Caracterización de los trabajos de terminación de la especialidad en Medicina General Integral / Characterization of Completion Works of the Family Medicine Specialty

Introducción: Las investigaciones en la especialidad Medicina General Integral son actividades científicas realizadas en el campo de la salud pública que pretenden ofrecer estudio y solución a problemas dentro del proceso salud-enfermedad en individuos, familias y comunidades. Objetivo: Caracterizar los trabajos de terminación de la especialidad en Medicina General Integral, garantizando con ello el conocimiento de sus principales características para alcanzar un mayor perfeccionamiento de los mismos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación pedagógica rectorada por el método materialista-dialéctico en el Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás Astorga de la ciudad Pinar del Río, durante el curso lectivo 2017-2018. Conclusiones: Se caracterizaron los trabajos de terminación de la especialidad en Medicina General Integral pertenecientes al Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás Astorga, en ellos se identificaron dificultades, necesidades e informaciones destacadas(AU)

Introduction: Research in the family medicine specialty is the group of scientific activities carried out in the field of public health that aim to offer study and solution to problems within the health-disease process in individuals, families and communities. Objective: To characterize the completion works of the Family Medicine specialty, thereby guaranteeing the knowledge of its main characteristics in order to improve them in the future. Methods: A pedagogical research led by the materialist-dialectical method was carried out at Pedro Borrás Astorga University Polyclinic of Pinar del Río City, during the 2017-2018 school year. Conclusions: The completion works of the Family Medicine specialty at Pedro Borrás Astorga University Polyclinic were characterized, which allowed identifying difficulties, needs and outstanding information(AU)

Aproximación al Análisis de Dominio (AD) desde la investigación en Bibliotecología y Ciencia de la Información / Approach to Domain-analysis from Library and Information Science research

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un marco teórico que emergió en las últimas décadas en el ámbito de la Ciencia de la Información: el paradigma de Análisis de Dominio (AD), también denominada Teórica Analítica de Dominio, que constituye uno de los sustentos epistémicos adoptados para el desarrollo de un proyecto de investigación realizado en el Departamento de Bibliotecología de la Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Empleando como metodología la revisión teórica, se abordarán los fundamentos que originaron dicha propuesta, así como los antecedentes latentes y emergentes en indagaciones y trabajos previos a la formulación de su principal exponente, Birger Hjørland. Además, se analizará el alcance semántico de la expresión, las posibilidades teóricas que el análisis de dominio posee para el desarrollo y el afianzamiento de la investigación bibliotecológica, así como las aproximaciones metodológicas e implicaciones prácticas que su creador enuncia. Se concluye que el análisis de dominio permite reconocer los conceptos relevantes de un dominio dentro de la Ciencia de la Información, sus relaciones jerárquicas y vinculaciones semánticas con otros campos, al tiempo que permite el desarrollo de nuevas líneas investigativas y profundizar diversos aspectos teóricos de la Bibliotecología y la Ciencia de la Información.

ABSTRACT This article aims to present a theoretical framework that emerged in the last decades on the Information Science sphere: Domain-analysis --also referred as Domain-analytic theory--, which comprises one of the epistemic basis implemented as part of the development of a research project conceived on the Department of Library Science of the Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Using theoretical review as methodology, the foundations that originated the proposal will be addressed, as well as the latent and emerging antecedents in inquiries and work prior to the formulation of its main exponent, Birger Hjørland. On the other hand, the semantic scope of the expression will be analyzed, in addition to the theoretical possibilities that Domain-analysis has towards the expansion and strengthening of metatheory in library science research, as well as the methodological approaches and practical matters, both issues described by its creator. It is concluded that Domain-analysis allows recognizing relevant concepts of a domain within Information Science, its hierarchical relationships and semantic links with other fields, while allowing the development of new research lines and deepen various theoretical aspects of Library and Information Science.

Predation Attacks on Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi).

We report 2 cases of predation on an adult and a subadult spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) by a puma (Puma concolor) and an unidentified terrestrial predator at the natural protected area of Otoch Ma'ax yetel Kooh, in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Although spider monkeys are believed to experience overall low predation pressure compared to other primate species, our observations show that predation occurs in the study area and therefore behavioral strategies are likely to be in place to reduce predation risk. Our observations are further evidence that terrestrial predators are a threat for both young and full-grown spider monkeys.

El problema científico en artículos de resultado de investigación original publicados en revistas biomédicas cubanas / The scientific problem in original articles published in Cuban biomedical journals

Introducción: La formulación del problema científico en un artículo de investigación es un elemento fundamental para su comprensión y reproducibilidad. No definirlo o formularlo de manera incorrecta conduciría inevitablemente a un documento difícil de entender y de replicar. Objetivo: Identificar las líneas de investigación más comunes en revistas biomédicas cubanas indizadas en SciELO, la frecuencia de artículos de investigación con problema científico correctamente definido y los errores más comunes en su formulación. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en artículos de investigación publicados en el año 2016 en 32 revistas biomédicas cubanas indizadas en SciELO. A partir de 5 836 palabras clave se obtuvieron las líneas de investigación más frecuentes. Mediante una muestra aleatoria de 50 artículos, se estimó el porcentaje de publicaciones con problema científico correctamente definido. Se calcularon los porcentajes de errores según el tipo en cada artículo. Resultados: Las líneas de investigación más frecuentemente asociadas a las palabras clave fueron educación médica, factores de riesgo y atención secundaria de salud. Solo el 36 por ciento de los trabajos formularon correctamente el problema científico. Ningún artículo realizó una valoración crítica de este y el 58 por ciento incluyó métodos para abordarlo. Conclusiones: Las líneas de investigación identificadas en los artículos estudiados pueden ser de poco interés para la investigación biomédica. Los artículos de investigación con problemas científicos no definidos o formulados de forma incorrecta incrementan las dificultades para el análisis, la discusión y la crítica de los resultados científicos. Los errores más comunes en la formulación del problema científico sugieren que la motivación principal podría no ser la divulgación de un resultado científico, sino la publicación en sí misma(AU)

Introduction: The formulation of the scientific problem in a research article is a key element for its understanding and reproducibility. If it is not defined or if it is incorrectly formulated, it would inevitably lead to the creation of a document which would be very difficult to understand and replicate. Objective: To identify the most common lines of research in Cuban biomedical journals indexed in SciELO, the frequency of research articles with a correctly defined scientific problem, and the most common errors in its formulation. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in research articles that were published in 2016 in 32 Cuban biomedical journals indexed in SciELO. The most frequent lines of research were obtained from 5 836 keywords. The percentage of publication with a correctly defined scientific problem was estimated by a random selection of a sample of 50 articles, and the percentage of publications with a correctly defined scientific problem was also calculated. Percentages of errors according to type were measured in each article. Results: The most frequent lines of research associated with keywords were: medical education, risk factors, and secondary health care. Only 36 percent of the works formulated the scientific problem correctly. No article made a critical assessment of it, and the 58 percent included methods to address it. Conclusions: The lines of research identified in the articles under study may appear to be of minor interest for biomedical research. The research articles with not defined or incorrectly formulated scientific problems increase the difficulties for their analysis, discussion, and review of scientific results. The most common errors in the formulation of the scientific problem suggest that the main motivation could not be the dissemination of a scientific result, but the publication itself(AU)

Influência do modelo experimental e do substrato nas alterações do esmalte clareado / Influence of experimental model and substrate on alterations of clarified enamel

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência do modelo experimental e substrato nas alterações do esmalte dental decorrentes do tratamento clareador de consultório em diferentes tempos de análise. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 140 discos contendo esmalte e dentina foram confeccionados, a dentina planificada e o esmalte polido e submetido ao teste de microdureza de superfície em KHN (MS) para padronização e seleção inicial dos espécimes (n= 80). A seguir, foram divididos em 8 grupos (n=10): G1- Controle in vitro em dentes humanos (VHC); G2- Clareamento in vitro utilizando agente clareador Pola Office a base de peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% (Pola PH 35%) em dentes humanos (VHP); G3- Controle in situ em dentes humanos (SHC); G4- Clareamento in situ com Pola PH 35% em dentes humanos (SHP); G5- Controle in vitro em dentes bovinos (VBC); G6- Clareamento in vitro com Pola PH 35% em dentes bovinos (VBP); G7- Controle in situ dentes bovinos (SBC); G8- Clareamento in situ com Pola PH 35% em dentes bovinos (SBP). O esmalte dental foi avaliado quantitativamente pelas análises de rugosidade, MS e microdureza longitudinal do esmalte em KHN (ML) e qualitativamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As análises de rugosidade e MS foram realizadas antes do início do tratamento (T0), após a 3° semana de tratamento (T1) e 15 dias após o término do tratamento (T2). Já a análise de ML e as imagens de MEV foram realizadas apenas em T2. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de homocedasticidade Shapiro-wilk, em seguida, foi realizada à análise de variância (ANOVA) dois fatores medidas-repetidas e pós-teste de Tukey ou Sidak (p<0,05) ou teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste post hoc de Wilcoxon com correção de Bonferroni. Resultados: Na comparação entre os modelos in vitro e in situ, em todas as análises realisadas, pode-se notar diferença estatisticamente significante 15 dias após o término do tratamento clareador (p< 0,05), sendo evidente a recuperação do esmalte dentário no modelo in situ. Com relação aos substratos, estes apresentaram diferença estatística nas análises de MS e ML (p> 0,05). No tocante a análise dos grupos ao longo do tempo, nas variáveis rugosidade e MS, observou-se diferenças estatísticas (p<0,05), comprovando a ação negativa do tratamento clareador em T1, seguida em T2 pela manutenção dessas alterações no grupo in vitro e recuperação dessas superfícies nos grupos in situ. Conclui-se que: O modelo experimental foi decisivo para o estudo das alterações do esmalte dentário clareado, pois, o modelo in situ permite redução ou recomposição das alterações dentárias promovidas pelo tratamento clareador. - Em pesquisas sobre o clareamento dental, ambos os substratos empregados neste estudo podem ser utilizados, desde que, as diferenças existentes entre eles sejam consideradas no momento da interpretação dos dados. - Os diferentes tempos de análise foram determinantes para a observação da ação do agente clareador sobre a estrutura dental(AU)

Objective: The objective of the present study was to analyze, influence, model, experimental, substrate, birth, treatment, repair, surgery, different times, analysis. Materials and Methods: a total of 140 discotheques containing enamel and dentin were made, a planned dentin and polished omalmalte and submitted to the surface microhardness test in KHN (MS) for standardization and initial selection of spagos (n = 80). They were divided into 8 groups (n = 10): G1- In vitro control in human teeth (VHC); G2- In vitro bleaching, for example, Pola Office whitening agent, 35% hydrogen peroxide base (Pola PH 35%) in human teeth (VHP); G3-In situ control in human teeth (SHC); G4- In situ bleaching with Pola PH 35% in human teeth (SHP); G5- In vitro control in bovine teeth (VBC); G6- In vitro whitening with PH Pola 35% in bovine teeth (VBP); G7- In situ control of bovine teeth (SBC); G8- In situ bleaching with Pola PH 35% in bovine teeth (SBP). The enamel was evaluated quantitatively in the analysis of roughness, MS and longitudinal microhardness of the enamel in KHN (ML) and qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The roughness and MS analyzes were performed before the start of treatment (T0), after one week of treatment (T1) and 15 days after treatment (T2). Already an ML analysis and as SEM images were performed only in T2. The data were submitted to the Shapiro-wilk homoscedasticity test, then performed in analysis of variance (ANOVA) of measures and Tukey or Sidak test repetitions (p <0.05) or Friedman's test, by the post test Hoc analysis of Wilcoxon with Bonferroni correction. Results: In the relativity of in vitro and in situ models, a statistically significant difference can be observed 15 days after the end of the bleaching treatment (p <0.05) in all analyzes, In situ. Regarding the substrates, these presented a statistical difference in the MS and ML analyzes (p> 0.05). Regarding the analysis of the groups over time, in the roughness and MS variables, statistical statistics (p <0.05) were observed, proving a negative action of the bleaching treatment in T1, instead of T2 through maintenance, there were no groups In vitro and surface recovery in in situ groups. It is concluded that: The experimental model was decisive for the study of the author's keywords, the in situ model allows to reduce or to reward the dental alternatives promoted by the bleaching treatment. - In research on dental bleaching of the substrates used in the study can be used, since, as residues between them, are not considered in the interpretation version of the data. - The different times of analysis were determinant for an observation of the action of the bleaching agent on a dental structure(AU)

Análisis de los proyectos del sector agropecuario financiados por Colciencias durante el año 2010 / Analysis of agricultural projects funded by Colciencias during 2010

Objetivo. Analizar los proyectos del sector agropecuario financiados por Colciencias durante el año 2010. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la base de datos de registro de proyectos correspondientes al Programa Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Agropecuarias para identificar las propuestas presentadas, elegibles y financiadas de las convocatorias del año 2010. Los proyectos se clasificaron con base en la nomenclatura Internacional de la UNESCO para los campos de la ciencia y la tecnología. Se identificó la convocatoria, campos, disciplinas, rama productiva, entidades participantes, departamento de ejecución y montos financiados. Resultados. Durante el año 2010 Colciencias recibió un total de 4.725 propuestas para financiación, de éstas, 790 correspondieron al Programa Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Agropecuaria. Las disciplinas de los proyectos financiados, fueron en su mayoría pertenecientes al subsector agrícola, seguido por el pecuario y el agroindustrial. Las universidades públicas fueron el tipo de entidad ejecutora al que se le financió un mayor número de proyectos. Los departamentos en los cuales se ejecutó la mayoría de las propuestas financiadas fueron Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyacá y Tolima. Conclusiones. El Programa Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Agropecuaria recibió el 16.7% del total de proyectos recibidos por Colciencias en sus convocatorias del año 2010. El mayor número de proyectos recibidos, elegibles y financiables fueron del subsector agrícola y estuvieron presentados y ejecutados por universidades públicas. La inversión total de Colciencias en proyectos del sector agropecuario fue de $32.923.594.000 con un aporte de contrapartida de $33.225.740.000.

Objective. Identify and analyze the science, technology and innovation projects of the agriculturaland livestock sector, funded by Colciencias during 2010. Materials and methods. The registrationdatabase of Colciencias was used to identify eligible and funded project proposals by the NationalProgram of Agricultural Science, Technology and Innovation among 2010 calls. The projects wereclassified based on the UNESCO International nomenclature for the fields of science and technology.The variables identified for each project were: number of the call, field, discipline, subdiscipline,productive chain, participating institutions and execution department. Results. In 2010 Colcienciasreceived a total of 4,725 research proposals for funding, of these the National Program of AgriculturalScience, Technology and Innovation received 790 projects. The disciplines of the projects financedwere mostly from the agricultural subsector, followed by livestock and agribusiness. Public universitieswere the type of entity that received most of the funding for research projects. The departments thatreceived most of the funding from Colciencias were Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyaca and Tolima.Conclusions. The National Program of Agricultural Science, Technology and Innovation received16.7% of all projects received by Colciencias calls in 2010. Most of the projects submitted, eligible andfunded were from the agricultural subsector. Most of these projects were presented and implementedby public universities. Total investment of Colciencias to fund the agricultural sector was $32,923,594with a matching contribution of $33.225.740, 50.2% of total project value.

Elaboração do projeto na pesquisa fenomenológica em enfermagem / Preparation of design in phenomenological research in nursing / Elaboración del proyecto en la investigación fenomenológica en enfermería

As pesquisas orientadas fenomenologicamente caracterizam-se pela flexibilidade. Não cabe, portanto, definirnormas rígidas a respeito do projeto que as orienta. Como, porém, muitas dessas pesquisas têm como propósito aobtenção de um título acadêmico, seus autores, com frequência, sentem dificuldade para adaptar sua proposta depesquisa aos requisitos definidos pelas instituições. Assim, apresenta-se o presente trabalho que tem como objetivodiscutir as vantagens e desvantagens da elaboração de projetos de pesquisas orientadas fenomenologicamente, bemcomo esclarecer acerca dos componentes que integram esses projetos. Para sua elaboração foram consideradascontribuições teóricas de pesquisadores que se dedicam à pesquisa fenomenológica, bem como a análise deprojetos de pesquisa submetidos a instituições de ensino superior. Discute-se inicialmente o papel do projeto naspesquisas fenomenológicas. Em seguida, passa-se à apresentação organizada ? sempre seguida de discussão ? doselementos sugeridos para composição de um projeto de pesquisa.

Phenomenological researches are characterized by flexibility. Not responsible therefore set strict rules about the projectdesign. As, however, much of this research are intended to obtain an academic title, the authors often go to havetrouble adapting their research proposal to the requirements set by the institutions. Thus, it appears that this paper aimsto discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the development of phenomenological researches and also explainabout the components that make up these projects. For its construction were considered theoretical contributionsof investigators engaged in phenomenological research, as well as analysis of research projects submitted to highereducation institutions. It discusses first the role of design in phenomenological research. Then present the organizedpresentation - always followed by discussion - the items suggested to compose a research project.

Las investigaciones fenomenológicamente orientadas se caracterizan por su flexibilidad. No cabe, por lo tanto,establecer normas estrictas al respecto del proyecto que las orienta. Pero, como muchas de esos estudios tienen lafinalidad de obtener un grado académico, sus autores a menudo tienen dificultades para adaptar su propuesta deinvestigación a los requisitos establecidos por las instituciones. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo discutirlas ventajas y desventajas de la elaboración de proyectos de investigación orientados fenomenológicamente, asícomo esclarecer acerca de los componentes que conforman esos proyectos. Para su elaboración se consideraron lascontribuciones teóricas de los investigadores dedicados a la investigación fenomenológica, así como el análisis de losproyectos de investigación presentados a las instituciones de educación superior. Inicialmente, se discute el rol del proyecto en las investigaciones fenomenológicas. En seguida, se presentan organizadamente, siempre acompañadode un debate, los elementos sugeridos para la constitución de un proyecto de investigación.

Caracterização dos projetos de pesquisa farmacológica avaliados por um comitê de ética em pesquisa de hospital universitário / Characterization of clinical research projects with new drugs evaluated by a research ethics committee of a university hospital

Introdução: O Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) é responsável por garantir e resguardar a integridade e os direitos dos participantes de pesquisa, através da revisão de projetos de pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos. Objetivos: Caracterizar os 56 projetos de pesquisa com novos fármacos patrocinados submetidos ao CEP/HCPA em 2004. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de caráter observacional. Os dados foram coletados a partir do sistema GPPG 8.0, referente à especialidade médica à qual os projetos estavam vinculados, às fases dos estudos clínicos, assim como às etapas de avaliação, aprovação e execução dos mesmos. Esta pesquisa foi submetida ao CEP do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) GPPG 10-202. Resultados: Em relação à especialidade médica, houve um predomínio de estudos na área de Oncologia (16,1%). Com relação à fase de desenvolvimento da pesquisa, a maioria de fase III (69,66%), seguidos dos de fase II (16,07%). A taxa de aprovação dos projetos foi de 92,8%. O prazo médio para aprovação final pelo CEP foi de 168,21dias. Nos estudos patrocinados de 2004 o item mais frequente foi o orçamento (35,7%), seguido do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) com 28,6%. Cerca de 69,6% dos estudos foram realizados no período estabelecido pelo cronograma, com a média de dois anos de execução. Conclusão: Este estudo aponta a importância do processo de avaliação pelos CEP em relação aos protocolos de pesquisa farmacológica, através da verificação de aspectos éticos, científicos, regulatórios e legais para que seja possível a sua execução de forma adequada.

Background: The Research Ethics Committee (REC) is responsible for ensuring and safeguarding the integrity and rights of research participants by reviewing research projects involving human subjects. Aim: To characterize all 56 industry-sponsored research projects with new drugs submitted to the REC/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil, in 2004. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study. Data were collected from the GPPG 8.0 system, according to the medical specialty to which the projects pertain, clinical trial phase, and study stage (assessment, approval, or implementation stage). This study was submitted to the REC/HCPA (GPPG No. 10-202). Results: Regarding medical specialty, most studies were conducted in the field of oncology (16.1%). With respect to study phase, most studies were phase III trials (69.66%), followed by phase II trials (16.07%). Project approval rate was 92.8%. Mean time to final approval by the REC was 168.21 days. Among industry-sponsored studies conducted in 2004, the most common item was budget (35.7%), followed by informed consent (28.6%). About 69.6% of studies were performed within the scheduled time period, with an average of two years for implementation. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of the evaluation process by the REC in relation to drug research protocols, through monitoring of ethical, scientific, regulatory, and legal requirements, to ensure the proper implementation of research projects.

Copiar, cortar y pegar en el desarrollo de investigaciones científicas / Copying, cutting and pasting in the development of scientific research

La información científica disponible a través de los medios digitales crece geométricamente, su inadecuada selección tributa negativamente al desarrollo de las investigaciones y a la credibilidad del nuevo conocimiento. El presente artículo tiene el propósito de mostrar el impacto negativo que puede tener la facilidad que brindan las opciones de copiar, cortar y pegar en el proceso de la investigación científica cuando son mal empleadas. Se realizó el análisis del contenido de la primera versión del acápite de la Introducción a 50 proyectos de investigación de maestrías. Se tomaron en cuenta aspectos esenciales como son: el planteamiento adecuado del problema de investigación, sus antecedentes, fundamentación teórica y necesidad de investigarlo. En cada uno de estos aspectos se evaluó el uso de copiar, cortar y pegar la documentación utilizada. Se puede concluir que, con frecuencia no despreciable, el análisis, síntesis, abstracción y generalización del pensamiento científico son sustituidas por el proceso de copiar, cortar y pegar, también surgen problemas éticos que se manifiestan en la omisión de las fuentes de información. Se recomienda la búsqueda de alternativas metodológicas que permitan enseñar con calidad el uso de las opciones de copiar, cortar y pegar en el contexto investigativo y a la vez combatir su mal uso en los informes presentados por los estudiantes en cada momento de su formación.

Available scientific information on digital media increases geometrically. The incorrect selection of this information negatively contributes to the development of research and the credibility of the new acquired knowledge. The present paper was aimed at showing the possible negative impact of the options called copy, cut and paste on the process of scientific research when they are misused. The contents of the first draft of the section Introduction to 50 research projects included in Master´s courses at national and international levels were reviewed. Essential issues were taken into consideration like the adequate statement of the research problem; its antecedents, theoretical substantiation and needs for research. The use of copying, cutting and pasting in the documentation was evaluated in each of these aspects. It was concluded that the analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization of the scientific thinking are often replaced by the process of copying, cutting and pasting and that ethical problems exist when information sources are omitted. The article recommended the search for methodological alternatives that will allow properly teaching the use of copy, cut and paste options in the research context, and at the same time fighting the misuse of these options in the reports submitted by students in the course of their formation.