PHYSICAL HEALTH OF FEMALES FROM THE MOUNTAIN DISTRICTS OF ZAKARPATTIA ACCORDING TO THE METABOLIC LEVEL OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC ENERGY SUPPLY DEPENDING ON THE COMPONENT BODY COMPOSITION.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To determine the aerobic and anaerobic productivity of females from the mountain districts of Zakarpattia region, depending on the component composition of body weight. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: A comparative analysis of physical health status of females in the post-pubertal period of ontogenesis, was carried out. Physical health status was assessed by indicators of aerobic and anaerobic productivity depending on the component composition of the body, which was determined by impedance measurement. RESULTS: Results: Physical health of females from the mountain districts depends on the component composition of the body, namely: an excellent level of aerobic productivity is observed in females who have a insufficient body weight with a normal relative fat content and a high relative content of skeletal muscles, VО2 max rel > 38 ml·min-1·kg-1; as a result, their physical health exceeds the "critical level" according to H.L. Apanasenko and corresponds to "excellent" according to Ya.P. Pyarnat's criteria. Females from the mountain districts with normal body weight, high relative fat and normal relative skeletal muscle have average level of aerobic performance., i.e., VО2 max rel. is within 28-33 ml∙min-1∙kg-1. As a result, their physical health is below the "critical level". CONCLUSION: Conclusions: "Excellent" and "good" level of aerobic productivity of females from the mountain districts of the Zakarpattia region guarantees "safe health level". Females from mountain districts with a high content of fat component have an "average" level of aerobic performance, which does not provide a "safe health level".

PECULIARITIES OF PARAMETERS OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON THE COMPONENTS OF BODY WEIGHT IN YOUNG MALES FROM THE MOUNTAINOUS DISTRICTS OF ZAKARPATTIA.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To establish differences in the aerobic and anaerobic capacity in young males with different components of body weight who live in the mountainous districts of Zakarpattia region. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: 124 young men aged 17-21 were examined to determine the aerobic and anaerobic capabilities of the body, taking into account the components of body weight. RESULTS: Results: The level of aerobic productivity, which reflects physical health, depends on the component composition of the body. The highest level of aerobic capacity in terms of the VО2 max rel. is found in young males who have normal body weight with a high and a very high relative content of skeletal muscle, a low relative content of fat, and a normal level of visceral fat. As a consequence, their physical health exceeds "safe health level", namely 42 ml∙min-1∙kg-1, and corresponds to "average" according to Ya.P. Piarnat's criteria. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: A high relative fat content negatively affects the functional capabilities of the body of young males in both aerobic and anaerobic modes of energy supply. With the growth in the relative content of skeletal muscles, the increase of the aerobic capacity of the body, as well as the growth of the capacity of alactic and lactic energy supply processes is observed. None of the examined males had "good" or "excellent" parameters of aerobic processes.

PHYSICAL HEALTH OF FEMALES FROM THE LOWLAND DISTRICTS OF ZAKARPATTIA ACCORDING TO THE METABOLIC LEVEL OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC ENERGY SUPPLY DEPENDING ON THE COMPONENT BODY COMPOSITION.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To determine the aerobic and anaerobic productivity of females from the lowland districts of Zakarpattia region, depending on the component composition of body weight. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: A comparative analysis of physical health status of females in the post-pubertal period of ontogenesis, was carried out. Physical health status was assessed by indicators of aerobic and anaerobic productivity depending on the component composition of the body, which was determined by impedance measurement. RESULTS: Results: Physical health of females from the lowland districts depends on the component composition of the body, namely: an excellent level of aerobic productivity is observed in females who have a normal body weight with a high relative fat content and a normal relative content of skeletal muscles, VО2 max rel. > 38 ml·min-1·kg-1; as a result, their physical health exceeds the "critical level" according to H.L. Apanasenko and corresponds to "excellent" according to Ya.P. Pyarnat's criteria. Females from lowland districts who are underweight with a normal relative fat content and a high relative skeletal muscle content have an average level of aerobic productivity, VО2 max rel. < 34 ml·min-1·kg-1; as a result, their physical health is below the "critical level" according to H.L. Apanasenko. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The presence of fat in females from lowland districts provides energy for muscle work, which contributes to better development of the muscular system. A high level of energy supply due to a high relative fat content determines the excellent physical health status of females from the lowland districts of Zakarpattia.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure during pregnancy and child anthropometry from birth to 10 years of age: Sex-specific evidence from a cohort study in rural Bangladesh.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have endocrine disrupting properties and they cross the placental barrier, but studies on gestational exposure and child anthropometry are inconclusive. We aimed to elucidate the impact of early gestational PAH exposure on anthropometry from birth to 10 years of age in 1295 mother-child pairs from a nested sub-cohort of the MINIMat trial in Bangladesh. Several PAH metabolites [1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-Phe), Σ2-,3-hydroxyphenanthrene (Σ2-,3-OH-Phe), 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OH-Phe), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr), Σ2-,3-hydroxyfluorene (Σ2-,3-OH-Flu)] were quantified in spot urine collected around gestational week 8 using LC-MS/MS. Child weight and height were measured at 19 occasions from birth to 10 years. Multivariable-adjusted regression models were used to assess associations of maternal PAH metabolites (log2-transformed) with child anthropometry. The median concentration of 1-OH-Phe, Σ2-,3-OH-Phe, 4-OH-Phe, 1-OH-Pyr and Σ2-,3-OH-Flu was 1.5, 1.9, 0.14, 2.5, and 2.0 ng/mL, respectively. All maternal urinary PAH metabolites were positively associated with newborn weight and length and all associations were more pronounced in boys than in girls (p interaction for all <0.14). In boys, the strongest associations were observed with Σ2-,3-OH-Phe and Σ2-,3-OH-Flu for which each doubling increased mean birth weight by 41 g (95% CI: 13; 69 and 12; 70) and length by 0.23 cm (0.075; 0.39) and 0.21 cm (0.045; 0.37), respectively. Maternal urinary PAH metabolites were not associated with child anthropometry at 10 years. In longitudinal analysis, however, maternal urinary PAH metabolites were positively associated with boys' weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) from birth to 10 years, but only the association of 4-OH-Phe with HAZ was significant (B: 0.080 Z-scores; 95% CI 0.013, 0.15). No associations were observed with girls' WAZ or HAZ. In conclusion, gestational PAH exposure was positively associated with fetal and early childhood growth, especially in boys. Further studies are needed to confirm causality and to explore long-term health effects.

Effect of pre-pubertal growth rate of Sohagi ram lambs on some physiological parameters and sexual behavioral patterns at puberty.

Thirty healthy Sohagi ram lambs with an average age of 188.6±7.3 days were used to study the effect of pre-pubertal growth rate on some physiological parameters and sexual behavioral patterns at puberty. Ram lambs were divided into three groups (10 animals per each group) according to the previous growth rate until 6 months of age. Groups were marked as fast, medium and slow growing. Animal groups were housed in closed barns with access to an open area. Results showed that age and weight of ram lambs at puberty were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the pre-pubertal growth rate. Ram lambs in the fast growing group were reached to onset puberty firstly at 272.6 days with body weight (BW) 37.1 kg on average then ram lambs in medium group (284.8 days with BW 32.7 kg), while ram lambs in slow growing group were the last (314.1 days with BW 32.5 kg). Blood testosterone concentration at puberty was not significantly different among growing groups (1.494± 0.03 ng/ml on average, ranged from 1.287 to 1.902 ng/ml). Testes measurements from 6 months of age until puberty show that ram lambs in fast growing group had the highest values of testes length, circumference and volume followed by those in medium and slow growing group. Sexual behavioral observation showed that flehmen and mounting behavior were significantly higher for ram lambs in fast growing group (5.63 and 6.75 number/12h) than slow growing group (4.25 and 5.38 number/12h) while in medium growing group were intermediate (4.88 and 5.88 number/12h). From these findings, could be concluded that age, weight and sexual behavioral patterns of Sohagi ram lambs at puberty were affected by pre-pubertal growth rate, and the breeders should strive to achieve good growth rates for their lambs before puberty which led to improving reproductive performance.

Environmental metal exposure and growth to 10 years of age in a longitudinal mother-child cohort in rural Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Early-life exposure to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) has been linked to smaller birth and early childhood anthropometry, but little is known beyond the first years in life. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of gestational and childhood exposures to As, Cd, and Pb on growth up to 10 years of age. METHODS: We studied 1530 mother-child dyads from a nested sub-cohort of the MINIMat trial in rural Matlab, Bangladesh. Metal concentrations in maternal erythrocytes during pregnancy and in children's urine at 10y were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Child height and weight were measured at 19 occasions from birth until 10y and converted to height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) and weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ). Associations between log2-transformed metal concentrations and growth parameters were assessed with multivariable-adjusted regression models. RESULTS: Children's concurrent urinary Cd (median 0.24 µg/L), reflecting long-term exposure, was inversely associated with WAZ (B: -0.072; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.12, -0.020; p = 0.007), and possibly HAZ (B: -0.046; 95% CI: -0.096, 0.0014; p = 0.057), at 10y. The association with WAZ was stronger in boys than in girls. Maternal erythrocyte Cd (median 0.90 µg/kg) during pregnancy was inversely associated with WAZ during childhood only in boys (B: -0.071, 95% CI: -0.14, -0.0047, p = 0.036). Concurrent urinary Pb (median 1.6 µg/L) was inversely associated with WAZ (B: -0.084; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.0085; p = 0.029) and HAZ (B: -0.087; 95% CI: -0.15, -0.021; p = 0.010) in boys, but not in girls. Neither gestational nor childhood As exposure (median maternal erythrocyte As 4.3 µg/kg and children's urinary As 57 µg/L) was associated with growth up to 10y. CONCLUSIONS: While all effect estimates were small, environmental exposure to Cd and Pb is common and impaired growth is of public health concern, especially for children already at risk of reduced growth due to malnutrition. Gender differences in susceptibility need further investigation.

Association of Height Growth in Puberty with Lung Function. A Longitudinal Study.

Rationale: Puberty may influence lung function, but the precise role of pubertal height growth in lung development is unclear.Objectives: To examine associations of timing of puberty and peak velocity of pubertal height growth with lung function in adolescence and early adulthood.Methods: Longitudinal analyses of repeat height measurements from age 5 to 20 years for a British birth cohort with 4,772 males and 4,849 females were conducted to characterize height growth trajectories and to derive pubertal age and peak height velocity using the validated SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation) model. Association of these estimates with prebronchodilator and post-bronchodilator spirometry measures: FEV1; FVC; FEV1/FVC; FEF25-75% at age 15 and 24 years were investigated using multivariable regression models adjusted for lung function at age 8 years, height and age at time of outcome measurements, and potential confounders.Measurements and Main Results: Later pubertal age and greater peak velocity were associated with higher FEV1 and FVC at 24 years in both sexes. A 1-year increase in pubertal age was associated with a 263-ml higher FVC (95% confidence interval [CI], 167-360 ml) for males (n = 567) and 100-ml (95% CI, 50-150 ml) higher FVC for females (n = 990). A 1-cm/yr increase in peak velocity was associated with 145-ml (95% CI, 56-234 ml) and 50-ml (95% CI, 2-99 ml) increases in FVC for males and females, respectively. No associations were found with FEV1/FVC.Conclusions: Later onset and greater peak velocity of height growth in puberty are associated with increased FEV1 and FVC in young adults but there was no evidence of dysanapsis of pubertal lung growth.

Maternal treatment with dexamethasone during gestation alters sexual development markers in the F1 and F2 male offspring of Wistar rats.

Maternal treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) in threatening preterm delivery alters activities at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the offspring. This alteration may interfere with reproductive function. The impact of gestational Dex exposure on male reproductive function of the offspring was investigated. A total of 25 pregnant rats randomly assigned to five groups (n=5) were treated with normal saline (control), Dex (100 µg/kg/day sc) during gestation days (GD) 1-7, 8-14, 15-21 and 1-21, respectively. Birth weight, anogenital distance (AGD), pubertal age, sperm parameters, hormonal profile and histopathology of testis and epididymis were determined in the F1 and F2 offspring. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in pubertal age, serum corticosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels in the male offspring of DexGD 15-21 and 1-21 groups and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, birth weight and AGD at birth in the male F1 offspring. In the F2 offspring, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum corticosterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH when compared with the control. Dex treatment at GD 15-21 and 1-21 significantly reduced (P<0.05) sperm motility and normal morphology in the F1 and F2 offspring. Maternal Dex treatment in rats during late gestation may disrupt sexual development markers in the F1 and F2 male offspring.

Factors Associated with Changes in Bone Mineral Content among Girls in Early Pubertal Age

The study was conducted to investigate the factors associated with bone mineral content ( BMC) changes among early pubertal aged girls. Two hundred and thirty girls between 9 to 11 years of age participated in four surveys over 2 year period. During each survey, dietary intakes were collected with 3-day food records, BMC of left leg's calcaneus were measured by PIXI ( Lunar Ltd.) and body composition was measured by bioimpedance method ( Inbody 3.0 Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) . Mean values of BMC increased in consecutive measurements - 1.48 g, 1.54 g, 1.61 g and 1.66 g. The change of BMC between the first and last measurements was significantly positively correlated with % body fat, negatively correlated with BMC at the baseline ( p < 0.05) . Change of BMC was also significantly positively correlated with % change of lean mass and mineral mass between the first and last measurements. Nutrient intakes during the study period were calculated as mean daily intakes from all surveys. Mean daily intakes of Vit. C and Vit. B6 were positively and isoflavone intake was negatively correlated with changes of BMC ( p < 0.05) . In stepwise regression of BMC change with body composition and nutrient intakes, baseline values of BMC, weight, BMI and age, % change of mineral mass during the study period, mean intakes of isoflavone, Vit. B6, protein, carotene and zinc were significant explanatory variables ( R 2 = 0.38, p < .001, F = 32.39) . The results imply that the change of BMC among early pubertal aged girls are associated with some body composition and intakes of certain nutrients.