Envisioning the Future of Student Success: Report of the 2022-2023 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee.

Over the past several years, traditional metrics have indicated declining student success within colleges and schools of pharmacy. Though students may be less well-prepared for professional school than in years past, once candidates are admitted to our institutions, we have a responsibility to effectively support their progression through the program. The 2022-2023 Student Affairs Committee was convened to evaluate and advance the construct of student success within Doctor of Pharmacy programs. The Student Affairs Committee was charged with identifying environmental factors affecting the ability of pharmacy students to be successful; determining how colleges and schools of pharmacy are currently meeting needs related to student progress; conducting a literature review to determine what academic support measures minimize attrition; and developing innovative suggestions and recommendations that better support student success. To accomplish this work, we conducted an extensive literature review and synthesis of evidence, engaged in professional networking across the Academy, and administered a wide-ranging student success survey to all colleges and schools of pharmacy. In this report, we explore the complex and interacting systems that affect learning behavior and academic success and offer a novel, comprehensive description of how the Academy is currently responding to challenges of academic and student success. Additionally, we envision the future of student success, offering 7 recommendations to the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and 5 suggestions to members of the Academy to advance this vision.

A Multi-level Remedial Teaching Design Based on Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment: Taking the Electromagnetic Induction as an Example.

Multi-level teaching has been proven to be more effective than a one-size-fits-all learning approach. This study aimed to develop and implement a multi-level remedial teaching scheme in various high school classes containing students of a wide range of learning levels and to determine its effect of their learning. The deterministic inputs noisy and gate model of cognitive diagnosis theory was used to classify students at multiple levels according to their knowledge and desired learning outcomes. A total of 680 senior high school students from central provinces in China participated in the initial cognitive diagnostic test, and 1,615 high school sophomores from seven high schools in China participated in a formal cognitive diagnosis test. Thirty-six high school students from Southwestern China participated in the think-aloud protocols, and 258 seniors from three high schools in southwest China participated in the remedial teaching experiment. Through an analysis of students' think-aloud protocols, cognitive errors of students at all levels were determined, and multi-level remedial teaching programs were designed to address these common cognitive errors. The remedial teaching programs were then implemented in three schools and compared with a control group. The results indicated that the students in the experimental group showed a more significant improvement. In this study, the steps of designing multi-level remedial teaching include assessment, classification, and preparing a teaching scheme, which are feasible and can have remarkable teaching effects. This process can be used for reference by teachers of various subjects.

The "Difficult Learner" in anesthesiology: Challenges, pitfalls, and recommendations.

Struggling learners often require interventions that are time-consuming and emotionally exhausting for both the trainee and faculty. Numerous barriers, including lack of resources, faculty development, and fear of legal retribution, can impede medical educators from developing and implementing robust remediation plans. Despite the large volume of literature citing professionalism education and the "hidden curriculum" as problem areas in medical education, frontline educators lack practical tools and empowerment to address unprofessionalism in trainees. The paucity of resources in this arena has led to decreased job satisfaction, increased burnout, and an exodus from academic medicine. Department leadership acknowledgment and investment in training faculty on remediation strategies for learners in difficulty and providing tools to meet these challenging job demands will improve faculty's job satisfaction and overall well-being. The authors review salient literature and methodology for diagnosing learners in difficulty, with focus on a high-yield, pragmatic approach that can be taken by medical training programs, including those that lack a robust medical education infrastructure.

Intervenção com a fluência de leitura - scoping review / Reading fluency intervention - Scoping review

A fluência de leitura envolve acurácia, velocidade de leitura e prosódia, sendo seu papel relevante na compreensão de leitura. Estudos com a fluência de leitura são escassos no Brasil, principalmente quando se refere a intervenção. A fim de auxiliar estudos brasileiros futuros, este scoping review tem como objetivo apresentar os artigos de revisão existentes sobre intervenção em fluência de leitura, buscando analisar as implicações dos resultados destas pesquisas para a prática interventiva em fluência de leitura. Os resultados demonstram nove estudos de revisão em que a leitura repetida é a estratégia mais utilizada e mais eficaz quando associada a outras estratégias. Além disso, grande parte dos estudos mostram o impacto positivo na compreensão de leitura. Conclui-se, portanto, que foi possível rastrear e analisar os estudos de intervenções eficazes em fluência de leitura, para que assim sirvam de referência para novas pesquisas brasileiras voltadas ao tema, auxiliando os profissionais.

Reading fluency involves accuracy, reading speed and prosody, with its relevant role in reading comprehension. Studies with reading fluency are scarce in Brazil, especially when referring to the intervention. In order to assist future Brazilian studies, this scoping review aims to present the existing review articles on intervention in reading fluency, seeking to analyze the implications of the results of these research for the interventional practice in reading fluency. The results show 9 review studies in which repeated reading is the most used and most effective strategy when associated with other strategies. In addition, most studies show a positive impact on reading comprehension. It is concluded, therefore, that it was possible to track and analyze the studies of effective interventions in reading fluency, so that they thus serve as a reference for new Brazilian research focused on the theme, assisting professionals.

Children 'At Risk' of Developing Specific Learning Disability in Primary Schools.

OBJECTIVES: To study the proportion of children of age 5 to 7 y at risk of specific learning disability (SLD) and to analyse the socio-demographic risk factors. METHODS: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted in six schools in Puducherry. Four hundred eighty students were enrolled and study was conducted in a triphasic approach. Phase I- Screening by teachers using SLD-SQ (Specific Leaning Disability - Screening Questionnaire); Phase II- Vision, hearing, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) assessment were done in students screened positive with SLD-SQ and those with vision or hearing impairment and subnormal intelligence were excluded; Phase III- Remaining children were subjected to NIMHANS SLD index (Level I profile). RESULTS: Of the 480 enrolled students 109 were screened positive with SLD-SQ. Twelve students were excluded in Phase II. Remaining 97 evaluated were evaluated with NIMHANS SLD index and 36 (7.5%) were screened positive. Boys (9.6%) were significantly more affected than girls (4.9%). Similarly, risk was significantly higher in students of government schools (12.1%) than private schools (2.2%). Ignoring punctuation and capitals was the commonest problem in SLD-SQ whereas, dysgraphia was most common in NIMHANS index. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows though SLD is highly prevalent and remains undiagnosed due to lack of awareness among teachers and parents. Since early intervention leads to better outcomes, Universal screening should be made mandatory and remedial teaching centres made available, accessible and economical.

Perspectivas e práticas de apoio educativo aos alunos com transtornos da linguagem em Portugal / Perspectives of remedial teaching for students with language disorders in Portugal

RESUMO Objetivo Contribuir para o conhecimento das perspectivas e práticas de apoio educativo aos alunos com transtornos da linguagem em contextos inclusivos em Portugal. Método Após revisão da bibliografia sobre o tema, foi elaborado um questionário, posteriormente aplicado a 123 professores do ensino regular. Para a análise dos dados recolhidos, foi realizada uma análise estatística descritiva e inferencial das variáveis dependentes, utilizando testes paramétricos. Resultados A análise descritiva revela que a maioria dos professores conhece o conceito de transtornos da linguagem e considera importante compreender o desenvolvimento da linguagem ao lidar com alunos com essa problemática. No entanto, mais da metade dos inquiridos acha que não possui formação nem informações suficientes acerca da aquisição e do desenvolvimento da linguagem e também não concorda que possua competências suficientes para contribuir para a identificação de alunos com transtornos da linguagem. Os resultados relativos à análise inferencial revelam diferenças estatisticamente significativas no que diz respeito ao gênero, ao tempo de serviço e ao distrito. Os resultados obtidos demonstram boas qualidades métricas no que se refere à consistência interna. Conclusão Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de formação e informação dos professores acerca da aquisição e do desenvolvimento da linguagem e, mais especificamente, dos transtornos da linguagem. Demonstram também que os professores do ensino regular poder-se-ão deparar com dificuldades no apoio educativo aos alunos com transtornos da linguagem e, particularmente, em delinear estratégias adequadas às suas necessidades, nomeadamente na elaboração de programas educativos individualizados.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze how students with Language Disorders receive remedial teaching in inclusive settings in Portugal. Methods We developed a questionnaire based on the literature review, and applied it to 123 elementary teachers in Portugal. We performed a descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of the dependent variables using parametric tests. Results Descriptive analysis revealed that most teachers know the concept of language disorders and consider it important to the development of language when supporting students with this problem. However, over half of the respondents answered that they have no training and enough information about the acquisition and development of language, and don´t consider having sufficient knowledge to contribute to the identification of students with language disorders. Results for inferential statistics showed statistically significant differences regarding gender; length of service and district, as well as a good internal consistency in relation to the questionnaire. Conclusion Results highlight the need for training and information about acquisition and development of language, and more specifically in relation to language disorders. It also showed that elementary teachers may find difficulties in intervention with students with language disorders, and particularly, to adequate strategies to their needs, particularly when developing Individualized Educational Programs for their students in a team.

Avaliação de desempenho escolar após exposição a um programa informatizado de leitura e escrita / Evaluation of school performance after exposure to a computerized reading and writing program / Evaluación de rendimento escolar después de la exposición a un programa computarizado de lectura y escritura

Esta pesquisa verificou os efeitos de um programa de ensino de leitura e escrita, o ALEPP® (Aprendendo a Ler e Escrever em Pequenos Passos)sobre o repertório acadêmico inicial de alunos de uma sala de recursos. Participaram 14 alunos de uma sala de recursos de escola pública, sendo 11 meninos e três meninas,com idade média de 10 anos e diferentes diagnósticos. Os alunos foram divididos em dois grupos (GM1 e GM2) de acordo com seus repertórios iniciais em leitura e escrita e expostos aos módulos de ensino específicos no ALEPP; GM1, com sete participantes, expostos ao ensino com palavras simples; GM2, com sete participantes, expostos ao ensino com palavras com complexidades ortográficas. O ALEPP é composto por passos que ensinam de três a quatro palavras por vez, por procedimentos que visam minimizar erros e que requerem precisão no desempenho para mudança de passo. Medidas de desempenho foram tomadas após a exposição a cada passo de ensino (internas ao ALEPP) e antes e após a intervenção pelo ALEPP pelo Teste de Desempenho Escolar (externas ao ALEPP). Os resultados demonstraram progressão nos passos do ALEPP, com baixo custo de resposta pelos participantes, e as medidas do desempenho pelo TDE indicaram diferença estatisticamente significativa sobre a melhora no repertório de leitura de ambos os grupos. O repertório de escrita melhorou, mas sem significância estatística. Discutem-se as vantagens do ALEPP em contextos aplicados, bem como modificações necessárias para estender os bons resultados em leitura para escrita.

This research verified the effects of a reading and writing teaching program, ALEPP® (Aprendendo a Ler e Escrever em Pequenos Passos; in English: "Learning to Read and Write in Small Steps") on the initial academic repertoire of students in multifunctional space. A total of 14 students participated from a public school multifunctional space, 11 boys and three girls, with an average age of 10 years and different diagnoses. The students were divided into two groups (GM1 and GM2) according to their initial repertoires in reading and writing and exposed to specific teaching modules of ALEPP; GM1, 7 participants, exposed to teaching with simple words; GM2, 7 participants, exposed to teaching with words with spelling complexities. ALEPP consists of steps that teach three to four words at a time, minimizing errors and requiring mastery of step change. Performance measures were taken after exposure to each step of teaching (internal to ALEPP) and before and after intervention by ALEPP measures by the School Performance Test (external to ALEPP).The results demonstrated progression in ALEPP steps by participants with low cost of response and performance measurements by TDE indicated a statistically significant difference on the improvement in the reading repertoire of both groups. The writing repertoire improved, but without statistical significance. The advantages of ALEPP in applied contexts is discussed, as well as the modifications necessary to extend the good results in reading for writing.

Este estudio examinó los efectos de un programa de enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura, ALEPP® (Aprender a Ler e Escrever em Pequenos Passos) en el repertorio académico inicial de los estudiantes en un salón de recursos. Se consideraron las medidas de rendimiento ofrecidas por el ALEPP y por la Prueba de Rendimiento Académico (TDE). 14 estudiantes asistieron a una sala de recursos de la escuela pública, 11 varones y tres mujeres, con edades entre los 10 años y los diferentes diagnósticos. Los estudiantes fueron divididos en dos grupos (GM1 y GM2) en función de sus repertorios iniciales en la lectura y escritura y se exponen a los módulos de enseñanza específica ALEPP; GM1, 7 participantes expuestos a la educación con palabras sencillas; GM2, 7 participantes expuestos a la enseñanza con complejidades en las palabras de ortografía. El ALEPP comprende las etapas de enseñanza de tres a cuatro palabras a la vez, para los procedimientos para minimizar los errores y requieren el dominio de cambio de paso. Las medidas de desempeño se tomaron después de la exposición a cada paso de enseñanza (internas al ALEPP) y antes y después de la intervención por el ALEPP por la Prueba de Desempeño Escolar (externas al ALEPP).Los resultados mostraron progresión en pasos ALEPP los participantes con un bajo costo de respuesta y las mediciones de rendimiento por el TDE indicaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la mejora en la lectura de repertorio de ambos grupos. El repertorio de la escritura ha mejorado, pero no estadísticamente significativa. Se analizan las ventajas ALEPP, así como las modificaciones necesarias para extender los buenos resultados por escrito a la lectura.

Literacy promotion by health care professionals: A comprehensive biomedical and psychosocial approach.

Literacy is the ability to read, write and understand print. Proficiency in literacy is fundamental to social inclusion and strongly linked to health outcomes. Thus, improving literacy is important for lifelong health promotion. Poverty, inadequate hearing, speech and vision and learning disabilities may challenge literacy development. In our review, we explore these topics and suggest recommendations to: Mitigate the Effects of Poverty, Access Comprehensive Medical Assessments, Promote Early Childhood Education and Advocate for Early Intervention and Remediation Programs.

Study Skills and Test Taking Strategies for Coaching Medical Learners Based on Identified Areas of Struggle.

INTRODUCTION: Learners in high-performing contexts such as medical school and residency are presumed to have appropriate study skills to be successful. However, for those learners in academic difficulty who are identified as having weak study skills and poor test taking skills, faculty need tools to use to lead these struggling learners to academic success. In coaching learners on study skills, we frequently found that the study skills that helped them get into medical school or residency were no longer sufficient to make them successful in their new program. Given that there are multiple study strategies available, faculty coaches need mechanisms to first tease out which skills are the issue and then provide targeted strategies specific to each learner. METHODS: In meeting with a faculty coach, learners are briefly interviewed, complete a self-assessment to explore all possible root weaknesses in their study skills, and then read strategic solutions and review with faculty how they may be implemented. This tool has been offered to 52 students, 76 residents, and 20 fellows and faculty between 2010 and 2015. RESULTS: One hundred forty-eight individuals participated in this innovation, with more than 91% of all individuals going on to pass the exam that they had either failed or, in the case of the in-training exam, scored below the 30th percentile on. CONCLUSION: A self-assessment tool is key to individualized insight and action plans for improving study skills. Implementation must be supported with concurrent in-person coaching.

Early predictors of need for remediation in the Australian general practice training program: a retrospective cohort study.

Underperforming trainees requiring remediation may threaten patient safety and are challenging for vocational training programs. Decisions to institute remediation are high-stakes-remediation being resource-intensive and emotionally demanding on trainees. Detection of underperformance requiring remediation is particularly problematic in general (family) practice. We sought to establish early-training assessment instruments predictive of general practice (GP) trainees' subsequently requiring formal remediation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of trainees from a large Australian regionally-based GP training organization. The outcome factor was requirement for formal remediation. Independent variables were demographic factors and a range of formative assessments conducted immediately prior to or during early-stage training. Analyses employed univariate and multivariate logistic regression of each predictor assessment modality with the outcome, adjusting for potential confounders. Of 248 trainees, 26 (10.5 %) required formal remediation. Performance on the Colleague Feedback Evaluation Tool (entailing feedback from a trainee's clinical colleagues on clinical performance, communication and probity) and External Clinical Teaching Visits (half-day sessions of the trainee's clinical consultations observed directly by an experienced GP), along with non-Australian primary medical qualification, were significantly associated with requiring remediation. There was a non-significant trend for association with performance on the Doctors Interpersonal Skills Questionnaire (patient feedback on interpersonal elements of the consultation). There were no significant associations with entry-selection scores or formative exam or assessment scores. Our finding that 'in vivo' assessments of complex behaviour, but not 'in vitro' knowledge-based assessments, predict need for remediation is consistent with theoretical understanding of the nature of remediation decision-making and should inform remediation practice in GP vocational training.

La Disfasia desde el enfoque de la Comunicación / Dysphasia from the communication perspective

La disfasia es un término que conceptualiza una entidad gnoseológica relacionada con la organización del lenguaje en su evolución. Es un trastorno grave y de prolongada duración que afecta a niños desde el inicio del desarrollo del lenguaje, se extiende a toda la infancia y la adolescencia y puede dejar secuelas en el estado adulto. En esta revisión bibliográfica se propone un acercamiento a la comprensión de sus dimensiones, concepto, síntomas y pautas para el diagnóstico e intervención desde el enfoque de la Comunicación.

Dysphasia is a term that conceptualizes a gnoseologic entity related to the organization of language in its evolution. It is a severe and prolonged duration disorder that affects children since the beginning of the language development and extends to all children and adolescents; it can also leave consequences in the adult stage. This review proposes an approach to the understanding of its dimensions, concept, symptoms and guidelines for the diagnosis and involvement from a communication perspective.