The Effect of Vitamin D Treatment On Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Release From Hippocampal Neurons.

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D, the main function of which is thought to be the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone structure, has been shown in recent studies to have important roles in brain development as well. A certain vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene haplotype was reported, for the first time by our group, to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Our studies also showed that vitamin D prevents beta amyloid-induced calcium elevation and toxicity that target nerve growth factor (NGF) release in cortical neurons; beta amyloid suppresses VDR expression and the disruption of vitamin D-VDR pathway mimics beta amyloid-induced neurodegeneration. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effects of vitamin D on the NGF release from hippocampal neurons. METHOD: Primary hippocampal neuron cultures that were prepared from 18-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat embryos were treated with vitamin D for 48 hours. The alteration in the NGF release was determined with ELISA. Cytotoxicity tests were also performed for all groups. RESULTS: The NGF release in vitamin D-treated group was significantly higher than in untreated control group. The protective effect of vitamin D against cytotoxicity was also observed. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that vitamin D regulates the release of NGF, a very important molecule for neuronal survival of hippocampal neurons as well as cortical neurons.

The Influence of Vitamin D Treatment on the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (INOS) Expression in Primary Hippocampal Neurons.

INTRODUCTION: Neurodegeneration is a process that is characterized by the loss of neuronal structure and function and eventually ends with neuronal death. An elevated level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is suggested to accompany this process by inducing oxidative and nitrosative damage. Vitamin D is reported to protect glial cells against neurotoxicity via suppressing iNOS synthesis. Though there was no data about whether iNOS is regulated by vitamin D in hippocampal neurons. In this study our aim was to determine any alteration in iNOS expression of hippocampal neurons in response to vitamin D treatment. METHOD: Twenty four and 48 hours of vitamin D treatments were performed on primary hippocampal neuron cultures that were prepared from Sprague dawley rat embryos (E18). The alterations in the iNOS mRNA expression were determined with quantative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The cytotoxicity levels of each group were investigated by the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) that is released to culture medium. RESULTS: No difference was observed between groups in 24 hours of treatment regarding the iNOS expression. Though the iNOS mRNA level of vitamin D treated group was significantly lower than that of control group on the 48th hours of treatment (p<.001). Vitamin D treatment also attenuated the LDH release which is an indicator of cytotoxicity (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that vitamin D has the potential to prevent oxidative damage by suppressing iNOS expression.