Executive functions involved in thought suppression: An attempt to integrate research in two paradigms.

There are two main thought suppression research paradigms: the White Bear and Think/No-Think paradigms. In Think/No-Think research, thought suppression is effective and is considered to be mediated by prepotent response inhibition. Conversely, in White Bear studies, thought suppression is counterproductive and appears to engage resistance to proactive interference. However, findings regarding the involvement of these executive functions in each task are mixed. In the current study, two thought suppression procedures were compared. Using Friedman and Miyake's inhibitory functions model (2004) it was investigated whether the differences between thought suppression tasks can be explained by involvement of different executive functions. The results showed that the suppression phases of both procedures were correlated, but the outcomes of suppression were unrelated. There was no evidence supporting the involvement of the examined executive functions in either thought suppression task. Commonalities and discrepancies of the two tasks are discussed along with their external validity.

Embodying anticipated affect enhances proactive behavior in 5-year-old children.

Imagining anticipated affects can foster future-oriented behavior in adults. However, children often still have difficulties in vividly imagining how they will feel in a specific episode (affective episodic future thinking [EFT]). We investigated whether enacting anticipated affects helps children to imagine how they will feel and whether this enhances proactive behavior in turn. A total of 90 5-year-old children were randomly assigned to one of three groups. In the embodiment group, children were instructed to imagine and physically enact how positive and negative they would feel in an upcoming performance test. Children in the EFT-only group underwent a similar procedure but did not enact their future affect. In the control group, children were reminded of the upcoming test only without receiving a prompt to imagine the upcoming test. After the manipulation, children had the opportunity to play one of three games. One game was relevant for the test. Children's choice to play the relevant game in advance of the test served as an indicator for proactive behavior. Mechanisms (e.g., detailedness of the envisioned event) and moderators (theory of mind and neuroticism) of the link between embodied EFT and proactive behavior were explored. Children in the embodiment group chose the relevant game above chance level, but they did not choose the relevant game more often than children in the EFT-only group and the control group. Those results were independent of the assumed mediators and moderators.

Proactive frailty in primary care: A primary care system fit for frailty.

Older adults with frailty are at increased risk of premature death, and numerous negative sequalae including falls, disability, and dementia alongside increased healthcare costs. Most healthcare interactions for older people with frailty take place in primary care, and there is increasing interface working between primary and secondary care to manage this patient group including virtual wards, frailty management programmes and Hospital @ Home. This commentary aims to place proactive frailty into recent policy perspective, alongside highlighting some of the current challenges around the implementation of proactive frailty programmes.

Do Symptoms of Depression Moderate the Links Between Reactive and Proactive Aggression and Frequency of Substance Use?

Youth substance use continues to be a public health concern, with both aggressive behavior and symptoms of depression commonly identified as risk factors for adolescent substance use. However, more research is needed to understand how proactive and reactive functions of aggression are uniquely associated with the frequency of use of specific substances and how these functions of aggression interact with symptoms of depression to contribute to substance use. To this end, the current study examined these associations in a sample of detained youth (N = 229; 80.7% Male). Results suggested that reactive aggression is uniquely associated with traditional cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use, while proactive aggression is uniquely associated with prescription drug use. Further, although symptoms of depression did not uniquely contribute to the frequency of substance use, symptoms of depression moderate links between proactive aggression and frequency of traditional cigarette, alcohol, and prescription drug use such that proactive aggression is associated with increased frequency of use only when symptoms of depression are low. Findings suggest the need to consider functions of aggression when identifying risk for frequent substance use, as there may be distinct targets of intervention depending on the function of aggression.

Effective Supply Chain Strategies in Addressing Demand and Supply Uncertainty: A Case Study of Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Services.

BACKGROUND: Ensuring the consistent availability of essential medicines is crucial for effective healthcare systems. However, Ethiopian public health facilities have faced frequent stockouts of crucial medications, highlighting systemic challenges such as inadequate forecasting, prolonged procurement processes, a disjointed distribution system, suboptimal data quality, and a shortage of trained professionals. This study focuses on the Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Services (EPSS), known for its highly unstable and volatile supply chain, aiming to identify risks and mitigation strategies. METHODS: Using a mixed-method approach involving surveys and interviews, the research investigates successful and less successful strategies, key success factors, and barriers related to pharmaceutical shortages. RESULTS: Proactive measures such as communication, stock assessment, supervision, and streamlined procurement are emphasized as vital in mitigating disruptions, while reactive strategies like safety stock may lack long-term efficacy. The study highlights the importance of aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties, fostering collaboration, and employing flexible designs for resilience. Managerial implications stress the need for responsive structures that integrate data quality, technology, and visibility. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes by exploring proactive and reactive strategies, elucidating key success factors for overcoming shortages in countries with unstable supply chains, and offering actionable steps for enhancing supply chain resilience. Embracing uncertainty and implementing proactive measures can help navigate volatile environments, thereby enhancing competitiveness and sustainability.

Impact of Community Proactive Health Management Application on Electronic Health Literacy and Self-Management of Hypertensive Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Investigating the impact of the Community Proactive Health Management Application on electronic health literacy, self-management level, and blood pressure in hypertensive patients within the community. METHODS: Between September and November 2020, two communities in Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China were selected as the intervention and control groups using convenience sampling. Subsequently, 30 hypertensive patients from each of the two communities were randomly selected to participate as study subjects. The control group patients received foundational hypertension management, whereas the intervention group received additional care through the Community Proactive Health Management Application. RESULTS: Following a 3-month period, the intervention group exhibited significantly higher total scores (t = 2.193, p = 0.032) and application dimension scores (t = 2.605, p = 0.012) for electronic health literacy compared to the control group. The total scores of electronic health literacy scale for both the intervention (t = -5.671, p < 0.001) and control (t = -3.613, p = 0.001) groups were higher after the intervention compared to before. The total score of the self-management scale (t = 3.872, p < 0.001), as well as the scores for the treatment management (t = 6.580, p < 0.001) and habit management dimensions (t = 2.315, p = 0.024) of hypertensive patients in the intervention group, were significantly higher than those in the control group. The self-management scores of both groups of hypertensive patients showed a significant increase compared to preintervention levels (intervention group t = -14.391, p < 0.001; control group t = -6.584, p < 0.001). The intervention group exhibited a statistically significant decrease in systolic blood pressure compared to the control group (Z = -2.036, p = 0.042). Following the intervention, both groups exhibited a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels compared to preintervention levels (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Community Proactive Health Management Application has the potential to enhance the electronic health literacy and self-management capabilities of hypertensive patients, enabling them to engage in better health management, reduce hypertension levels, and elevate their overall quality of life.

Swimming performance, but not metabolism, is related to a boldness-activity syndrome in schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus).

Commercial overexploitation and climate change can alter the physiology and behavior of marine organisms, although intraspecific phenotypic responses to such changes can vary greatly depending on the environment, species, and severity of the stressor. Under the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis, behavior, physiology, and life-history traits are linked, and thus, affected by selection targeting any aspect of organismal biology. However, these links are understudied in tropical marine fishes, and further work is needed to better understand the impacts of fisheries and climate change on wild stocks. Moreover, tropical regions have a greater reliance on fisheries; thus investigations should focus on species with substantial socioeconomic value to ensure benefits at the local level. This study aimed to address this need by measuring the behavior (boldness and activity), metabolism, and swimming performance (using a critical swim speed [Ucrit] test) of schoolmaster snapper Lutjanus apodus in Eleuthera, the Bahamas. We report a strong positive correlation between boldness and activity, high repeatability of these behavioral metrics, and two groupings that were consistent with "proactive" and "reactive" behavioral types. These behavioral types differed significantly in their swimming performance, with reactive individuals having a 13.1% higher mean Ucrit. In contrast, no significant differences were found in the measured metabolic parameters between behavioral types. This study is the first to investigate the intraspecific links between behavior and physiology in a snapper species, using the novel and ecologically relevant comparison of Ucrit with behavioral syndrome types. These data suggest that additional research is needed to better predict the success of proactive/reactive tropical fish if overexploited and as influenced by climate change.

Proactive Personality and Caring Behavior of Clinical Nurses: A Moderated Mediation Model of Emotional Intelligence and Disgust Sensitivity.

The aims of the research were to investigate the mediating effect of emotional intelligence and the moderating effect of disgust sensitivity on the relationship between proactive personality and caring behavior among clinical nurses. A cross-sectional design while adhering to STROBE guidelines was used for this study. Three hundred ninety-three purposely selected nurses from three tertiary general hospitals completed an online survey. Measures included proactive personality, emotional intelligence, disgust sensitivity, and caring behavior. The findings showed that proactive personality positively predicted nurses' caring behavior, and that emotional intelligence played a mediating role in the relationship between proactive personality and caring behavior. Disgust sensitivity indirectly and negatively moderated the impact of proactive personality on nurses' caring behavior mainly in the second half of this moderated relationship. The findings underscore that the nursing managers may consider incorporating emotional intelligence topic in practical nursing skills training and improving nurses' ability to control their disgust sensitivity can improve their professional behavior, thus to provide patients with high-quality nursing services.

'But Would I Be Able to Toast With Friends?' When Service Users Ask for New Care Pathways.

INTRODUCTION: The WHO European Mental Health Action Plan (2013-2030) emphasises the need to generate services that are more inclusive and attentive to the co-construction of care practices. This exploratory research investigates the needs of young substance abusers shown during their stay in residential communities; in particular, it explores the idea that treatment may include a new phase focused on how to manage moderate or controlled alcohol intake during residential care. Interviews with young ex-users open up critical reflections on complete abstinence programmes from all substances, including alcohol, as a prerequisite for discharge and also provide examples of how to co-design a plan for mindful drinking. METHODS: Fourteen young adults, aged 19-32 years, non-alcoholists, treated at rehab in Fermo, in central Italy, were interviewed during a programme between 6 and 18 months of period. They were asked about exploring needs in preparation for the conclusion of the rehabilitation pathway. From this exploration emerged the need to introduce controlled alcohol intake during the rehabilitation stay. This request became the focus of the semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: Three main themes emerged, which are as follows: (1) difficulties in integrating the new identity with the past of consumption, (2) resistance to the idea of total abstinence in social relations and (3) uncertainties about post-community behaviour regarding alcohol intake. At the same time, three unexpected needs were expressed: (1) test the personal knowledge and skills on how to manage the alcohol intake, (2) receive support during the residential path to build up self-control competence given the post-discharge period and (3) build a personalised therapeutic path together with the supervisor and the operators while still at the rehab, according to the realistic lifestyle and routine outside the rehab. CONCLUSIONS: This research highlights the importance of personalising treatment based on each user's needs, going far beyond the standardised treatments for users previously considered unable of self-control and self-determination. For that purpose, the relationship between the users and the operators might be privileged, as it is able to cover the specific needs aimed for the new identity. INVOLVING THE PARTICIPANTS: The research sparked a discussion within the community, involving and initiating an open dialogue between the operators and the users, allowing them to focus on certain innovative strategies offered by the service, putting the users' needs at the very centre of the attention. The results were compared and discussed actively with the participants involved.

Workforce agility: a systematic literature review and research agenda.

Introduction: The definition and operationalization of workforce agility, initially associated with multitasking abilities, have evolved to encompass aspects of adaptability, proactivity, and resilience, which are now widely accepted. However, some authors have expanded this concept by adding elements such as intelligence, collaboration, and social support, leading to confusion and disagreement on how to consistently measure workforce agility. Furthermore, the literature emphasizes the importance of workforce agility in achieving business goals and adopting innovative management models, yet it provides limited structured guidance for future research. Methods: This study uses Scopus and Web of Science as the primary databases. The search was not limited to a specific period but included articles up to 2024, with an initial sample of 176 articles. After a screening process based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 74 articles were included in the thematic analysis and data synthesis. Results: Workforce agility has been positioned as an independent, mediating, moderating, and dependent variable in various studies. Most studies examine workforce agility at the individual level, with only about 10 studies exploring this aspect at the organizational level. However, no research has specifically explored workforce agility at the team level to date. The primary objective of workforce agility research is to expand and connect theories with diverse methodological approaches, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. As a result, theoretical foundations and inter-variable relationships are established to identify recommendations for future research. Discussion: More than 25 fundamental theories have been identified and categorized into nine groups. These nine groups were then reformulated into four general theories: Organizational and Management Theory, Communication and Social Interaction Theory, Behavioral and Learning Theory, and Economic Theory. Based on previous research, several recommendations for future research have been outlined, including conducting longitudinal studies, integrating mixed methods, considering the global cultural context, expanding research samples, developing conceptual models, exploring mediating and moderating variables, developing workforce agility theories, creating efficient evaluation methods, and implementing multilevel models.

Enhancing highway Loop Safety Level through proactive risk-based assessment of geometric configuration using lateral acceleration.

OBJECTIVE: Loop ramps are complex due to their combination of horizontal curves and vertical alignments. Analyzing driving behavior and measuring safety levels can provide insights for designers, helping to improve the performance and alignment of design assumptions with actual driving behavior on loops. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to explore the safety, performance and geometric configuration of the main body and general shape of free-flow loop ramps in the free-following mode. METHODS: The study uses data from a UAV to investigate vehicle demand behavior. Maximum lateral acceleration (ay,i) in loops is used as a Surrogate Safety Measure (SSM), along with a new parameter, the a/b ratio, to determine the general shape of loop bodies. The study presents the Loop Safety Level (LSL), an approach for proactive risk analysis and ranking that relies on threshold lateral acceleration (at), 85th percentile maximum lateral acceleration (ay,max,85%), and crash analysis. RESULTS: A higher LSL value points to a more critical safety concern regarding the loop's shape in relation to lateral acceleration caused by driving behaviors. Comparing crash statistics with lateral acceleration results enables the LSL to provide appropriate safety ratings and diagnose loop segment safety. A prediction model for maximum lateral acceleration, based on loop geometry, demonstrates a good fit (R2=0.88) between observed and predicted data. CONCLUSIONS: The study enhances understanding of safety considerations in geometric configuration and general shape enhancement of loops during the design process.

Proactive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Ustekinumab Is Associated With Increased Drug Persistence in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the role of proactive therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ustekinumab (UST) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study investigated the efficacy and safety of proactive TDM in IBD patients treated with subcutaneous (sc) UST. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center cohort study. Consecutive patients with IBD who received maintenance subcutaneous (sc) UST therapy and underwent TDM from January 2017 to February 2023 were eligible for inclusion. Patients were followed through May 2024 or until drug discontinuation or an IBD-related surgery. Patients underwent either at least one proactive TDM or reactive TDM only. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate drug persistence, defined as no need for drug discontinuation due to loss of response, serious adverse event (SAE) or an IBD-related surgery, and IBD-related hospitalizations. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 83 patients (proactive TDM, n = 46) of whom 67 (81%) had Crohn's disease. Patients who had at least one proactive TDM had higher drug persistence (Log-rank P < .001) and less IBD-related hospitalization (Log-rank P = .012) compared to patients undergoing only reactive TDM. In multivariable COX proportional hazard regression analysis, at least one proactive TDM was associated with increased drug persistence (hazard ratio [HR]: 5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2-10; P < .001) and decreased IBD-related hospitalization (HR: 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07-0.83; P = .024). There was no SAE reported. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study showed that proactive TDM is associated with increased drug persistence and decreased IBD-related hospitalization in IBD patients treated with sc UST.

There is still limited information regarding the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) other than antitumor necrosis factor biologics. This study showed that proactive TDM is associated with increased drug persistence and decreased inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related hospitalization in patients with IBD treated with ustekinumab.

Trajectories and predictors of gerontological service career adaptability among health science undergraduates: A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: In response to the aging population, it is essential to examine gerontological service career adaptability among health science undergraduates. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to clarify the trajectories and predictors of health science undergraduates' gerontological service career adaptability. DESIGN: This study adopted a longitudinal design. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at four universities in China. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Health science undergraduates were recruited via convenience sampling. Data were collected in the third (Stage 1), sixth (Stage 2), and ninth (Stage 3) months of the participants' graduation year. A total of 471 undergraduates completed a three-stage self-report questionnaire that assessed gerontological service career adaptability, career motivation, proactive personality, and practice environment at Stage 1 and gerontological service career adaptability at Stages 2 and 3. The response rate was 76.84 %. Data analyses entailed multiple linear regression, a latent growth mixture model, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Three subgroups representing different gerontological service career adaptability trajectories were identified: rapidly growing (6.16 %), stably growing (87.47 %), and decreasing (6.37 %). Changes were observed primarily from the third to sixth months of the participants' graduation year. Health science undergraduates with high career motivation and a strongly proactive personality were likely to be in the decreasing group, whereas those with a supportive practice environment were predisposed to belong to the decreasing and stably growing groups. CONCLUSIONS: The health science undergraduates' gerontological service career adaptability trajectories are heterogeneous, with the critical period spanning the third to sixth months of their graduation year. Gerontological service career adaptability grows stably among most undergraduates who have a supportive practice environment. Additionally, gerontological service career adaptability changes easily among undergraduates with high career motivation and a strongly proactive personality. Educators should implement tailored interventions to enhance gerontological service career adaptability based on health science undergraduates' traits.

Exploring the Role of Sustainable Development Goals in Enhancing Courage, Proactive Career Behaviors, and Life Satisfaction.

Understanding the current challenges addressed in the goals of the 2030 United Nations Agenda can influence career choices, encouraging individuals to pursue careers that contribute positively to addressing them. This study examines the association between the propensity to consider the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in relation to future educational and career paths, courage, proactive career behaviors and life satisfaction, and the mediating role of courage and proactive career behaviors on the association between the propensity to consider the SDGs in relation to future educational and career paths and life satisfaction. The study sample consisted of 314 Italian university students. The serial multiple mediation model was used to examine the direct, indirect, and total effects. The results showed that the propensity to consider SDGs in relation to future educational and career paths, through courage and proactive career behaviors, has a positive impact on life satisfaction. The findings of this study have led to several actionable policy recommendations. These advocate for the integration of activities related to modules on the SDGs into their curricula. In addition, practical implications for career guidance interventions are proposed to consider the role of the SDGs in future career planning.

Proactive Personality and Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Career Aspiration and the Moderating Effect of Organizational Career Management.

As proactivity becomes vital for organizational success, retaining proactive employees becomes increasingly important, making the relationship between a proactive personality and turnover intention a key research topic. While existing studies have largely depicted turnover as a consequence of dissatisfaction and have identified negative indirect relationships, this study seeks to challenge that perspective by proposing that, in today's boundaryless career environment, people also engage in voluntary turnover for career advancement. Using a self-regulation career management model, we propose that proactive employees set ambitious career goals influenced by career aspirations, leading them to seek external opportunities and thus exhibit higher turnover intention. However, when organizations implement career management practices, this relationship weakens as proactive employees perceive opportunities to achieve their goals within their current organizations. We tested these hypotheses with a sample of 342 respondents using the SPSS macro PROCESS. The findings support our propositions, revealing a positive indirect effect through career aspirations, which diminishes when perceived organizational career management is strong.

Advancing Models of Care in Transplant Psychiatry: A Review and Considerations for Enhancing the Multidisciplinary Approach.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Psychosocial considerations in transplant candidacy evaluation, waitlist, and post-transplant period is tremendously important to overall transplant care. Integration of mental health services in multidisciplinary transplant teams improves adherence to medical regimens, enhances quality of life, and reduces the risk of post-transplant complications. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite this, psychiatrists are often under-utilized by transplant centers, with engagement typically limited to transplant candidacy evaluations or reactive consults in a traditional CL model. In this review, we aim to 1) highlight the relevance of psychiatry throughout the transplant course, 2) outline the role of a CL psychiatrist in advancing patient care and supporting multidisciplinary teams in transplant, 3) develop an understanding of CL service models in both the inpatient and ambulatory setting and 4) consider the utility of innovating current transplant psychiatry practices.

Associations between social support and proactive health behaviours among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-efficacy and peer relationships.

BACKGROUND: Proactive health behaviours are crucial for enhancing adolescent health. However, there is limited evidence on the potential pathways through which social support influences adolescents' proactive health behaviours. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationships between social support, self-efficacy, peer relationships and proactive health behaviours in Chinese adolescents. METHODS: From October to December 2023, we recruited 6075 adolescents from Shandong Province, China. They completed self-report questionnaires on social support, self-efficacy, peer relationships and proactive health behaviours. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis indicated that social support was positively associated with proactive health behaviours among adolescents (ß = 0.571, 95% CI = 0.542, 0.600). Further mediation analyses revealed that self-efficacy (ß = 0.085, 95% CI = 0.069,0.101) and peer relationships (ß = 0.156, 95% CI = 0.136,0.177) mediated this relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Increased social support was associated with better proactive health behaviours in Chinese adolescents. Additionally, higher self-efficacy and positive peer relationships enhanced this association. Our findings emphasised the significance of providing supportive environments at home and at school to promote proactive health behaviours in adolescents.

Workplace gossip erodes proactive work behavior: anxiety and neuroticism as underlying mechanisms.

PURPOSE: Services organizations highly value proactive employees. Managers are interested in promoting frontline employees' proactive behavior because proactivity is crucial for organizational success. The mechanism of negative workplace gossip on workplace prosocial behavior is unclear. This research investigates the factors hindering this valuable behavior, specifically focusing on negative workplace gossip and employee anxiety, through the lens of the conservation of resources theory. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Data were collected from a sample of 352 female frontline employees across diverse service organizations using a two-wave design. Statistical analyses were conducted using appropriate software (e.g., SPSS, AMOS) to test the hypothesized relationships. FINDINGS: The study's findings reveal that negative workplace gossip reduces employees' proactive work behavior, and anxiety mediates the relationship between NWGS and proactive work behavior. Further, Neuroticism strengthens the relationship between NWGS and anxiety. These results offer a novel perspective on the detrimental consequences of gossip in services sector. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Originality/value While research on negative gossip exists, this study specifically examines its impact on frontline service employees, a crucial but under-studied group in service organizations.

The need for active and integrated involvement of the community and health professionals in the prevention and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia.

Successful control and prevention of dengue fever requires active involvement from all parties. For this reason, three innovative programs are needed, namely: i) increasing knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the community and health professionals as capital in controlling dengue fever in a sustainable manner; ii) application of "3M Plus" to suppress vector breeding in household settings; iii) promotion of the "Jumantik" program as an effective community empowerment approach to prevent and control dengue fever based on community independence. It was concluded that successful control of dengue fever requires integration of the community and health workers through various innovative programs.

The effect of performance contingent reward prospects flexibly adapts to more versus less specific task goals.

In some situations, for example, when we expect to gain a reward in case of good performance, goal-driven top-down attention is particularly strong. Little is known about the task specificity of such increases of top-down attention due to environmental factors. To understand to what extent performance-contingent reward prospects can result in specific and unspecific changes in cognitive processing, we here investigate reward effects under different levels of task specification. Thirty-two participants performed a visual or an auditory discrimination task cued by two consecutive visual stimuli: First, a reward cue indicated if good performance was rewarded. Second, a task cue announced either which of the two tasks would follow (precise cue) or that both tasks would follow equally likely (imprecise cue). Reward and task cue preciseness both significantly improved performance. Moreover, the response time difference between precisely and imprecisely cued trials was significantly stronger in rewarded than in unrewarded trials. These effects were reflected in event-related potential (ERP) slow wave amplitudes: Reward and preciseness both significantly enhanced the contingent negative variation (CNV) prior to the task stimulus. In an early CNV time interval, both factors also showed an interaction. A negative slow wave prior to the task cue was also significantly enhanced for rewarded trials. This effect correlated with the reward difference in response times. These results indicate that reward prospects trigger task-specific changes in preparatory top-down attention which can flexibly adapt over time and across different task requirements. This highlights that a reward-induced increase of cognitive control can occur on different specificity levels.