Body mass and sex, but not breeding condition and season, influence open-field exploration in the yellow-necked mouse.

Theory predicts that risk taking should be influenced by external (e.g., season) and internal (e.g., breeding condition, sex, and body mass) conditions. We investigated whether these factors are associated with a potentially risky behavior: exploration of a novel environment. We conducted repeated open-field tests of exploration in a common forest rodent, the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis. Contrary to expectations, the exploration did not vary with the season (spring vs. fall) or the reproductive status of the tested animals. Also unexpectedly, there was an inverted U-shaped relationship between body mass and exploration: animals with intermediate body mass tended to have the highest exploration tendencies. Males were more exploratory than females. Finally, even after adjusting for the effects of body mass and sex, individuals exhibited consistent, repeatable differences in exploration tendencies ("behavioral types" or "personalities"). The discrepancies between certain broad generalizations and our results suggest that risk taking depends on details of species-specific biology.

El principio de protección del bienestar animal: elementos para su configuración en el derecho chileno / Animal welfare protection principle: elements for its configuration in Chilean law

El derecho animal chileno se fundamenta en un principio, al cual llamamos principio de protección del bienestar animal. Este se obtiene por inducción, a partir del análisis sistemático de la normativa vigente, del estudio de los propósitos del legislador, y de la evolución que ha experimentado el derecho en este ámbito. Dicho principio cumple varias funciones relevantes, tales como la de servir de parámetro de interpretación, herramienta para colmar lagunas o solucionar antinomias, y como crítica del derecho vigente. Al mismo tiempo, también permite comprender mejor el tránsito que ha experimentado el ordenamiento chileno, el cual ha pasado desde un enfoque puramente propietario, hacia otro más centrado en la protección del bienestar animal (AU)

Chilean animal law is based on a principle, which we call the animal welfare protection principle. This principle is obtained by induction, from the systematic analysis of current regulations, the study of the legislator's purposes, and the evolution that law has undergone in this area. This principle fulfills several relevant functions, such as serving as a parameter of interpretation, a tool to solve antinomies, and as a criticism of current law. At the same time, it also allows us to better understand the transition that the Chilean system has experienced, which has gone from a purely proprietary approach to one more focused on the protection of animal welfare (AU)

El dret animal xilè es fonamenta al principi, al qual anomenem principi de protecció del benestar animal. Aquest s'obté per inducció, a partir de l'anàlisi sistemàtica de la normativa vigent, de l'estudi dels propòsits del legislador, i de l'evolució que ha experimentat el dret en aquest àmbit. Aquest principi compleix diverses funcions rellevants, tals com la de servir de paràmetre d'interpretació, eina per a satisfer llacunes o solucionar antinòmies, i com a crítica del dret vigent. Al mateix temps, també permet comprendre millor el trànsit que ha experimentat l'ordenament xilè, el qual ha passat des d'un enfocament purament propietari, cap a un altre més centrat en la protecció del benestar animal (AU)

El intento de suicidio en Ibagué: el silencio de una voz de auxilio / Suicide attempts in Ibague: The silence of a cry of help / Tentativa de suicídio em Ibagué: o silêncio de um pedido de ajuda

Resumen Objetivo: caracterizar demográficamente los pacientes con intento de suicidio en Ibagué, 2013-2014. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal, con información secundaria a partir de bases de datos de: intoxicaciones por sustancias químicas del Sivigila, tipo exposición intencional suicida, lesiones autoinfligidas, de la Secretaría de Salud Municipal y el formato de visita de campo. Se realizó un análisis de supervivencia exploratorio, para determinar diferencias en el tiempo transcurrido entre el último intento de suicidio, con respecto a eventos anteriores. Resultados: se obtuvo información de 357 personas que intentaron suicidarse, de las cuales el 59,7 % fueron mujeres; el 50 % de los casos tenían 21 años o menos, y el 30,8 % eran reincidentes en el intento. Los eventos vitales estresantes encontrados fueron las relaciones interpersonales disfuncionales con la pareja (49,6 %) y los padres (34,8 %). El promedio de tiempo transcurrido entre las personas que ingresaron al estudio, que tuvieron intentos de suicidio previos al actual, fue de 15,9 meses (IC 95 % 14,7 - 17,3). La probabilidad de ser reincidente a la intención de suicidio es más alta en los primeros diez meses transcurridos desde el último intento, del 83 %, para luego disminuir y situarse en un 9 %, cuando han transcurrido como mínimo 20 meses. Conclusiones: el intento de suicidio se presenta principalmente en mujeres, adultos jóvenes y adolescentes menores de 19 años, y la intoxicación es el método más utilizado. A más cercanía del intento, mayor es la probabilidad de reincidencia.

Abstract Objective: A demographic characterization of patients with suicide attempts in Ibague,2013-2014. Method: a transversal descriptive study with secondary information taken from databases: From the national public health surveillance system (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Publica) Sivigila; from the Municipal Health Secretariat and the field visit format. An exploratory survival analysis was carried out in order to determine the differences existing between the last suicide attempt with respect to previous events. Results: Information from 357 individuals having tried to commit suicide: 59.7% were women. In 50% of the cases, they were aged 21 years or less, and 30% were recidivists. Vital stressing events found consisted of dysfunctional interpersonal relations with their partners (49.6%) and their parents (34.8%). The time elapsed on average among the people having been admitted to the study with suicide attempts other than the current last one was 15.9 months (IC 95% 14.7 - 17.3). The likelihood of being a recidivist is higher in the first ten months elapsed, i.e. 83%, with a subsequent decline, and finally standing at 9% after some 20 months as a minimum. Conclusions: Suicide attempts are mostly taking place among women, young adults and adolescents of less than 19 years of age, and poisoning or intoxication is the preferred method used. The nearest the occurrence of a suicide attempt, the highest the likelihood of its recurrence will be.

Resumo Objetivo: caracterizar demograficamente os pacientes com tentativa de suicídio em Ibague, 2013-2014. Método: estudo descritivo transversal, com dados secundários de bancos de dados de: intoxicação por substâncias químicas e Sivigila, tipo exposição intencional suicida, ferimentos auto-infligidos, da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e do formato de visita de campo. Uma análise de sobrevivência exploratória foi realizada para determinar diferenças no tempo entre a última tentativa de suicídio a respeito dos eventos anteriores. Resultados: informações de 357 pessoas que tentaram o suicídio foram obtidas, dos quais 59,7% eram mulheres; 50% dos casos tinham 21 anos ou menos, e 30,8% foram reincidentes na tentativa. Os eventos vitais estressantes encontrados foram os relacionamentos interpessoais disfuncionais com o casal (49,6%) e os pais (34,8%). O tempo médio decorrido entre as pessoas que entraram no estudo, que tinham tentativas de suicídio prévias da atual foi de 15,9 meses (IC 95% 14,7-17,3). A probabilidade de ser reincidente à intenção suicida é maior nos primeiros dez meses desde a última tentativa, de 83% que apos diminui e repousa em 9%, quando decorrem pelo menos 20 meses. Conclusões: a tentativa de suicídio ocorre principalmente em mulheres, jovens adultos e adolescentes com menos de 19 anos, e a intoxicação é o método mais comum. A mais proximidade da tentativa, maior a probabilidade de reincidencia.

Privacy, Employees and Human Resources: A Case Report.

Health practitioners are well versed in the need to maintain privacy and confidentiality of patients/clients in healthcare relationships. This need for confidentiality is likewise required when an employee of a healthcare institution becomes a patient of that institution. The question which arises is whether any information which emerges as a result of the employee also being a patient can or should be disclosed to the administration of the employing institution where such information may affect the employee or others in the workplace.