acibenzolar-s-metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio também reduziram a germinação de conídios, mas não afetaram a produção. Com base nisso, conclui-se que, o fungicida trifloxistrobina + protioconazole reduziu a produção de conídios e inibiu sua germinação, apresentando efeito curativo e protetor contra oídio em soja e que os indutores de resistência testados, interferem na germinação do patógeno, mas sem efeito significativo na doença quando aplicados...(AU)
The objective of this work was to assess the effect of acibenzolar-s-methyl, potassium phosphite, potassium silicate, and trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole products on curative control of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a single factor scheme, containing five treatments with four replications. The products were applied on leaves at the V4 phenological stage, with disease severity of 5%. At 7, 14, and 21 days after the application of the products (DAA), the incidence and severity of the disease were assessed. The trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole reduced by 30% the disease incidence and 80% disease severity compared to the control. The inhibitory effect of the products on conidia production in vivo and its germination in vitro were also assessed. Trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole was more effective in the reduction of both conidia production and germination. Acibenzolar-s-methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate reduced conidia germination, but neither affected the disease severity nor the conidia production. Based on this, it can be concluded that the fungicide trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole reduced the production of conidia and inhibited its germination, showing curative and protective effect against soybean powdery mildew and that the resistance inducers tested interfered with pathogen...(AU)
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Compostos Orgânicos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Inorgânicos/administração & dosagem , Glycine max/efeitos dos fármacos , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos produtos acibenzolar-s-metil, fosfito de potássio, silicato de potássio e trifloxistrobina + protioconazole no controle curativo do oídio (Microsphaera diffusa) na soja. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema unifatorial, contendo cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada no estádio fenológico V4, no qual as plantas possuíam 5% de severidade da doença. Aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após aplicação dos tratamentos (DAA), foi avaliada a incidência e severidade da doença. O trifloxistrobina + protioconazole reduziu a incidência em 30% e a severidade em 80%, quando comparado ao controle. Também foi avaliado o efeito inibitório dos produtos na produção de conídios in vivo e na sua germinação in vitro. O trifloxistrobina + protioconazole proporcionou a maior redução na produção de conídios e na inibição da germinação. O acibenzolar-s-metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio também reduziram a germinação de conídios, mas não afetaram a produção. Com base nisso, conclui-se que, o fungicida trifloxistrobina + protioconazole reduziu a produção de conídios e inibiu sua germinação, apresentando efeito curativo e protetor contra oídio em soja e que os indutores de resistência testados, interferem na germinação do patógeno, mas sem efeito significativo na doença quando aplicados...
The objective of this work was to assess the effect of acibenzolar-s-methyl, potassium phosphite, potassium silicate, and trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole products on curative control of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a single factor scheme, containing five treatments with four replications. The products were applied on leaves at the V4 phenological stage, with disease severity of 5%. At 7, 14, and 21 days after the application of the products (DAA), the incidence and severity of the disease were assessed. The trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole reduced by 30% the disease incidence and 80% disease severity compared to the control. The inhibitory effect of the products on conidia production in vivo and its germination in vitro were also assessed. Trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole was more effective in the reduction of both conidia production and germination. Acibenzolar-s-methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate reduced conidia germination, but neither affected the disease severity nor the conidia production. Based on this, it can be concluded that the fungicide trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole reduced the production of conidia and inhibited its germination, showing curative and protective effect against soybean powdery mildew and that the resistance inducers tested interfered with pathogen...
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Compostos Inorgânicos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Orgânicos/administração & dosagem , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glycine max/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The aim was to study the effect of early application of two fungicide mixtures on the control of Asian rust and powdery mildew, as well as on grain yield in five soybean cultivars at two sowing dates. The experiment was carried in the experimental area of FAMV/UPF. The cultivars A 4910 RG (super-early), BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR and Fundacep 55 RR (early) and Coodetec 214 RR (moderate), established at 13/11/2007 and 3/12/2007 were used. Trifolia of these cultivars were treated twice with the fungicides ciproconazol + azoxystrobin (Priori Xtra®, 0.3 L ha-1 plus Nimbus® adjuvant 0.6 L ha- 1) and epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin (Opera®, 0.5 L ha-1), in three moments 1: pre-closure of the space between the lines and 21 days after; 2: pre-closure of space between rows and R5.1 stage (10% of beginning seed); and 3: R1 (beginning bloom) and R5.1 stages. The severity (% of affected leaf area) of powdery mildew and number of lesions cm2 of Asian rust were evaluated. After that plants were harvested, the thousand grain weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were quantified. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replicates, where the main plot were the five cultivars, and the subplots were the control treatment (untreated plants) and the six chemical control programs. Tukey and t-Student tests (p0.05) were used for separation of means of treatments and seasons, respectively. In general terms, foliar application of fungicides controlled both Asian rust and powdery mildew, as well as generated an increase on the thousand grain weight and grain yield. However, there seems to be an interaction among soybean genotypes and sowing date. Thus, our results allow us to infer that the chemical control of leaf diseases in the soybean crop depends of the cultivar and sowing date.
O objetivo foi estudar o efeito da aplicação antecipada de duas misturas de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem asiática e do oídio, bem como no rendimento de grãos em cinco cultivares de soja em duas épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da FAMV/UPF. Utilizaram-se as cultivares A 4910 RG (super precoce), BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR e Fundacep 55 RR (precoces) e Coodetec 214 RR (moderado), estabelecidas em 13/11/2007 e 3/12/2007. Os fungicidas piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole e azoxistrobina + ciproconzole foram pulverizados duas vezes em 1: pré-fechamento do espaço entre as linhas e 21 dias após, 2: pré-fechamento do espaço entre as linhas e R5.1 (10% de granação), e 3: R1 (início da floração) e R5.1. Avaliaram-se a severidade (% da área foliar afetada) do oídio e o número de lesões cm2 da ferrugem asiática. Logo após as plantas foram colhidas, o peso de mil grãos (g) e rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1) foram quantificados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas divididas com quatro repetições, onde a parcela principal foram as cinco cultivares, e as subparcelas foram o tratamento controle (plantas não tratadas) e os seis programas de controle químico. Para a separação das médias dos tratamentos e épocas, foram utilizados os testes de Tukey e t-Student (p0.05), respectivamente. De modo geral, a aplicação foliar de fungicidas controlou tanto a ferrugem asiática como o oídio, assim como também gerou um aumento do peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos. No entanto, parece existir uma interação entre os genótipos e data de semeadura. Assim, nossos resultados nos permitem inferir que o controle químico das doenças foliares na cultura da soja depende do cultivar e da data de semeadura.
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Glycine max , Triazóis , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Estrobilurinas , Fungicidas IndustriaisRESUMO
ABSTRACT Mildew resistance Locus O (MLO), a gene family specific to plants, plays significant roles in the resistance to powdery mildew (PM) and response to a variety of abiotic stresses, plant growth and development. Despite their importance as barley, rice, wheat, few studies are reported in dicots except Arabidopsis; no global analysis has been performed in the burgeoning model fruit plant sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). The recent release of the genome sequences of C. sinensis provides an opportunity to conduct a comprehensive overview the evolution and features of the MLO gene family in sweet orange. In this study, amount to 14 members of the Citrus sinensis MLO gene (CisMLO) family according to their gene structures, conserved motifs, and similitude among their presumptive Arabidopsis and rice orthologs were identified in silico. Based on these analyses, all CisMLOs were grouped into six clades and expanded partly due to one tandem duplication and two segmental duplication events. Survey of their chromosomal distributions uncovered that 14 CisMLOs are localized across 6 chromosomes. Multiple-sequence alignments showed that 11 of them shared seven highly conserved transmembrane domains (TMs), while all of the sweet orange MLO proteins except CisMLO4/14 had a calmodulin-binding domain for MLO function. Expression analysis demonstrated that the MLO gene family has a diverse tissue-specific expression profiles in the sweet orange development and plays potential critical roles in stress responses. These findings will facilitate further studies of evolutionary pattern and biological functions of MLO genes in sweet orange.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of fungicides azoxystrobin (75g i.a./ha), azoxystrobin + ciproconazol (60g+24g), azoxystrobin (50g) + propiconazol (62,5g), propiconazol (125g), propiconazol + ciproconazol (75g+24g), pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol (100g+37,5g), tebuconazol (150g) e trifloxystrobin + tebuconazol (75g+150g) to control wheat leaf diseases in cultivars Ônix and BRS Louro. The fungicides application was made by handle spray, with pressure generated by a flow rate of 200 L ha-1 of CO2, during the growth stages of four open leaves and elongation. Leaf incidence and severity were quantified at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after each application. The chemical control with fungicide provided significant increase on grain yield and weight of a thousand grains in both cultivars. There was no significant difference between fungicides in both cultivars, showing control efficiency over 70% by the severity criterion in the second application. The mixture of triazol and strobilurins had better control of leaf diseases in both cultivars.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia dos fungicidas azoxistrobina (75g i.a./ha), azoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60g+24g), azoxistrobina (50g) + propiconazole (62,5g), propiconazole (125g), propiconazole + ciproconazole (75g+24g), piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (100g+37,5g), tebuconazole (150g) e trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole (75g+150g) no controle de doenças foliares do trigo nas cultivares Ônix e BRS Louro. As aplicações dos fungicidas foram feitas com pulverizador manual, com pressão gerada por gás CO2, numa vazão de 200 litros ha-1, nos estádios de desenvolvimento de quatro folhas abertas e de alongamento. Foi quantificada a incidência e a severidade foliar aos 7, 4, 21 e 28 dias após cada aplicação. Nas duas cultivares, o controle químico proporcionou incremento significativo no rendimento de grãos e na massa de mil grãos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os fungicidas em Ônix e BRS Louro, apresentando eficiência de controle superior a 70% pelo critério de severidade na segunda aplicação. A mistura de fungicidas dos grupos químicos triazóis e estrobilurinas apresentou maior controle das doenças foliares nas duas cultivares.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Species of the genera Psyllobora (Coccinellidae) are mychophagists acting as important biological control agents of fungi in nature. In this work it was reported the occurrence of the lady beetle Psyllobora confluens (Fabricius) in powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum De Candolle infected okra plants, in the Andradina municipality, western region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The species occurrence was determined by a populational survey conducted bi-weekly in okra, Santa Cruz cultivar, selecting 20 plants and collecting different developmental stages of the coccinellid. During the survey 621 larvae, 78 pupae and 68 adults of P. confluens were collected. The incidence of P. confluens indicates the importance of this lady beetle as biological control agent of E. cichoracearum in okra. It is claimed to be the first report about the presence of P. confluens in okra in the western region of São Paulo State.
RESUMO Coccinelídeos do gênero Psyllobora apresentam hábito micófago, atuando como importantes agentes de controle natural de fungos. Neste trabalho registrou-se a ocorrência da joaninha Psyllobora confluens (Fabricius) em cultura do quiabeiro com incidência de oídio, Erysiphe cichoracearum De Candolle, em Andradina, região oeste do Estado de São Paulo. A ocorrência da espécie foi determinada por meio de levantamento populacional realizado quinzenalmente, selecionandose 20 plantas da cultivar Santa Cruz para a coleta das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do coccinelídeo. Durante as amostragens, capturou-se 621 larvas, 78 pupas e 68 adultos de P. confluens. A alta incidência de P. confluens em quiabeiro evidencia a importância desse agente benéfico no controle biológico do fungo E. cichoracearum. Ressalta-se que este constitui o primeiro registro de P. confluens em quiabeiro na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo.
RESUMO
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of fungicides azoxystrobin (75g i.a./ha), azoxystrobin + ciproconazol (60g+24g), azoxystrobin (50g) + propiconazol (62,5g), propiconazol (125g), propiconazol + ciproconazol (75g+24g), pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol (100g+37,5g), tebuconazol (150g) e trifloxystrobin + tebuconazol (75g+150g) to control wheat leaf diseases in cultivars Ônix and BRS Louro. The fungicides application was made by handle spray, with pressure generated by a flow rate of 200 L ha-1 of CO2, during the growth stages of four open leaves and elongation. Leaf incidence and severity were quantified at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after each application. The chemical control with fungicide provided significant increase on grain yield and weight of a thousand grains in both cultivars. There was no significant difference between fungicides in both cultivars, showing control efficiency over 70% by the severity criterion in the second application. The mixture of triazol and strobilurins had better control of leaf diseases in both cultivars.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia dos fungicidas azoxistrobina (75g i.a./ha), azoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60g+24g), azoxistrobina (50g) + propiconazole (62,5g), propiconazole (125g), propiconazole + ciproconazole (75g+24g), piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (100g+37,5g), tebuconazole (150g) e trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole (75g+150g) no controle de doenças foliares do trigo nas cultivares Ônix e BRS Louro. As aplicações dos fungicidas foram feitas com pulverizador manual, com pressão gerada por gás CO2, numa vazão de 200 litros ha-1, nos estádios de desenvolvimento de quatro folhas abertas e de alongamento. Foi quantificada a incidência e a severidade foliar aos 7, 4, 21 e 28 dias após cada aplicação. Nas duas cultivares, o controle químico proporcionou incremento significativo no rendimento de grãos e na massa de mil grãos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os fungicidas em Ônix e BRS Louro, apresentando eficiência de controle superior a 70% pelo critério de severidade na segunda aplicação. A mistura de fungicidas dos grupos químicos triazóis e estrobilurinas apresentou maior controle das doenças foliares nas duas cultivares.
RESUMO
Brazil produced 330,000 metric tons of melons in 2005, principally in the Northeast region where one of the most important melon pathogens is the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii. The disease is controlled mainly by incorporating single dominant resistance genes into commercial hybrids. We report on linkage analysis of the Pm-1 resistance gene, introgressed from the AF125Pm-1 Cantalupensis Charentais-type breeding line into the yellow-fleshed melon (Group Inodorus) breeding line AF426-S by backcrossing to produce the resistant line AF426-R, and the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker M75/H35_155 reported to be polymorphic between AF426-S and AF426-R. Segregation analysis of M75/H35_155 using a backcross population of 143 plants derived from [AF426-R x AF426-S] x AF426-S and screened for resistance to P. xanthii race 1 produced a recombination frequency of 4.9 percent, indicating close linkage between M75/H35_155 and Pm-1. Using the same segregating population, the M75/H35_155 marker had previously been reported to be distantly linked to Prv¹, a gene conferring resistance to papaya ringspot virus-type W. Since M75/H35_155 is linked to Prv¹ at a distance of 40.9 cM it is possible that Pm-1 and Prv¹ are also linked.