RESUMO
OBJECTIVE To op timize the i ntegrated technology of producing area processing and decoction pieces processing of Curcuma longa （hereinafter refer to “integrated technology ”）. METHODS The content of ethanol-soluble extract in C. longa was determined by hot leaching method ；the contents of curcumin ，demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of identification of producing area processing technology ， Using overall desirability （OD） value of the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ， curcumin， demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin as evaluation indexes ，moisture content ，slice thickness and drying temperature as factors ，the integrated technology of C. longa was optimized by single factor tests combined with central composite design-response surface method ，and the validation tests were conducted. At the same time ，prepared product was compared with traditional decoction pieces prepared according to 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅰ）. RESULTS The best integrated technology was that the fresh C. longa was boiled in boiling water for 5 min，dried at 50 ℃ to 40％ water content ，cut into 2 mm thin slices ，and dried at 50 ℃ until moisture content not exceeding 15.0％. After validation ，The deviation between the average OD value （0.811 3，RSD＝2.13％） and the predicted value （0.848 1）of the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ，curcumin，demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin was 4.34％. OD value of the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ，curcumin，demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in decoction pieces prepared by integrated technology were all higher than those prepared by traditional technology. CONCLUSIONS The process optimized in this study is simple ，stable and feasible.
RESUMO
In this paper， by consulting the historical herbs and medical classics coupled with related literature in modern research， the historical edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and local chronicles of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） along with the ancient historical evolution of the processing methods of Pinelliae Rhizoma origin as well as the related processing methods of Pinelliae Rhizoma origin from 1959 to 2020 were systematically collated and summarized. It was found that the main processing methods of Pinelliae Rhizoma origin were peeling， decoction washing， lime wrapping and sun-drying. However， stacking， peeling， sun-drying or oven-drying are the primary methods in modern local chronicles of TCM. Meanwhile， washing， peeling， removing fibrous roots and sun-drying are the main methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In addition， there were some changes in the quality evaluation of Pinelliae Rhizoma in different historical periods. Round and white were the best in the quality evaluation of Pinelliae Rhizoma in ancient times， while the evaluation indexes were further refined to size， color， texture， powder property， purity and evenness in modern herbal works. In modern studies， the quality of Pinelliae Rhizoma was mostly evaluated by the chemical components such as alkaloids， total organic acids， polysaccharides， nucleosides， fingerprint and pharmacodynamics. At present， the purification and drying stages of Pinelliae Rhizoma are in the transitional stage between the traditional manual peeling and natural drying methods as well as the modern mechanized and large-scale production. Therefore， a reasonable and feasible modern processing methods and guiding standards of Pinelliae Rhizoma are developed urgently to normalize the processing of Pinelliae Rhizoma and ensure the quality of medicinal materials.
RESUMO
In this paper， by consulting the historical herbs and medical classics coupled with related literature in modern research， the historical edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and local chronicles of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） along with the ancient historical evolution of the processing methods of Pinelliae Rhizoma origin as well as the related processing methods of Pinelliae Rhizoma origin from 1959 to 2020 were systematically collated and summarized. It was found that the main processing methods of Pinelliae Rhizoma origin were peeling， decoction washing， lime wrapping and sun-drying. However， stacking， peeling， sun-drying or oven-drying are the primary methods in modern local chronicles of TCM. Meanwhile， washing， peeling， removing fibrous roots and sun-drying are the main methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In addition， there were some changes in the quality evaluation of Pinelliae Rhizoma in different historical periods. Round and white were the best in the quality evaluation of Pinelliae Rhizoma in ancient times， while the evaluation indexes were further refined to size， color， texture， powder property， purity and evenness in modern herbal works. In modern studies， the quality of Pinelliae Rhizoma was mostly evaluated by the chemical components such as alkaloids， total organic acids， polysaccharides， nucleosides， fingerprint and pharmacodynamics. At present， the purification and drying stages of Pinelliae Rhizoma are in the transitional stage between the traditional manual peeling and natural drying methods as well as the modern mechanized and large-scale production. Therefore， a reasonable and feasible modern processing methods and guiding standards of Pinelliae Rhizoma are developed urgently to normalize the processing of Pinelliae Rhizoma and ensure the quality of medicinal materials.
RESUMO
Chinese medicinal material from Fritillaria， Beimu in Chinese， is a commonly used antitussive and expectorant traditional Chinese herbal medicine， with the significant functions of clearing heat and moistening lung，resolving phlegm and relieving cough. Five kinds of Fritillaria were recorded in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， including Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus， Fritillariae Ussuriensis Bulbus， Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus， Fritillariae Hupehensis Bulbus and Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Bulbus. At present， the reports on Fritillaria mainly focus on the pharmacological effect， chemical composition， identification of authenticity and other aspects， while there were few reports on harvesting and primary processing of original medicinal materials. Fritillaria medicines were perennial medicinal plant with various and complex varieties， their quality and curative effect were greatly affected by harvesting and processing in producing area. The processing method differed according to its variety. Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus mainly from western Sichuan plateau， Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Bulbus from Xinjiang and Fritillariae Ussuriensis Bulbus from Northeast China were mostly harvested from June to July and sun dried directly or dried. But Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus and Fritillariae Hupehensis Bulbus from Yangtze River basin were harvested when the plants wilted at the beginning of summer， and auxiliary materials such as shell powder and lime must be added during the processing. At present， the drying methods of Fritillaria were still traditional， which is not suitable for large-scale production of cultivated products. Therefore， it is urgent to find a scientific， reasonable and efficient processing methods. Aimed at providing references for standardization production of Fritillaria， this paper made a textual research on the ancient and modern herbal literature， the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and other medicinal standards， combined with modern literature， the harvesting and processing methods of Fritillaria were sorted out and prospected.