Double Blast Wave Primary Effect on Synaptic, Glymphatic, Myelin, Neuronal and Neurovascular Markers.

Explosive blasts are associated with neurological consequences as a result of blast waves impact on the brain. Yet, the neuropathologic and molecular consequences due to blast waves vs. blunt-TBI are not fully understood. An explosive-driven blast-generating system was used to reproduce blast wave exposure and examine pathological and molecular changes generated by primary wave effects of blast exposure. We assessed if pre- and post-synaptic (synaptophysin, PSD-95, spinophilin, GAP-43), neuronal (NF-L), glymphatic (LYVE1, podoplanin), myelin (MBP), neurovascular (AQP4, S100ß, PDGF) and genomic (DNA polymerase-ß, RNA polymerase II) markers could be altered across different brain regions of double blast vs. sham animals. Twelve male rats exposed to two consecutive blasts were compared to 12 control/sham rats. Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed across the frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem. The results showed altered levels of AQP4, S100ß, DNA-polymerase-ß, PDGF, synaptophysin and PSD-95 in double blast vs. sham animals in most of the examined regions. These data indicate that blast-generated changes are preferentially associated with neurovascular, glymphatic, and DNA repair markers, especially in the brainstem. Moreover, these changes were not accompanied by behavioral changes and corroborate the hypothesis for which an asymptomatic altered status is caused by repeated blast exposures.

Estimation and inference of error-prone covariate effect in the presence of confounding variables.

We introduce a general single index semiparametric measurement error model for the case that the main covariate of interest is measured with error and modeled parametrically, and where there are many other variables also important to the modeling. We propose a semiparametric bias-correction approach to estimate the effect of the covariate of interest. The resultant estimators are shown to be root-n consistent, asymptotically normal and locally efficient. Comprehensive simulations and an analysis of an empirical data set are performed to demonstrate the finite sample performance and the bias reduction of the locally efficient estimators.

Dor na criança submetida à punção venosa periférica: efeito de um creme anestésico / Pain in child undergoing venipuncture: effects of an anesthetic cream

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de um creme anestésico, no alívio da dor, em crianças submetidas à punção venosa periférica. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental, sendo a amostra constituída por 80 crianças, de 5 aos 10 anos, às quais foi aplicado um formulário. Os dados foram tratados com o software SPSS (Versão 18.0). Resultados: O teste estatístico realizado demonstra que existe uma interação significativa (F (2,156) = 45,436; p = 0,000; η2 p = 0,368; Potência = 1,000), entre a média da intensidade da dor nos três momentos avaliativos do grupo experimental e do grupo de controle. Os scores da intensidade da dor foram sempre inferiores no grupo experimental. Conclusão: Os resultados da pesquisa parecem demonstrar que o creme anestésico, aplicado antes do procedimento de punção venosa periférica, diminui a intensidade da dor, nas crianças submetidas à punção venosa periférica, tornando-o menos traumático.

Establishment of a new model of the blast injury to the dog brain / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To reproduce an experimental model of blast injury to dog brain simulating the mechanism of primary effect of the blast wave of explosive weapons.Methods A spherical explosive with explosive energy of 1gTNT was used to detonate at different distances(9mm,13mm)from the right temple to produce blast injury to the dog brain.The changes in physiological index before or after detonating and the surviving time after injury were recorded.The changes in the behavior of the wounded animals and characteristics of pathological changes in the brain were observed.Results Respiratory arrest,hypotension,and decreased heart rate were observed after wounding.All animals survived longer than 6 hours after the explosion injury.Obvious subdural hematoma and sub-arachnoid hemorrhage occurred frequently.Traumatic conditions of the brain were different in the two groups.Conclusions The animal model reproduced in this experiment simulates that produced by blast wave of explosive weapons.It is reproducible,easy to handle,and can be used in experimental study of blast injury to the brain.