Ways of perceiving the body as a territory in women who practice prostitution / Formas de percibir el cuerpo como territorio en mujeres que ejercen la prostitución

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir las distintas formas de percibir el cuerpo como territorio en mujeres que ejercen la prostitución en el sector de La Veracruz en Medellín (Colombia) a partir de sus narrativas. Este corresponde a un estudio cualitativo de nivel descriptivo enmarcado en el paradigma interpretativo hermenéutico y el método fenomenológico clásico. Para la recolección de la información se emplearon como técnicas una entrevista semiestructurada y la cartografía social. Los datos se analizaron a través de un proceso de codificación que permitió la identificación de categorías emergentes con apoyo del software Atlas Ti. Los resultados muestran que desde la visión que tienen las mujeres que ejercen la prostitución es posible percibir el cuerpo como un espacio que está integrado por lo emocional, lo conductual, lo expresivo y lo vivencial que se reconoce así mismo como un territorio que puede ser habitado y cambiante, que la historicidad de este y los conflictos que le atraviesan, le permiten ser reconocido como una herramienta de lucha, constancia e interpretación.

ABSTRACT The article aims to describe the different ways of perceiving the body as territory in women who practice prostitution in the sector of La Veracruz in Medellín (Colombia) from their narratives. This corresponds to a qualitative study of a descriptive level framed in the hermeneutic interpretive paradigm and the classical phenomenological method. For the collection of information, a semi-structured interview and social cartography were used as techniques. The data was analyzed through a coding process that allowed the identification of emerging categories with the support of the Atlas Ti software. The results show that from the vision that women who practice prostitution have, it is possible to perceive the body as a space that is integrated by the emotional, the behavioral, the expressive and the experiential that recognizes itself as a territory that can be inhabited. and changing, that the historicity of this and the conflicts that go through it, allow it to be recognized as a tool of struggle, perseverance and interpretation.

El orden de nacimiento como factor de riesgo para ser víctima de trata sexual en el triángulo norte de Centroamérica / Birth order as a risk factor for being victim of sex trafficking in the northern triangle of Central America

RESUMEN Las redes de tráfico humano para la prostitución captan a menores vulnerables, en especial, a quienes consideran no les queda otra opción que emigrar al norte para hacer frente a problemas económicos graves. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer si el orden de nacimiento representó un factor de riesgo, asociado a la vulnerabilidad para la trata sexual de menores centroamericanas, traficadas a Estados Unidos. Las entrevistadas mostraban vulnerabilidades vinculadas con estructuras sociales y conductas individuales. Por una parte, todas crecieron en hogares caracterizados por la pobreza extrema. Por otra parte, también presentaban vulnerabilidades relacionadas con el embarazo adolescente, la falta de educación, la disfuncionalidad familiar y la participación en mercados ilegales. Ocupar el primer lugar en orden de nacimiento eleva la vulnerabilidad de las menores a ser traficadas a Estados Unidos para el comercio sexual. Por el contrario, ocupar el último lugar disminuye este riesgo.

ABSTRACT Human trafficking networks for prostitution recruit vulnerable underage girls, especially those who are considered with no choice but to migrate north to cope with serious economic problems. The aim of this work was to determine if birth order represented a risk factor associated to the vulnerability for sex trafficking of Central American female minors. The interviewees presented vulnerabilities associated to social structures and individual behaviors. On the one hand, all of them grew up in house holds characterized by extreme poverty. On the other hand, they also had vulnerabilities related to teenage pregnancy, lack of education, family dysfunction and participation in illegal markets. Findings suggest that occupying the first place in the order of birth raises the vulnerability of minors to being trafficked to the United States for sex trade. On the contrary, occupying the last place decreases this risk.

Voces y verdugos: resonancias y afectaciones en el proceso de investigación con prostitutas en la perspectiva epistemológica feminista

Se trata de un artículo con el objetivo de reflexionar sobre el proceso de un estudio realizado con mujeres profesionales del sexo, señalando las reverberaciones y afectaciones de la investigación en la investigadora, a partir de una perspectiva epistemológica feminista. La investigación se propuso a escuchar tres mujeres profesionales del sexo, las cuales fueron entrevistadas en distintos espacios: un cabaret, un café y una sala comercial. A partir del análisis de los diarios de campo producidos a lo largo del recorrido metodológico y a fines de presentación de las inquietaciones producidas, se enumeraron categorías de análisis. La primera, intitulada "El doloroso proceso de la investigadora", trata de las resonancias de la investigación en la investigadora, siendo las demás: "¿Cuánto pagas?": dominación masculina; "No tiene a nadie que mire por ella, no valía nada…": narrativas de resistencia; "¡Tu señora te está esperando!": sobreposición de prejuicio y "Hay afecto, más allá del sexo": identidad y reconocimiento como mujeres, relacionadas a las vivencias y narrativas de las (mujeres) entrevistadas. Como principales reflexiones, se evidencia que el prejuicio reproducido en los discursos machistas reverbera en la segregación de ser mujer y ser prostituta. Sin embargo, en la contramano de los discursos patriarcales, las narrativas de las entrevistas también revelan caminos de resistencia ante los desafíos sociales y culturales que la profesión establece. Se concluye que es necesario construir más espacios en que los discursos de las mujeres puedan resonar en el sentido de producir ciencia a partir de la potencia de las voces femeninas.

Este artigo teve o objetivo de refletir sobre o processo de uma pesquisa realizada com mulheres profissionais do sexo, sinalizando as reverberações e afetações da investigação na pesquisadora, a partir de uma perspectiva epistemológica feminista. A pesquisa que deu origem a este trabalho propôs-se a ouvir três mulheres profissionais do sexo, as quais foram entrevistadas em diferentes espaços: uma boate, um café e uma sala comercial. A partir da análise dos diários de campo produzidos ao longo do percurso metodológico e para fins de apresentação das inquietações produzidas, categorias de análise foram elencadas. A primeira, intitulada "O processo da pesquisa(dor)a", aborda as ressonâncias da pesquisa na pesquisadora, sendo as demais: "Quanto tu paga?": dominação masculina; "Ela não tinha ninguém por ela, não valia nada...": narrativas de resistência; "A patroa tá te esperando!": sobreposição de preconceito e "Tem afeto, além de sexo": identidade e reconhecimento enquanto mulheres, relacionadas às vivências e narrativas das mulheres entrevistadas. Como principais reflexões, evidencia-se que o preconceito reproduzido nos discursos machistas reverbera na segregação de ser mulher e ser prostituta. Porém, na contramão dos discursos patriarcais, as narrativas das entrevistadas também revelam caminhos de resistência frente aos desafios sociais e culturais que a profissão estabelece. Conclui-se que é necessário construir mais espaços em que os discursos das mulheres possam ecoar no sentido de produzir ciência a partir da potência das vozes femininas.

This article aimed to reflect on the process of a research study conducted with women engaged in sex work, highlighting the reverberations and impacts of the investigation on the researcher from a feminist epistemological perspective. This article is the result of a research which sought to listen to three female sex workers who were interviewed in different settings: a brothel, a café, and a commercial facility. Based on the analysis of field diaries produced throughout the methodological journey, in an effort to present the raised concerns, categories of analysis were identified. The first one, called "The researcher's (painful) journey", addresses the reverberations of the research on the researcher, while "How much do you pay?" explores male domination, "She had no one by her side, she was a worthless whore..." examines narratives of resistance, "Your missus is waiting for you!" analyzes overlapping prejudices, and "There is affection, beyond sex" approaches identity and recognition as women, related to experiences and narratives of the interviewed participants. Key findings highlight that the prejudice reproduced in misogynistic discourses reverberates in the segregation of being both a woman and a sex worker. However, in contrast to patriarchal narratives, the narratives of the interviewees also reveal paths of resistance in response to social and cultural challenges imposed by the profession. To sum up, there is a need to create more spaces where women's voices can resonate, thus enabling the production of science from the power of women's voices.

Mercado do sexo e turismo sexual: olhares ampliados / Sex market and sex tourism: enlarged views

O texto dialoga com os artigos publicados no número 25 da revista cadernos pagu(Unicamp), cujo tema é o mercado do sexo. A discussão engendrada pelos trabalhos que compõem a obra possui relevância quando se pretende compreender o fenômeno do turismo sexual e suas plurais possibilidades de análise. Os autores diversificaram o debate sobre a prostituição, lançando novos olhares acerca da autonomia dos indivíduos que se inserem no mercado do sexo pago. A partir de interfaces com diferentes campos de estudos, as produções procuram desconstruir estereótipos, colaborando com uma abordagem complexa do assunto, como a imagem limitada que se tem do chamado "turista sexual típico". A contribuição do dossiê é a capacidade de instigar os pesquisadores do turismo sexual a repensar os marcos teóricos tradicionalmente relacionados ao tema, ampliando a visão preconceituosa de parte da academia e do senso comum relacionada a ele.

The text dialogues with the academic papers published in the cadernos pagu journal (Unicamp) number 25, whose theme is the sex market. The discussion engendered by the work is relevant when one intends to understand the phenomenon of sex tourism and its multiple possibilities for analysis. The authors diversified the debate on prostitution, launching new perspectives on the autonomy of individuals who enter the paid sex market. Based on interfaces with different fields of study, the productions seek to deconstruct stereotypes, collaborating with a complex approach to the subject, suchas the limited image of the so-called "typical sexual tourist". The contribution of it is the capacity of instigate researchers of sex tourism by rethinking the theoretical frameworks traditionally related to the theme, showing that it is possible to expand the view from a portion of the academy and the common sense related to it.

Pleasure and protagonism: An interview with Maria de Jesus Almeida Costa, a Black sex worker activist from Brazil's Northeast region.

Pleasure and protagonism are two words that define Maria de Jesus Almeida Costa, or Dijé, as friends call her. She was just an adolescent when she first arrived in the São Luiz red light district and began to fight against the violence and injustice she witnessed. Today, she is 62 years old and the leader of the sex worker movement in the Brazilian state of Maranhão, in the Northeast region of the country. She is widely recognised for her tireless fight for the preservation of the historical centre of São Luiz where the red light district remains to this day, and where Jesus also raised her children and lives to this day. In this interview, Jesus talks about the pleasures and dangers of prostitution, her fight against racism and sex work stigma, her relationship with the academy and researchers, the alliances and partnerships she mobilised during the Covid-19 pandemic and the challenges that she is facing in Brazil's current conservative, far-right government.

"Cuida!": práticas de cuidado em saúde com mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo / "Take care!" "care!": health care practices with sex workers / "¡Cuida!": prácticas de atención médica con trabajadores sexuales

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência do Projeto de extensão universitária, "Cuida!", desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos sobre Drogas do Ceará e parceiros. O "Cuida!" envolve ações de cuidado em saúde direcionadas a trabalhadoras sexuais, com foco na Redução de Danos e na integralidade da atenção em saúde. Dentre as ações desenvolvidas estão:1) Testagem rápida de HIV/IST; 2) Consultas com profissionais da saúde; 3) Orientações sobre o acesso a políticas públicas; 4) Rodas de conversas e oficinas com diferentes temáticas. O "Cuida!" teve como resultado a ampliação do vínculo e do diálogo das mulheres com as equipes dos equipamentos, além do fortalecimento das estratégias de Redução de danos que passaram a ser referência de cuidado no território. Apostando em conhecer a vida que re-existe, toda proposta de cuidado foi assentada em um projeto ético-político, potencializando assim os processos de experimentação e resistência produzido pelas e com as mulheres. (AU)

The objective ofthis work is to report the experience of the University Extension Project, "Cuida!", Developed by the Center for Drug Studies in Ceará and partners. "Cuida!" it involves health care actions directed at sex workers, with a focus on Harm Reduction and comprehensive health care. Among the actions developed are: 1) Rapid HIV /STI testing; 2) Consultations with health professionals; 3) Guidelines on access to public policies; 4) Conversation circles and workshops with different themes. "Cuida!" the result was the expansion of the bond and dialogue of women with the equipment teams, in addition to strengthening the harm reduction strategies that have become a reference for care in the territory. Betting on knowing the life that re-exists, every care proposal was based on an ethical-political project, thus enhancing the processes of experimentation and resistance produced by and with women. (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajoes dar a conocer la experiencia del Proyecto de Extensión Universitaria "¡Cuida!", Desarrollado por el Centro de Estudios sobre Drogas de Ceará y socios. "¡Cuídate!" se trata de acciones de atención de la salud dirigidas a las trabajadoras sexuales, con un enfoque en la Reducción de Daños y la atención integral de la salud. Entre las acciones desarrolladas se encuentran: 1) Prueba rápida de SIDA/IST; 2) Consultas con profesionales de la salud; 3) Lineamientos sobre acceso a políticas públicas; 4) Círculos de conversación y talleres con diferentes temáticas. "¡Cuídate!" el resultado fue la ampliación del vínculo y el diálogo de las mujeres con los equipos de equipos, además de fortalecer las estrategias de reducción de daños que se han convertido en un referente de atención en el territorio. Apostando por conocer la vida que reexiste, toda propuesta de cuidado se basó en un proyecto ético-político, potenciando así los procesos de experimentación y resistencia producidos por y con las mujeres. (AU)

Life story, prostitution and activism: Challenges and possibilities of research in co-creation.

This article discusses the process of writing, which I refer to here as 'co-creation', of the life story of Lourdes Barreto, co-founder of the Brazilian Movement of Prostitutes. I intertwine public history and oral history methodologies with a decolonising feminist epistemology. This theoretical framework made it possible to situate Lourdes' narratives of prostitution in the North and Northeast of Brazil within the conceptual fields of agency and resistance. Lourdes guided the fieldwork and helped me redefine how I incorporated my presence into her daily life. In dialogue with her, I sought to conduct a participatory research project, in which authorities on distinct knowledges were also shared. I refer to the intersection of subjectivities and positionalities between investigator and collaborator as part of an intense process of co-creation, participation, and negotiation. Co-creation stimulated reflections on ethical and political issues throughout the research process with Lourdes; as the narrator, she was a participant in the process as opposed to an object to be analysed. Similarly, throughout the process of researching prostitution, as a researcher, I became an active member of the movement. The essay includes photographs of the process, alongside reflections on the challenges and particularities around the relationship between researcher and narrator.

Typologies and Correlates of Police Violence Against Female Sex Workers Who Inject Drugs at the México-United States Border: Limits of De Jure Decriminalization in Advancing Health and Human Rights.

Decriminalization of sex work is increasingly promoted as a structural measure to improve the health of vulnerable groups. In México, sex work is not illegal, but knowledge of policies' street-level impact is limited. This study describes typologies of police violence against female sex workers who inject drugs (FSWID), identifying risk and protective factors for violence exposure to inform policy responses. Survey data were collected during 2008-2010 among HIV-negative FSWID in a behavioral intervention in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez (N = 584). Latent class analysis identified typologies of police violence in the past 6 months: asked for money, money taken, syringes taken, asked for sex, and sexually assaulted. Structural equation modeling (SEM) predicted latent class membership using sociodemographic, behavioral and risk environment factors, controlling for age, education, marital status, and city. Recent police violence was reported by 68% of FSWID, with three typologies emerging: Low (36.6%); Material (47.8%): having money/syringes taken or being asked for money; and Material/Sexual (15.7%): material violence and being asked for sex or sexually assaulted. In multivariable SEM, Material Violence was associated with: being jailed [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 4.34], HIV testing (aOR = 2.18), and trading sex indoors (aOR = 1.66). Factors associated with Material/Sexual Violence included: being jailed (aOR = 41.18), injecting with clients (aOR = 3.12), earning more money for sex without a condom (aOR = 2.88), being raped by a client (aOR = 2.13), drinking with clients (aOR = 2.03), receiving substance use treatment (aOR = 1.95), being <18 when first trading sex (aOR = .43), trading sex outdoors (aOR = .53), and poor working conditions (aOR = .56). Despite de jure decriminalization of sex work, police violence against FSWID at the México-United States border is pervasive with implications for sex- and drug-related harms. Closing gaps in policy implementation and mitigating material/sexual violence from police is imperative to decreasing economic vulnerability, risk of overdose and HIV, and improving engagement in HIV and harm reduction services.

Las verdades ficticias en la otra escena de Dora / As verdades ficticias na outra cena de Dora / The fictional truths in the other scene of Dora / Les verités fictives dans l'autre scène de Dora

El trabajo consiste en dar cuenta de cuatro posicionamientos de verdad ficticia derivados del drama de Sabina Berman, Feliz Nuevo Siglo doktor Freud, en torno al caso Dora de Sigmund Freud. De esta puesta de escena inherente a la estructura histérica se revelan los fantasmas de prostitución, de la seducción del padre, de la instauración de la feminidad y de la diversidad textual de la (contra) transferencia. El drama lleva la clínica a una dimensión de debate crítico donde el mismo Freud se encuentra dividido entre las formulaciones de su teoría sexual y las cuestiones inéditas que provoca el testimonio de la experiencia singular No sólo se abre el telón de fondo de las condiciones sociales e históricas que enmarcan un ejercicio de clínica de la palabra y la subjetividad sino aquellas que determinan las complejas relaciones entre los sexos y los esquemas imaginarios-ideológicos que inciden en el pensamiento de Freud.

O trabalho consiste em apresentar quatro posicionamentos de verdade fictícia procedente do drama de Sabina Berman, Feliz Nuevo Siglo, Doktor Freud, em torno do caso Dora, de Sigmund Freud. Dessa encenação, inerente à própria estrutura histérica, revelam-se os fantasmas da prostituigão, da sedugão do pai, da implan-tação da feminilidade e da diversidade textual da (contra)transfêrencia. A obra leva a clínica a urna dimensão de debate crítico, no qual o próprio Freud encontrase dividido entre as formulações de sua teoria da sexualidade e as questões inéditas que o testemunho da experiencia única provoca. Não só a cortina das condições históricas e sociais que compreende um exercício da clínica da palavra e da subjetividade é aberta, mas daquelas que determinam as complexas relações entre os sexos e os paradigmas imaginário-ideológicos que têm impacto no pensamento de Freud.

This article discusses four different positions of fictional truth derived from Sabina Berman's play, Feliz Nuevo Siglo Doktor Freud, on Dora's clinical case. The staging inherent to the hysteric structure reveals the fantasies of prostitution, of the seduction of the father, of the instauration of femininity and of the textual diversity of (counter) transference. The play takes clinical work to a dimension of critical debate in which Freud finds himself divided between the different formulations of his sexual theory and the breakthroughs brought about by the testimony of the singular experience. It reveals not only the background of social and historical conditions that frame the clinical exercise of the word and subjectivity, but also the conditions that determine complex relations between sexes and imaginary-ideological schemes that influence Freud's thinking.

Cet article consiste à rendre compte de quatre positions de vérité fictive dérivées la piéce de Sabina Berman, Feliz Nuevo Siglo Doktor Freud, sur le cas de Dora, patiente traitée par Sigmund Freud. De cette mise en scéne inhérente à la structure hystérique, se révélent les fantômes de la prostitution, de la séduction du pére, de l'établissement de la féminité et la diversité textuelle du (contre)transfert. La piéce mène la clinique vers une dimension de débat critique où Freud lui-même est partagé entre les formulations de sa théorie sexuelle et les questions inédites ce qui provoque le témoignage de l'expérience singulière. On révèle ainsi non seulement la toile de fond des conditions sociales et historiques qui encadrent une pratique clinique de la parole et de la subjectivité, mais aussi celles qui déterminent les relations complexes entre les sexes et les schémas imaginaires-idéologiques qui influencent la pensée de Freud.

"Ofereceram mil reais a mais": Práticas de prevenção à infecção pelo HIV entre garotos de programa de luxo / "They offered a thousand reais more": HIV infection prevention practices among male luxury prostitutes / "Ofrecieron mil reales más": Prácticas de prevención a la infección por el VIH entre taxi boys de lujo

Considera-se que a prostituição advém de uma multiplicidade de fatores. Contudo, a inserção desta prática no mercado capitalista aparece como motivo para a entrada de rapazes de classe média e alta nesse ramo. Sua diferenciação se dá por meio da associação aos ideais de higiene, masculinidade e intelectualidade, os quais estabelecem a dicotomia entre confiança, segurança e riqueza versus perigo, pobreza, riscos e doenças. Define-se como objetivo deste artigo identificar os aspectos relacionados às práticas de prevenção à infecção pelo HIV entre garotos de programa de luxo. A população do estudo é composta por oito homens acompanhantes de alto padrão. Foram realizadas entrevistas utilizando um roteiro temático norteador. De acordo com as falas dos participantes, a camisinha é fator impreterível para os programas, funcionando como uma barreira simbólica em relação aos clientes. De forma geral, os entrevistados apresentam desconhecimento acerca de métodos de prevenção combinada (PEP e PrEP), assim como crenças e associações errôneas sobre métodos de prevenção e riscos. Os resultados ajudam a entender o aumento do índice de infecções por HIV na população homossexual, assim como indicam novos caminhos e estratégias de prevenção para o grupo de profissionais do sexo.

Prostitution is considered to come from multiple factors. However, the insertion of this practice in the capitalist market appears as a reason for the entry of middle and upper-class boys into this business. Its differentiation occurs through the association with hygiene ideals, masculinity and intellectua, which establish a dichotomy between trust, security and wealth versus danger, poverty, risks and diseases. This article aims to identify aspects related to HIV infection prevention practices among male luxury escorts. This study consists of interviews conducted with eight high-standard male escorts using a thematic script. According to the participants' statements, condoms are essential for the sexual services, functioning as a symbolic barrier in relation to customers. In general, the interviewees are unaware of combined prevention methods (PEP and PrEP), as well as having mistaken beliefs and associations about prevention methods and risks. The results help to understand the HIV infection rate increase in the homosexual population, as well as to indicate new ways and prevention strategies for sex workers.

Se considera que la prostitución viene de una multiplicidad de factores. Sin embargo, la inserción de esta práctica en el mercado capitalista aparece como motivo para la entrada de hombres de clase media y alta en ese ramo. La diferenciación de estos con los de otras clases sociales, se da por medio de la asociación a los ideales de higiene, masculinidad e intelectualidad; que establecen la dicotomía entre confianza, seguridad y riqueza frente al riesgo, pobreza, riesgo y enfermedades. Se define como objetivo de este artículo identificar los aspectos relacionados a las prácticas de prevención a la infección por el VIH entre taxi boys de lujo. La población del estudio está compuesta por ocho hombres acompañantes de alto nivel. Se realizaron entrevistas utilizando un itinerario temático orientador. De acuerdo con las palabras de los participantes, el preservativo es un factor impredecible para los programas, funcionando como una barrera simbólica en relación a los clientes. En general, los entrevistados no conocen los métodos de prevención combinada (PEP y PrEP) y presentan creencias y asociaciones erróneas sobre métodos de prevención y riesgos. Los resultados ayudan a entender el aumento del índice de infecciones por VIH en la población homosexual, así como, indican nuevos caminos y estrategias de prevención para el grupo de profesionales del sexo.

"Back to Where They Were": The Socio-Discursive Representation of Transgender Sex Workers and Urban Space in a Television News Report.

Despite significant advances in recent years, Argentina's transgender community still faces structural social exclusion. For a vast majority of transvestites and transgender women, early expulsion from the family home and the educational system results in having to resort to prostitution as their only option for surviving. Police edicts and other similar devices are used to penalize prostitution and persecute transgender people in public places, showing that prejudice and violence against their identities also manifest in the control of urban space. Here I present the results of an in-depth qualitative linguistic analysis of a 2018 television news report about the temporary relocation of the transgender sex workers from their usual location in the Bosques de Palermo, the biggest public park in the City of Buenos Aires. The theoretical frame is Critical Discourse Analysis and the methodology is inductive and qualitative. The analysis centers on the linguistic resources that define the socio-discursive representation about the transgender sex workers in relation with urban space and the city's government. The bases of the analysis are the Synchronic-Diachronic Method for the Linguistic Analysis of Texts and the Method of Converging Linguistic Approaches. These methods revealed, in the first place, that the transvestites and transgender women are represented as mere occupants of public space through their close association with the discursive category of Space. In the second place, they are represented as fundamentally passive in relation to the Government of the City of Buenos Aires; while, at the same time, the government's responsibility for their displacement is systematically mitigated. Finally, the lack of work alternatives to prostitution for the transgender community is naturalized through the persistent association of the discursive categories connected with transgender people, prostitution and urban space. If we compare these results with those of previous research, we can see that these discursive features-none of which challenge the status quo-remain one of the basic components of the socio-discursive representation of transgender people elaborated by the mainstream media.

Sex and Labor Trafficking in Paraguay: Risk Factors, Needs Assessment, and the Role of the Health Care System.

Trafficking of adults and children for both sex and labor is a human rights violation occurring with alarming frequency throughout the world, and resulting in profound harm to close-knit communities and severe health consequences for victims. Certain areas, such as the country of Paraguay, are at a higher risk for trafficking due to unique economic, cultural, and geographic factors. Thousands of people, especially children, are trafficked within Paraguay's borders, and many eventually are transported to neighboring countries and sometimes to Europe and elsewhere. Using case study methodology and "city" as the unit of study, researchers interviewed 18 key anti-trafficking stakeholders from government and nongovernmental organizations in two major metropolitan centers for trafficking in Paraguay, Asunción, and Encarnación. Through semistructured interviews, this qualitative study examines risk factors for trafficking, health outcomes, interventions needed within the health care sector, and programs needed to combat trafficking. We identified risk factors including poverty, marginalization of indigenous people, gender inequality, domestic servitude of children (criadazgo), and political hesitance to enact protective legislation. Victims of trafficking were reported to suffer from physical injuries, unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and mental health issues such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. These predispose victims to difficulties reintegrating into their communities and ultimately to retrafficking. A major gap was identified in the lack of sufficient lodging and rehabilitation services for rescued victims, affordable access to trauma-sensitive health care for victims, and scarce mental health services. Many of the findings are applicable across the world and may be of use to guide future anti-trafficking efforts in Paraguay and beyond.

Treponema pallidum in female sex workers from the Brazilian Marajó Archipelago: prevalence, risk factors, drug-resistant mutations and coinfections.

BACKGROUND: Female sex workers (FSWs) are an especially vulnerable group for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infection (STIs). This study determined the prevalence of syphilis in FSWs and factors associated with this disease in the Marajó Archipelago (northern Brazil), as well as the frequency of point mutations (A2058G and A2059G) in the 23S rRNA gene of Treponema pallidum and coinfections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV). METHODS: FSWs were diagnosed using a rapid qualitative test and the isolates were evaluated for the presence of point mutations by real-time PCR. Blood samples with T. pallidum were tested for the presence of HBV, HCV and HDV by ELISA and confirmed by real-time PCR. The factors associated with syphilis were identified using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Overall, 41.1% FSWs tested positive for syphilis and 23.5% were infected with strains having A2058G/A2059G point mutations. HBV (23.0%) and HCV (8.1%) were detected among FSWs with syphilis. Six factors were associated with syphilis: low levels of education, reduced income, drug use, unprotected sex, a lengthy career in prostitution and a lack of regular medical check-ups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate an urgent need for implementation of effective strategies to diagnose, prevent and treat syphilis, as well as other STIs, in this Brazilian region.

Atravessando as portas dos puteiros: como as teorias feministas chegam na zona? / Pasando por las puertas de los prostíbulos: ¿cómo entran en el burdel las teorías feministas? / Going through the brothels' doors: how do feminist theories get into the cathouse?

Resumo Muitos estudos sobre prostituição e prostitutas não apresentam os sentidos e significados atribuídos por elas sobre a própria vida e trabalho. Em vista disso, aliançando-me ao que colegas prostitutas relatavam sobre o assunto e a discussões realizadas junto a parceiros acadêmicos, esta pesquisa é construída através das minhas viagens como puta e pesquisadora a três diferentes zonas, objetivando compreender como as teorias feministas chegam por lá. Narrativas de prostitutas e concepções de algumas teóricas feministas sobre prostituição são entremeadas como forma de compor o debate. Para realizá-lo, entrelaço a proposta de Donna Haraway sobre saberes localizados ao modo de narração oferecido pelo filósofo Walter Benjamin, como forma de contestar narrativas hegemônicas sobre prostituição, assim como afirmar minha conexão parcial com as prostitutas. Por fim, noto que os feminismos quase não chegam às zonas pesquisadas, e quando chegam o fazem através de discursos culpabilizantes.

Resumen Muchos estudios sobre prostitución y prostitutas no presentan los sentidos y significados que atribuyen a su propia vida y trabajo. En vista de esto, uniéndome a lo que las compañeras prostitutas informaron sobre el tema y las discusiones mantenidas con socios académicos, esta investigación se construye a través de mis viajes como puta e investigadora a tres burdeles diferentes, con el objetivo de comprender cómo llegan las teorías feministas. Las narrativas de las prostitutas y las concepciones de algunas teóricas feministas sobre la prostitución se entrelazan como una forma de componer el debate. Para lograrlo, utilizo la propuesta de Donna Haraway sobre el conocimiento localizado al modo de narración que ofrece el filósofo Walter Benjamin, como una forma de cuestionar las narrativas hegemónicas sobre la prostitución, así como afirmar mi conexión parcial con las prostitutas. Finalmente, observo que los feminismos apenas llegan a los burdeles investigados, y cuando lo hacen, lo hacen a través de discursos culpables.

Abstract Many studies about prostitution and prostitutes do not present the senses and meanings they attribute to their own life and work. In view of this, joining what fellow prostitutes reported on the subject and discussions held with academic partners, this research is built through my travels as a whore and researcher to three different brothels, aiming to understand how feminist theories get there. Narratives of prostitutes and conceptions of some feminist theorists about prostitution are intertwined as a way of composing the debate. To accomplish it, I interwine Donna Haraway's proposal on localized knowledge to the mode of narration offered by the philosopher Walter Benjamin, as a way of contesting hegemonic narratives about prostitution, as well as affirming my partial connection with prostitutes. Finally, I note that feminisms hardly reach the researched brothels, and when they do, they do so through blaming speeches.

Cuerpo y cosificación sexual: percepciones en la comunidad indígena shuar

RESUMEN Objetivo: Traer a la comunidad científica las voces del pueblo Shuar, sus percepciones sobre los cuerpos y la cosificación sexual por la influencia de occidente en el contexto de la colonización y la globalización. Material y Método: Se aplicó el paradigma de investigación interpretativo, con enfoque cualitativo, mediante entrevistas en profundidad y un grupo focal. La muestra se seleccionó por conveniencia; participaron 24 personas: hombres y mujeres shuar del Cantón Morona entre los 14 a 60 años que firmaron consentimientos informados. Los discursos de los informantes fueron grabados, transcritos y procesados en Atlas ti, y analizados por las investigadoras. Resultados: Las personas shuar que participaron en la investigación perciben que la comunidad shuar ha sido absorbida por la lógica de occidente; reconocen la ideología capitalista globalizada por el consumo y materialismo; perciben que los cuerpos femeninos shuar, pero también los masculinos, se han cosificado, que los imaginarios juveniles apuntan hacia lo sensual y erótico, menos biológico; a la vez creen que los comportamientos sexuales han sido modificados por la influencia de la pornografía; evidencian la existencia de pornografía exótica; creen que la prostitución es abundante en la etnia shuar, pues ofrece una oportunidad económica y es mayormente voluntaria; se evidencia una conciencia social de resistencia de los líderes comunitarios y la generación adulta. Conclusiones: Los principales resultados dieron cuenta de una nueva conceptualización del cuerpo; se manifestó la cosificación sexual por la prostitución y pornografía.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present to the scientific community the voices of the Shuar people, their perceptions about bodies and sexual objectification caused by the influence of the Western World in the context of colonization and globalization. Material and Method: The interpretative research paradigm was used, with a qualitative approach, through in-depth interviews and a focus group. The sample was selected by convenience; 24 people participated: Shuar men and women from the Morona Canton in Ecuador, between the ages of 14 and 60, who had previously signed informed consents. The informants' responses were recorded, transcribed, processed in Atlas.ti software, and analyzed by the researchers. Results: The Shuar people who participated in the research perceive that their community has been absorbed by the logic of the Western World; they acknowledge the globalized capitalist ideology of consumption and materialism; they perceive that the Shuar female bodies, but also the male ones, have been objectified; that the juvenile mindset focuses more on eroticism and less in biological aspects; they also believe that sexual behaviors have been modified by the influence of pornography, evidenced by the existence of exotic pornography; they believe that prostitution is abundant in the Shuar ethnic group because it offers an economic opportunity and is mostly voluntary; a social awareness of resistance emerges from community leaders and the adult generation. Conclusions: The main results showed a new conceptualization of the body; sexual objectification was manifested by prostitution and pornography.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar à comunidade científica as vozes do povo Shuar, suas percepções sobre os corpos e a objetificação sexual causada pela influência do mundo ocidental no contexto da colonização e globalização. Material e Método: Aplicou-se o paradigma interpretativo de pesquisa, com uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e um grupo focal. A amostra foi selecionada por conveniência e participaram 24 pessoas: homens e mulheres Shuar do cantão de Morona no Equador, com idades entre 14 e 60 anos que haviam assinado previamente o consentimento informado. As respostas dos informantes foram gravadas, transcritas e processadas no programa Atlas.ti, e analisadas pelas pesquisadoras. Resultados: O povo Shuar que participou da pesquisa percebe que a comunidade foi absorvida pela lógica do Ocidente, reconhece a ideologia capitalista globalizada do consumo e materialismo; percebe que os corpos femininos Shuar, mas também os masculinos foram objetificados e que o imaginário juvenil se concentra mais no erotismo e menos nos aspectos biológicos; também acredita que os comportamentos sexuais foram modificados pela influência da pornografia, evidenciada pela existência de pornografia exótica; acredita que a prostituição é abundante no grupo étnico já que oferece uma oportunidade económica e é principalmente voluntária; uma consciência social de resistência emerge dos líderes comunitários e da geração adulta. Conclusões: Os principais resultados mostraram uma nova conceituação do corpo; a objetificação sexual foi manifestada pela prostituição e pornografia.

Prostitución femenina y género en el contexto colombiano: un estado del arte (2010-2019) / Female prostitution and gender in the colombian context: a state of the art. (2010-2019)

Introducción: desde el enfoque de género, la prostitución de las mujeres se explica como una expresión del modelo patriarcal. Este enfoque puede aportar elementos sustanciales para la comprensión y el abordaje a la prostitución femenina, de cara a la realidad colombiana, donde se carece de estudios documentales en esta línea conceptual. Método: se realizó un estado del arte de la investigación teórica y aplicada sobre la prostitución femenina, con lectura de género, en el periodo 2010-2019. Resultados: de los estudios analizados, varios situados en Bogotá, se ocupa especialmente la academia. Los autores coinciden en que la prostitución se deriva de la intersección entre desigualdades de género e injusticia social, y causa violencias de género y estigmatización. Políticas sociales para erradicarla, legalización y empoderamiento de las mujeres surgen como opciones para hacerle frente. Conclusión: para nutrir la política pública se requiere avanzar en la comprensión de los aspectos subjetivos implicados en este estilo de vida, profundizar en los discursos, construcciones y significados de género, e incluir la realidad de quienes están inmersas en la modalidad "prepago"

Introduction: According to the gender perspective, the prostitution of women is explained as an expression of the patriarchal model. This approach can provide substantial elements for the understanding and approach to female prostitution, facing the Colombian reality, where there is a lack of documentary studies in this conceptual line. Method: a state of the art of theoretical and applied research on female prostitution was carried out, with a gender reading, in the period 2010-2019, based on 18 studies. Results: Rendering to the studies analyzed, several located in Bogotá, the academy is especially concerned. The authors agree that prostitution stems from the intersection between gender inequalities and social injustice and causes gender violence and stigmatization. Social policies to eradicate it, legalization, and empowerment of women emerge as options to face it. Conclusion: Concerning the above, to nurture public policy, it is necessary to advance in the understanding of the subjective aspects involved in this lifestyle, deepening the discourses, constructions, and gender meanings and including the reality of those who are immersed (women) in the "prepaid" modality

Mecanismos de reclutamiento utilizados por las redes de tráfico sexual en Nevada, Estados Unidos / Recruiting mechanisms used by sex trafficking networks in Nevada, United States

Resumen El comercio sexual de jóvenes, que son llevadas desde Centroamérica y México hacia Estados Unidos, ha sido ampliamente documentado, y sin embargo, sigue siendo un problema grave, del que se desconocen sus cambiantes dinámicas y estrategias de reclutamiento, ya sean voluntarias o forzadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar los mecanismos utilizados por las redes de traficantes para reclutar mujeres migrantes, para ser prostituidas en Nevada, Estados Unidos. Este trabajo está fundamentado en una metodología cualitativa, que incluye entrevistas a 3 reclutadores centroamericanos y 12 mujeres de México y Centroamérica. Los principales resultados encontrados indican que estas redes reclutan preferentemente a menores de edad, vulnerables, con un pasado relacionado con la prostitución y necesidades económicas apremiantes. Los mecanismos de reclutamiento utilizados por estas redes no se basan en el uso de la violencia, sino en el abuso de una situación de vulnerabilidad. En conclusión, el hecho de no recurrir a estrategias de reclutamiento violentas disminuye el riesgo de esta actividad, ya que las mujeres no les denuncian, porque no se consideran víctimas.

Abstract The international sex trade, involving young people who are taken from Central America and Mexico to the United States, has been widely documented. However, it remains a serious problem, from which its changing dynamics and recruitment strategies, whether voluntary or forced, are unknown. The objective of this paper was to examine the mechanisms used by sex smuggling networks to recruit migrant women to be prostituted in Nevada, USA. This research is based on a qualitative methodology that includes interviews with 3 Central American recruiters and 12 women from Mexico and Central America. The main results indicate that these networks recruit predominantly vulnerable underage girls with a past associated with prostitution and towering economic necessities. Recruitment mechanisms used by these networks are not based on the use of violence, but on the abuse of a position of vulnerability. In conclusion, not resorting to violent recruitment strategies reduces the risk of this activity, since women do not report them because they do not consider themselves victims.

Fatores biopsicossociais na história de vida de mulheres profissionais do sexo / Biopsychosocial factors in the life history of female professional sex workers / Factores biopsicosociales en la historia de vida de las trabajadoras sexuales

Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, teve como objetivo compreender os fatores biopsicossociais no contexto de vida de seis profissionais do sexo que atuam em cidades de médio e pequeno porte, baseando-se no Modelo Biopsicossocial para compreender o processo de vida e suas influências em mulheres que exercem a profissão do sexo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário sociodemográfico e por método história de vida, utilizando a análise temática de conteúdo para o tratamento dos dados. Os resultados obtidos se relacionaram aos fatores que envolvem o campo biológico, psicológico e social. A pesquisa permitiu a compreensão da história de vida dessas mulheres, com destaque para ocorrência de dificuldades e sofrimentos.

This qualitative research aimed to understand the biopsychosocial factors in the life context of six sex workers who work in medium and small cities, based on the Biopsychosocial Model to understand the life process and its influences on women who practice the sex profession. Data collection was performed using the sociodemographic questionnaire and the life history method, adopting thematic content analysis for data treatment. The results obtained were related to factors involving the biological, psychological and social fields. The research allowed the understanding of the life history of these women, highlighting the occurrence of difficulties and suffering.

Esta investigación cualitativa tuvo como objetivo comprender los factores biopsicosociales en el contexto de la vida de seis trabajadoras sexuales que trabajan en ciudades medianas y pequeñas, con base en el Modelo Biopsicosocial, para comprender el proceso de vida y sus influencias en las mujeres que practican la profesión sexual. La recolección de datos se realizó utilizando el cuestionario sociodemográfico y el método de historia de vida, utilizando análisis de contenido temático para el tratamiento de datos. Los resultados obtenidos se relacionaron con factores del campo biológico, psicológico y social. La investigación permitió la comprensión de la historia de vida de estas mujeres, destacando la aparición de dificultades y sufrimientos.

Marcadores de diferença e produção de si na prostituição entre homens / Markers of difference and production of the self in male prostitution / Marcadores de diferencia y auto producción en la prostitución entre hombres

Resumo Este estudo analisa marcadores sociais de diferença como vetores de produção de si na prostituição entre homens. Para tanto, realizou-se um processo etnográfico por três espaços (Rua, Bar e Sauna) da cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil, nos quais foram feitos diários de campo e entrevistas narrativas. Contando, em termos analíticos, com propostas de análise discursiva e de perspectivas interseccionais, esta investigação mostra que marcadores sociais como território, geração, gênero e sexualidade se relacionam intrinsecamente com a expressão de formas de valorização e desvalorização na prostituição. Situando os sujeitos em posições diferentes de possibilidade de agência, estes marcadores compõem espaços existenciais economicamente estratégicos.

Abstract This study analyzes social markers of difference as vectors of self-production in prostitution among men. For that, an ethnographic process was carried out through three spaces (Street, Bar and Sauna) of the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, in which field diaries and narrative interviews were made. Analytically speaking, with proposals for discursive analysis and intersectional perspectives, this research shows that social markers such as territory, generation, gender and sexuality are intrinsically related to the expression of forms of valorization and devaluation in prostitution. Placing the subjects in different positions of possibility of agency, these markers make up an economically strategic existential space.

Resumen Este estudio analiza los marcadores sociales de diferencia como vectores de auto producción en la prostitución entre los hombres. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un proceso etnográfico en tres espacios (Calle, Bar y Sauna) en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, Brasil, donde se realizaron diarios de campo y entrevistas narrativas. Contando, en términos analíticos, con propuestas de análisis discursivo y perspectivas interseccionales, esta investigación muestra que los marcadores sociales como territorio, generación, género y sexualidad están intrínsecamente relacionados con la expresión de las formas de valorización y devaluación en la prostitución. Situando a los sujetos en diferentes posiciones de posibilidad de agencia, estos marcadores componen espacios existenciales económicamente estratégicos.

Perón y las visitadoras: masculinidad, consumo sexual y resistencias militares a la abolición de la prostitución reglamentada, Argentina, 1936-1955 / Perón and the female visitors: masculinity, sex consumption and military opposition to the abolition of regulated prostitution, Argentina,1936-1955

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los sentidos y prácticas androcéntricas desplegadas por generales y coroneles del ejército argentino en su reclamo contra la abolición de la prostitución reglamentada. Figuras claves de la historia argentina como Juan Domingo Perón participaron del debate por los límites y alcances del abolicionismo en vistas de proteger la salud sexual y reproductiva de los soldados. Para ello propusieron instalar burdeles cercanos a los cuarteles. A partir del análisis de informes, cartas y entrevistas propone un estudio de la producción de la masculinidad en ámbitos institucionales en perspectiva histórica.

Abstract The goal of this article is to analyze the meanings and androcentric practices employed by generals and colonels in the Argentine army in their complaints about the abolition of regulated prostitution. Key figures in Argentine history such as Juan Domingo Perón took part in the debate over the limits and extent of abolitionism, with a view to protecting soldiers' sexual and reproductive health. To this end, they proposed installing brothels near barracks. Based on the analysis of reports, letters and interviews, this article studies the production of masculinity in institutional settings from a historical perspective.