Hypertonic saline and heart failure: "sodium-centric" or "chlorine-centric"?

Up to 50% of patients admitted for heart failure (HF) have congestion at discharge despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances. Both persistent congestion and diuretic resistance are associated with worse prognosis. The combination of hypertonic saline and loop diuretic has shown promising results in different studies. However, it has not yet achieved a standardized use, partly because of the great heterogeneity in the concentration of sodium chloride, the dose of diuretic or the amount of sodium in the diet. Classically, the movement of water from the intracellular space due to an increase in extracellular osmolarity has been postulated as the main mechanism involved. However, chloride deficit is postulated as the main up-regulator of plasma volume changes, and its correction may be the main mechanism involved. This "chloride centric" approach to heart failure opens the door to therapeutic strategies that would include diuretics to correct hypochloremia, as well as sodium free chloride supplementation.

Efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular: una revisión sistemática / Effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review / Efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática fue determinar los efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Science, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: 'cluster training', 'rest Interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' y 'cross sectional area'. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos que utilizaron el entrenamiento cluster como intervención en personas mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos. Resultados: La revisión sistemática obtenida durante la búsqueda de las bases de datos consultadas arrojó un total de 23 artículos, potencialmente elegibles, de los cuales se tomó una muestra de 9, con los que se podían obtener resultados que respondían al objetivo de esta revisión. La cantidad de participantes de los 9 artículos elegibles fue de 172 sujetos. Los entrenamientos cluster permiten aumentar el volumen de entrenamiento y la intensidad sin provocar elevados niveles de fatiga, favoreciendo así el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular. Conclusiones: Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática sugieren que los entrenamientos cluster pueden ser una herramienta eficaz para el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy. Methodology: A literature search was performed in the electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, using the following keywords: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' and 'cross sectional area'. We included clinical trials that used cluster training as an intervention in people over 18 years of age of both sexes. Results: The systematic review obtained during the search of the databases consulted yielded a total of 23 potentially eligible articles, of which a sample of 9 was taken from which results could be obtained that responded to the objective of this review. The number of participants from the 9 eligible articles was 172 subjects. Cluster workouts allow for increased training volume and intensity without causing high levels of fatigue, thus favoring the development of muscle hypertrophy. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review suggest that cluster training can be an effective tool for the development of muscle hypertrophy.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi determinar os efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma busca na literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' e 'cross sectional area'. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que utilizaram o treinamento em cluster como intervenção em pessoas com mais de 18 anos de ambos os sexos. Resultados: A revisão sistemática realizada durante a busca nas bases de dados consultadas resultou em um total de 23 artigos potencialmente elegíveis, dos quais uma amostra de 9 foi selecionada para obter resultados que respondessem ao objetivo desta revisão. O número de participantes nos 9 artigos elegíveis foi de 172 indivíduos. Os treinos em cluster permitem um aumento no volume e na intensidade do treinamento sem causar altos níveis de fadiga, favorecendo assim o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular. Conclusões: Os resultados desta revisão sistemática sugerem que o treinamento em cluster pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular.

Presentation of the ATLETAS DA VOZ™ Conditioning Program

Objectives: To present a simple form of vocal and breathing conditioning for voice professionals based on concepts from vocal science. The vocal conditioning program called Voice Athletes Conditioning uses the principles of exercise physiology to gradually improve vocal and respiratory overload to achieve endurance, power, and flexibility. Methods: Due to our personal experience with high voice users, we synthesized a vocal conditioning program (AVCP) that combines voice science, exercise physiology, sports science and physical therapy principles. This is an 8-week program of daily vocal and breathing exercises with overload enhancement each week using different types of breathing devices and semi-occluded vocal tract exercises, designed and developed according to the specific requirements and performance of the voice professional. Reflections: Professional voice users often experience episodes of vocal fatigue that can directly affect their performance and vocal health. As with physical training for athletes, voice exercises can also contribute to improving vocal conditioning, preventing voice disorders, as well as helping to obtain better performance, greater tolerance to fatigue and shorter recovery time. Conclusions: AVCP is an approach that considers the principles of muscle training aimed objectively at the respiratory and vocal muscles, carried out with a variety of breathing devices and specific vocal exercises in search of greater performance time, less physiological stress, and shorter recovery time in the professional use of the voice.

Objetivos: Presentar una forma sencilla de acondicionamiento vocal y respiratorio para profesionales de la voz, basada en conceptos de la ciencia vocal. El programa de acondicionamiento vocal denominado Voice Athletes Conditioning utiliza los principios de la fisiología del ejercicio para mejorar gradualmente la sobrecarga vocal y respiratoria, con el fin de lograr resistencia, potencia y flexibilidad. Métodos: Debido a nuestra experiencia personal con usuarios de voz aguda, sintetizamos un programa de acondicionamiento vocal (AVCP) que combina principios de la ciencia de la voz, la fisiología del ejercicio, las ciencias del deporte y la fisioterapia. Se trata de un programa de 8 semanas de ejercicios vocales y respiratorios diarios con realce de sobrecarga cada semana utilizando diferentes tipos de dispositivos respiratorios y ejercicios semioclusivos del tracto vocal, diseñado y desarrollado de acuerdo con los requerimientos específicos y el rendimiento del profesional de la voz. Reflexiones: Los usuarios profesionales de la voz experimentan a menudo episodios de fatiga vocal que pueden afectar directamente su rendimiento y salud vocal. Al igual que ocurre con el entrenamiento físico de los deportistas, los ejercicios vocales también pueden contribuir a mejorar el acondicionamiento vocal, prevenir trastornos de la voz, además de ayudar a obtener un mejor rendimiento, una mayor tolerancia a la fatiga y un menor tiempo de recuperación. Conclusiones: El AVCP es un enfoque que considera los principios del entrenamiento muscular dirigido objetivamente a la musculatura respiratoria y vocal, realizado con diversos aparatos respiratorios y ejercicios vocales específicos en busca de un mayor tiempo de actuación, menor estrés fisiológico y menor tiempo de recuperación en el uso profesional de la voz.

Characterization of wound infections among patients injured during the Ruso-Ukrainian war in a Role 4 hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The management of infections in war wounds is a problem aggravated by the presence of multiresistant bacteria and requires a combined approach with surgery. Literature has identified the risks and patterns of antibiotic resistance in previous armed conflicts, but the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has required the study of specific bacterial resistance patterns. METHODS: We included war-injured patients from the Russian-Ukrainian conflict transferred for treatment to the General Defense Hospital of Zaragoza from May 2022 to October 2023. Epidemiological data, factors related to the injury, presence of infection and microbiological results were collected; These data were subsequently analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 35.6 years; 83% were injured by an explosive mechanism and all received antibiotic therapy prior to transfer. Seventeen patients had skin, soft tissue or joint infection. Correlation was demonstrated with the presence of bone lesion (p 0.03), skin coverage defect (p 0.000) and presence of foreign bodies (p 0.006). Nine patients had monomicrobial cultures, and the most frequently isolated microorganisms were Gram negative bacilli (GNB) and Staphylococcus aureus. Virtually all GNB presented some resistance mechanism. CONCLUSION: Our work shows the correlation of war wound infection with the presence of foreign bodies and affected tissues. Likewise, the presence of polymicrobial wounds is emphasized, with a predominance of GNB and multidrug-resistant S. aureus.

[Physiological assessment and management of post-COVID patients with normal cardiopulmonary imaging and functional tests]. / Valoración fisiológica y manejo de pacientes post-COVID con pruebas funcionales cardiopulmonares y de imagen normales.

OBJECTIVE: Contributing to elucidate the pathophysiology of dyspnoea and exertion intolerance in post-COVID syndrome patients with normal cardiopulmonary imaging and functional tests at rest, while determining their fitness and level of endurance in order to individualize working parameters for physical rehabilitation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After an anamnesis and clinical examination at rest, 27 subjects (50±11.9 years) (14 women) with post-COVID syndrome of more than 6 months of evolution performed a continuous maximal-incremental graded cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with breath-by-breath gas-exchange monitoring and continuous ECG registration, on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. The values obtained were compared with those of reference, gender or controls, using the Chi-square, t-Student or ANOVA test. RESULTS: The clinical examination at rest and the CPET were clinically normal and without adverse events. Reasons for stopping exercise were leg discomfort. It is only worth noting a BMI=29.9±5.8kg/m2 and a basal lactate concentration of 2.1±0.7mmol/L. The physiological assessment of endurance showed the following results relative to predicted VO2máx: 1)peakVO2=80.5±18.6%; 2)VO2 at ventilatory threshold1 (VO2VT1): 46.0±12.9%; 3)VO2VT2: 57.2±16.4%; 4)working time in acidosis: 5.6±3,0minutes; and 5)maximum lactate concentration: 5.1±2.2mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: The CPET identified limited aerobic metabolism and early increase in glycolytic metabolism as causes of dyspnoea and exercise intolerance, determined fitness for physical rehabilitation, and individualized it based on the level of endurance.

Antivirales de acción directa contra la hepatitis C: revisión narrativa / Direct acting antivirals against hepatitis C: Literature review

Desde los años ochenta se ha explorado el tratamiento para el virus de la hepatitis C, aunque en ese entonces los medicamentos disponibles eran poco toleradas y poco eficaces. En el 2011, la introducción de antivirales de acción directa transformó significativamente el curso de la enfermedad, logrando tasas de curación superiores al 90 % en los pacientes. Este avance ha permitido prevenir complicaciones futuras con efectos adversos mínimos. La presente revisión aborda la línea de tiempo del descubrimiento de los antivirales, su mecanismo de acción, sus indicaciones y potencial impacto en la salud pública.

Since the 1980s, the treatment of hepatitis C has been explored, although at that time, the available medications were poorly tolerated and ineffective. In 2011, the introduction of direct-acting antivirals significantly transformed the course of the disease, achieving cure rates of over 90% in patients. This advance has made it possible to prevent future complications with minimal adverse effects. This review addresses the timeline of the discovery of antivirals, their mechanism of action, and their impact on medicine.

Screening of essential oils against oxacillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis / Screening de aceites esenciales frente a Staphylococcus aureus oxacilino - resistentes extraidos de aislados de mastitis bovina

Bovine mastitis is a disease wi th far - reaching consequences for the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that is especially resistant to antibiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils Lippia citriodora (Lam.), Thy mus vulgaris (L), and a mixture of the essential oils Lippia citriodora and Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v), against isolates of oxacillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=15) of positive cases of bovine mastitis. For the statistical analysis, the IBM SPSS s tatistical package was used. The mixture of essential oils ( Lippia citriodora and Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v)) obtained the most significant antimicrobial activity in relation to pure essential oils. It is therefore concluded that the mixture of these oils boosts their antimicrobial activity ( p <0.05). The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of this mixture for the total isolations was 12 µL/L and 25 µL/mL, respectively.

La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad de gran impacto para la industria lechera. El Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los principales patógenos, especialmente aquellos resistentes a los antibióticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de los aceites esenciales de Lippia citriodora (Lam.), Thymus vulgaris (L), y una mezcla de aceites esenciales de Lippia citriodora y Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v), frente a aislamientos clínicos de Staph ylococcus aureus oxacilino - resistentes (n=15) de mastitis bovina. Se utilizó p rograma estadístico IBM SPSS y se concluyó la diferencia significativa a un p <0.05. La mezcla de aceites esenciales ( Lippia citriodora y Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v)), obtuvo la m ayor actividad antimicrobiana en relación a los aceites esenciales puros, se concluye que la mezcla de estos aceites potencia su actividad antimicrobiana ( p <0.019). La concentración mínima inhibitoria y bactericida de esta mezcla fue del 12 µL/mL y 25 µL/m L, respectivamente, y puede ser una alternativa terapéutica.

Effect of different decontamination agents on the bond strength of CAD/CAM blocks and repair composite materials / Efecto de diferentes agentes descontaminantes sobre la resistencia de unión de bloques CAD/CAM y resinas compuestas

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different decontamination agents on the bond strength of saliva-contaminated CAD/CAM blocks and repair composite materials. Two hunderd eighty 3-mm-thick specimens were prepared from four different CAD/CAM materials: Katana Zirconia UTML disc, IPS e.max CAD block, Shofu block, and Vita Enamic block. Each material was divided into seven different subgroups (N=70). Group 1 had a clean surface. The other groups were comprised of the samples, which were contaminated with human saliva: group 2: negative control (non-cleaned); group 3: cleaned with water spray; group 4: cleaned with 70% ethanol; group 5: cleaned with Ivoclean; group 6: cleaned with Katana Cleaner; and group 7: cleaned with phosphoric acid. After the decontamination protocols, the resin composite cylinders were bonded to the CAD/CAM surfaces with a thin layer of dual-cured resin cement. The samples were stored for 24 hours at 37°C in distilled water. Then, they were subjected to a shear bond strength test (SBS). The values were recorded, and fracture types were evaluated using a microscope. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. Generally, all decontaminating agents improved the SBS of composites to Katana Zirconia UTML, IPS e.max, and Vita Enamic materials (p<0.05). However, for Shofu materials, group 6 samples exhibited significantly higher bond strength values as compared with group 2 samples (p=0.026). The highest SBS values were seen in the phosphoric acid-treated group in Katana zirconia materials (26.45 ± 9.38 MPa), whereas the lowest values were seen in group 2 samples in Shofu materials (13.17±3.40 MPa). Each decontaminant agent improved the bond strength of composites to the contaminated CAD/CAM materials. If saliva is not cleaned before adhesive procedure, SBS values may decrease. All decontamination agents can be used safely on zirconia, lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic, hybrid ceramic, and polymer-infiltrated ceramic surfaces.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de diferentes agentes descontaminantes sobre la fuerza de unión de bloques CAD/CAM contaminados con saliva y materiales compuestos de reparación. Se prepararon doscientas ochenta muestras de 3 mm de espesor a partir de cuatro materiales CAD/CAM diferentes: disco Katana Zirconia UTML, bloque IPS e.max CAD, bloque Shofu y bloque Vita Enamic. Cada material se dividió en siete subgrupos diferentes (N=70). El grupo 1 tenía una superficie limpia. Los otros grupos estaban compuestos por muestras que estaban contaminadas con saliva humana: grupo 2: control negativo (no limpio); grupo 3: limpiado con agua pulverizada; grupo 4: limpiado con etanol al 70%; grupo 5: limpiado con Ivoclean; grupo 6: limpiado con Katana Cleaner; y grupo 7: limpiado con ácido fosfórico. Después de los protocolos de descontaminación, los cilindros de composite de resina se adhirieron a las superficies CAD/CAM con una fina capa de cemento de resina de curado dual. Las muestras se almacenaron durante 24 horas a 37°C en agua destilada. Luego, fueron sometidos a una prueba de resistencia al corte (SBS). Se registraron los valores y se evaluaron los tipos de fracturas utilizando un microscopio. Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA de dos factores y la prueba post-hoc de Tukey. En general, todos los agentes descontaminantes mejoraron el SBS de los composites con los materiales Katana Zirconia UTML, IPS e.max y Vita Enamic (p<0,05). Sin embargo, para los materiales Shofu, las muestras del grupo 6 exhibieron valores de fuerza de unión significativamente más altos en comparación con las muestras del grupo 2 (p=0,026). Los valores más altos de SBS se observaron en el grupo tratado con ácido fosfórico en materiales de circonio Katana (26,45 ± 9,38 MPa), mientras que los valores más bajos se observaron en las muestras del grupo 2 en materiales Shofu (13,17 ± 3,40 MPa). Cada agente descontaminante mejoró la fuerza de unión de los composites a los materiales CAD/CAM contaminados. Si no se limpia la saliva antes del procedimiento adhesivo, los valores de SBS pueden disminuir. Todos los agentes descontaminantes se pueden utilizar de forma segura en superficies de circonio, cerámica de vidrio de disilicato de litio, cerámica híbrida y cerámica con infiltraciones de polímeros.

Resistencia antibiótica y aspectos clínicos de Neisseria gonorrhoeae anorrectal en un hospital de CABA, Argentina / Antimicrobial resistance and clinical aspects in anorectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a hospital in CABA, Argentina

La infección por Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) es considerada de alta prioridad en salud pública, por su capacidad para desarrollar resistencia a la mayoría de los antibióticos empleados para tratarla. La presentación anorrectal suele ser asintomática y frecuente en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). En Argentina, se recomienda terapia antibiótica dual (ceftriaxona+azitromicina/doxiciclina) como primera línea empírica. Este estudio observacional y retrospectivo se realizó para evaluar el porcentaje de positividad de NG anorrectal, el perfil de sensibilidad a penicilina, tetraciclina, ciprofloxacina, ceftriaxona, cefixima y azitromicina, así como los aspectos clínicos-epidemiológicos de los pacientes atendidos entre 20/10/2015 y 20/03/2020 en consultorios coloproctológicos de un hospital público. Se detectaron 55/436 hisopados rectales positivos para NG (13%). El 95% era HSH y 71%, VIH+. En 18/55 NG fue la única infección. Las co-infecciones más frecuentes: HPV (38%) y C. trachomatis (35%). La sensibilidad a cefalosporinas de espectro extendido (CEE) y a azitromicina fueron 100% y 98%, respectivamente. Se observó la emergencia local de los primeros cinco aislamientos de NG anorrectal con sensibilidad reducida (SR) a CEE, el primer aislamiento con categoría no-sensible a azitromicina y otro con SR a azitromicina concomitantemente con SR a CEE. Aunque el uso de terapia empírica dual sigue siendo adecuado para nuestra institución, se observó la emergencia de aislamientos con SR y NS a las drogas de primera línea, evidenciando la importancia de la vigilancia epidemiológica a nivel local para definir los tratamientos empíricos.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection is considered a high public health priority because of its ability to develop resistance to most of the antibiotics used to treat it.The anorectal presentation is generally asymptomatic and frequent in men who have sex with men (MSM). In Argentina, dual therapy (ceftriaxone+azithromycin/doxycycline) is recommended as first line empiric therapy.This observational and retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the percentage of anorectal NG positivity, the susceptibility profile to penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefixime and azithromycin, as well as the clinical-epidemiological aspects of patients attended between 20/10/2015 and 20/03/2020 in coloproctology of a public hospital.We detected 55/436 positive rectal swabs for NG (13%). 95% were MSM and 71% were PLHIV. In 18/55 NG was the only infection. The most frequent co-infections: HPV (38%) and C. trachomatis (35%).Susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) and azithromycin was 100% and 98%, respectively. Local emergence of the first five anorectal NG isolates with decreased susceptibility (DS) to ESCs, the first isolate with nonsusceptible category to azithromycin and another with DS to azithromycin concomitantly with DS to ESCs were observed.Although the use of dual empirical therapy continues to be adequate for our institution, the emergence of isolates with DS and NS to first-line drugs was observed, evidencing the importance of epidemiological surveillance at the local level to define empirical treatments

Resistencia antimicrobiana de Enterobacterias causante de infección del tracto urinario en pacientes ambulatorios / Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infection in ambulatory patients / Resistência antimicrobiana de Enterobacteriaceae causadora de infecção do trato urinário em pacientes ambulatoriais

Las infecciones del tracto urinario son consideradas un problema de salud a nivel hospitalario y comunitario por el aumento de bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos. Objetivo: Analizar el patrón de susceptibilidad y resistencia antimicrobiana de Enterobacterias causante de infección del tracto urinario. Métodos: Se aplicó una investigación descriptiva de diseño documental. La población fue de 672 registros de urocultivos positivos, recopilados de la base de datos del Laboratorio San Pablo en el periodo 2021-2022. Para su tabulación y análisis los datos obtenidos fueron procesados en el Software SPSS versión 25.0. Resultados: Las ITU se presentan con mayor frecuencia en el género femenino 86,5%. El grupo etario con más afección es la edad adulta 50,4%. El agente etiológico con mayor incidencia fue Escherichia coli 75,74%, Citrobacter Freundii 8,93%, Klebsiella spp 6,10%. La producción de BLEE como mecanismo de resistencia predominaron en las cepas de E.coli y Klebsiella spp. Se encontró un mayor porcentaje de resistencia para Ampicilina y SXT. Los antibióticos con mejor sensibilidad destacaron nitrofurantoína, fosfomicina. Conclusión: La especie con mayor aislamiento, implicada en la etiología de infecciones urinarias sigue siendo E.coli con una sensibilidad alta para nitrofurantoína y fosfomicina.

Urinary tract infections are considered a health problem at hospital and community level due to the increase of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Objective: To analyze the pattern of susceptibility and antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infection. Methods: A descriptive research of documentary design was applied. The population was 672 records of positive urine cultures, collected from the San Pablo Laboratory database in the period 2021-2022. For tabulation and analysis, the data obtained were processed in SPSS software version 25.0. Results: UTIs occur more frequently in females 86.5%. The age group with the highest incidence was adulthood 50.4%. The etiological agent with the highest incidence was Escherichia coli 75.74%, Citrobacter Freundii 8.93%, Klebsiella spp 6.10%. The production of BLEE as a mechanism of resistance predominated in the strains of E.coli and Klebsiella spp. A higher percentage of resistance was found for Ampicillin and SXT. The antibiotics with the best sensitivity were nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin. Conclusion: The species with the highest isolation, implicated in the etiology of urinary tract infections, continues to be E.coli with a high sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin.

As infecções do trato urinário são consideradas um problema de saúde a nível hospitalar e comunitário devido ao aumento de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos. Objetivo: Analisar o padrão de suscetibilidade e resistência antimicrobiana das Enterobacteriaceae causadoras de infecções do trato urinário. Métodos: Foi aplicada uma metodologia de investigação documental descritiva. A população foi de 672 registros de culturas de urina positivas, coletados do banco de dados do Laboratório San Pablo no período de 2021-2022. Para tabulação e análise, os dados obtidos foram processados no software SPSS versão 25.0 Resultados: As ITUs ocorreram com maior frequência no sexo feminino 86,5%. A faixa etária com maior incidência foi a adulta 50,4%. O agente etiológico com maior incidência foi a Escherichia coli 75,74%, Citrobacter Freundii 8,93%, Klebsiella spp 6,10%. A produção de BLEE como mecanismo de resistência predominou em E. coli e Klebsiella spp. Foi encontrada uma maior percentagem de resistência para a ampicilina e o SXT. Os antibióticos com melhor sensibilidade foram a nitrofurantoína e a fosfomicina. Conclusão: A espécie com maior isolamento, implicada na etiologia das infecções do trato urinário, continua a ser a E. coli com uma elevada sensibilidade à nitrofurantoína e à fosfomicina.

Frecuencia de E. coli y Klebsiella spp productoras de betalactamasas en cultivos procesados en un laboratorio clínico / Frequency of E. coli and betalactamase-producing Klebsiella spp in cultures processed in a clinical laboratory / Frequência de E. coli e Klebsiella spp produtoras de betalactamase em culturas processadas em laboratório clínico

Introducción: la resistencia antibiótica en bacterias patógenas como Escherichia coli y Klebsiella spp. productoras de betalactamasas, han surgido como un problema global de salud pública. Su presencia, se asocia con infecciones intrahospitalarias y comunitarias, aumentando la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de E.coli y Klebsiella spp productoras de betalactamasas en cultivos procesados en un laboratorio clínico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de diseño documental. La muestra estuvo constituida por un total de 1465 resultados de cultivos positivos para Escherichia coli o Klebsiella spp. en el periodo 2022. Para la recolección de la información, se tuvo acceso a la base de datos anonimizada del laboratorio en una hoja de Excel para su posterior análisis. Los datos fueron tabulados en SPSS versión 25. Resultados: el análisis de bacterias productoras de BLEE mostró una positividad del 22,3% en E. coli y 46,1% en Klebsiella spp. E. coli presentó mayor frecuencia de negativos (77,7%) en comparación con Klebsiella spp. La presencia de E. coli fue más común en muestras de orina (90,6%) y en otras muestras como esputo y heridas cutáneas (21,3%). Se evaluaron 8 antibióticos, y se destacó la alta sensibilidad para amikacina (AK) (99,6% y 98,0%) y elevada resistencia ampicilina (AM) (91,5% y 100%) en ambas especies. Ciprofloxacino (CIP) y Trimetropin/Sulfametoxazol (STX) mostraron relativa frecuencia mayor de resistencia. Conclusión: los resultados muestran una alta frecuencia de bacterias productoras de BLEE en E. coli y Klebsiella spp., con una mayor prevalencia en Klebsiella spp. Además, la resistencia a AM, CIP y STX destaca la importancia de una gestión adecuada de la resistencia antimicrobiana.

Introduction: antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. producing beta-lactamases has emerged as a global public health problem. Their presence has been associated with both hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections, leading to increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Objective: to determine the frequency of betalactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in cultures processed in a clinical laboratory. Methods: a descriptive documentary design study was conducted. The sample consisted of a total of 1465 positive culture results for Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp. in the year 2022. Data collection involved accessing the laboratory's anonymized database in an Excel sheet for subsequent analysis. The data were tabulated in SPSS version 25. Results: the analysis of ESBL-producing bacteria showed a positivity of 22.3% in E. coli and 46.1% in Klebsiella spp. E. coli showed a higher frequency of negatives (77.7%) compared to Klebsiella spp. The presence of E. coli was more common in urine samples (90.6%) and in other samples such as sputum and skin wounds (21.3%). Eight antibiotics were evaluated, with high sensitivity noted for amikacin (AK) (99.6% and 98.0%) and high resistance for ampicillin (AM) (91.5% and 100%) in both species. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (STX) showed a relatively higher frequency of resistance. Conclusion: the results show a high frequency of ESBL-producing bacteria in E. coli and Klebsiella spp., with a higher prevalence in Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, the resistance to AM, CIP, and STX highlights the importance of proper management of antimicrobial resistance.

Introdução: a resistência antibiótica em bactérias patogênicas como Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp., produtoras de beta-lactamases, emergiu como um problema de saúde pública global. Sua presença tem sido associada a infecções hospitalares e comunitárias, aumentando a morbidade e a mortalidade dos pacientes. Objetivo: determinar a frequência de E. coli e Klebsiella spp. produtoras de betalactamase em culturas processadas em laboratório clínico. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo descritivo de design documental. A amostra consistiu em um total de 1465 resultados de cultura positiva para Escherichia coli ou Klebsiella spp. no ano de 2022. A coleta de dados envolveu o acesso ao banco de dados anonimizado do laboratório em uma planilha do Excel para análise subsequente. Os dados foram tabulados na versão 25 do SPSS. Resultados: a análise de bactérias produtoras de BLEE mostrou uma positividade de 22,3% em E. coli e 46,1% em Klebsiella spp. E. coli apresentou uma frequência maior de resultados negativos (77,7%) em comparação com Klebsiella spp. A presença de E. coli foi mais comum em amostras de urina (90,6%) e em outras amostras, como escarro e feridas na pele (21,3%). Foram avaliados oito antibióticos, com alta sensibilidade observada para amicacina (AK) (99,6% e 98,0%) e alta resistência para ampicilina (AM) (91,5% e 100%) em ambas as espécies. Ciprofloxacina (CIP) e Trimetoprima/Sulfametoxazol (STX) mostraram uma frequência relativamente maior de resistência. Conclusão: os resultados mostram uma alta frequência de bactérias produtoras de BLEE em E. coli e Klebsiella spp., com uma maior prevalência em Klebsiella spp. Além disso, a resistência a AM, CIP e STX destaca a importância da adequada gestão da resistência antimicrobiana.

[Translated article] Mechanical properties variations of immature bone in the earliest stages of development.

INTRODUCTION: Bone as a material varies its composition and mechanical properties throughout life. Although these variations are better understood in adulthood, there is little experimental information on the variation of these properties in early stages of development. The objective of this study is to analyze the mechanical behavior and chemical properties of cortical bone tissue from two animal species in these earliest stages. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: Twenty specimens of cortical bone were manufactured from bovine and ovine species that were in different stages of development (feeding exclusively on breast milk, in the transition period to feed or pasture, and young animals but on a solid food diet). The specimens were subjected to tensile tests, recorded with a high-speed camera to obtain deformation maps. Measurements of the tensile force until the specimen broke were also carried out. A fractographic study was carried out with a scanning electron microscope to analyze the fracture surface and an analysis of the amount of calcium in each of the specimens using X-ray dispersion spectroscopy. RESULTS: A statistically significant and positive correlation was found between the elastic modulus of the specimens and their calcium content. A trend towards more rigid behavior with age was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Young bone tissue tends to stiffen with age as the calcium content increases with an increase in elastic modulus.

Evaluación del efecto de la liposucción con o sin abdominoplastia sobre la resistencia a la insulina en pacientes normoglucémicas con sobrepeso: un estudio prospectivo de cohorte / The effect of liposuction versus liposuction with abdominoplasty on insulin resistance in normoglycemic non-obese females: A prospective cohort study

Introducción: Varios estudios han evaluado el efecto de la liposucción o de la abdominoplastia sobre la salud metabólica, incluyendo la resistencia a la insulina, con resultados mixtos. A varias pacientes con sobrepeso, sin obesidad marcada, se les recomienda el procedimiento de liposucción combinado con abdominoplastia, sin que exista publicada evidencia alguna sobre la efectividad de combinar ambos procedimientos en la salud metabólica. Métodos: El presente estudio prospectivo de cohorte evaluó el cambio en la resistencia a la insulina y otros parámetros metabólicos en dos grupos de mujeres hispanoamericanas normoglucémicas con sobrepeso. Las pacientes del primer grupo fueron sometidas a liposucción únicamente (LIPO), mientras que el segundo grupo fue sometido a liposucción con abdominoplastia (LIPO+ABDO). Resultados: Un total de 31 pacientes fueron evaluadas, incluyendo a 13 con LIPO y 18 con LIPO+ABDO; ambos grupos mostraron HOMA-IR prequirúrgicos similares (p>0,72). En las del grupo LIPO evaluadas 60días después del procedimiento, se observaron HOMA-IR similares a sus niveles prequirúrgicos (2.,98±0,4 vs. 2,70±0,3, p>0,20); las del grupo LIPO+ABDO, sin embargo, mostraron HOMA-IR significativamente reducidos en comparación de sus índices prequirúrgicos (2,37±0,2 vs. 1,73±0,1, p<0,001). También en este grupo, esta reducción se correlacionó positivamente con el valor prequirúrgico de HOMA-IR (p<0,001) y, de manera interesante, se observó una correlación negativa entre la edad de la paciente y el grado de disminución en el HOMA-IR tras la cirugía (Spearman r=−0,56, p<0,05). No se observaron cambios en los otros parámetros bioquímicos evaluados. Conclusiones: Los datos de este estudio sugieren que cuando es combinada con abdominoplastia, la liposucción mejora la resistencia a la insulina en pacientes hispanoamericanas. Se requieren de estudios adicionales para probar dicha posibilidad.(AU)

Introduction: Several studies have evaluated the effect of liposuction or abdominoplasty on metabolic health, including insulin resistance, with mixed results. Many overweight patients, with no marked obesity, are recommended to undergo liposuction combined with abdominoplasty, but no study has evaluated the effectiveness of combining the two procedures on metabolic health. Methods: The present prospective cohort study compares the metabolic parameters of two groups of normoglycemic Hispanic women without obesity. The first group underwent liposuction only (LIPO), while the second group had combined liposuction and abdominoplasty (LIPO+ABDO). Results: A total of 31 patients were evaluated, including 13 in the LIPO group and 18 in the LIPO+ABDO group. The two groups had similar HOMA-IR before surgery (P>.72). When tested 60days after surgery, women in the LIPO group had similar HOMA-IR compared to their preoperative levels (2.98±0.4 vs. 2.70±0.3; P>.20). However, the LIPO+ABDO group showed significantly reduced HOMA-IR values compared to their preoperative levels (2.37±0.2 vs. 1.73±0.1; P<.001). In this group, this decrease also positively correlated with their preoperative HOMA-IR (Spearman r=0.72; P<.001) and, interestingly, we observed a negative correlation between the age of the subjects and the drop in HOMA-IR after surgery (Spearman r=−0.56; P<.05). No changes were observed in the other biochemical parameters that were assessed. Conclusions: These data suggest that, when combined with abdominoplasty, liposuction does improve insulin resistance in healthy Hispanic females. More studies are warranted to address this possibility.(AU)

Progresión temporal de la distribución de los serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae productores de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en Galicia (España) y su relación con la resistencia a antibióticos (periodo 2011-2021) / Temporal progression of the distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in Galicia (Spain) and its relationship with resistance to antibiotics (period 2011-2021)

Introducción: Streptococcus pneumoniae causa enfermedades graves en la población susceptible. La vacuna neumocócica conjugada (PCV) 13-valente (PCV13) se incluyó en el calendario infantil en 2011. Este estudio analiza la evolución de los serotipos de neumococo y de sus resistencias tras la PCV13. Métodos: Se incluyeron los neumococos serotipados en Galicia en 2011-2021. Se estudió la sensibilidad antibiótica siguiendo criterios EUCAST. Se analizaron los datos en 3 subperíodos: inicial (2011-2013), medio (2014-2017) y final (2018-2021). Se calcularon las prevalencias de los serotipos y el porcentaje de resistencia a los antibióticos más representativos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 2.869 aislados. Inicialmente el 42,7% presentaba tipos capsulares incluidos en la PCV13, frente al 15,4% al final. Los incluidos en la PCV20 y no en la PCV13 y PCV15 fueron el 12,5% inicialmente y el 41,3% al final. El 26,4% de los serotipos a lo largo del estudio no estaban incluidos en ninguna vacuna. La prevalencia del serotipo 8 se multiplicó casi por 8 y la del 12F se triplicó. El serotipo 19A fue el más resistente inicialmente. La resistencia de los serotipos 11A y 15A aumentó a lo largo del estudio. Conclusiones: La introducción de la PCV13 en la población infantil determinó un cambio en los serotipos de neumococo hacia los incluidos en la PCV20 y los no incluidos en ninguna vacuna. El serotipo 19A inicialmente fue el más resistente, y el 15A, no incluido en ninguna vacuna, merece un especial seguimiento. El serotipo 8, que fue el que más se incrementó, no mostró resistencia destacable.(AU)

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes serious diseases in the susceptible population. The 13-valent pneumococci conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was included in the children's calendar in 2011. The objective of the study was to analyze the evolution of pneumococcal serotypes and their resistance after PCV13. Methods: This study included the pneumococci serotyped in Galicia in 2011-2021. Antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed following EUCAST criteria. The data was analyzed in 3 sub-periods: initial (2011-2013), middle (2014-2017) and final (2018-2021). The prevalence of serotypes and their percentage of resistance to the most representative antibiotics were calculated. Results: A total of 2.869 isolates were included. Initially, 42.7% isolates presented capsular types included in PCV13, compared to 15.4% at the end. Those included in PCV20 and not in PCV13 and PCV15 were 12.5% at baseline and 41.3% at the end; 26.4% of the isolates throughout the study had serotypes not included in any vaccine. The prevalence of serotype 8 multiplied almost by 8 and that of 12F tripled. The 19A serotype was initially the most resistant, while the resistance of serotypes 11A and 15A increased throughout the study. Conclusions: The introduction of PCV13 in the pediatric population determined a change in pneumococcal serotypes towards those included in PCV20 and those not included in any vaccine. Serotype 19A was initially the most resistant and the 15A, not included in any vaccine, deserves special follow-up. Serotype 8, which increased the most, did not show remarkable resistance.(AU)

La dependencia del ejercicio físico en deportes de resistencia: relación con la regulación emocional y el afecto negativo / Dependence on physical exercise in endurance sports: relationship with emotional regulation and negative affect

El ejercicio físico en altos volúmenes y descontrolado puede generar dependencia psicológica y cambios en el estado de ánimo. La regulación emocional y el afecto negativo son procesos relevantes para el desarrollo de patrones adictivos. Este estudio analizó las diferencias en afecto negativo y regulación emocional en función del perfil de práctica del ejercicio físico; la relación entre la dependencia del ejercicio, la regulación emocional y el afecto negativo; y el papel mediador de la regulación emocional en dicha relación. Participaron 375 practicantes de deportes de resistencia. Las diferencias en los perfiles de práctica del ejercicio físico fueron significativas en todas las variables de estudio. La dependencia del ejercicio correlacionó de forma positiva y significativa con las dificultades de regulación emocional y con el afecto negativo. Las dificultades de regulación emocional fueron predictoras de la dependencia del ejercicio. Hubo un efecto de mediación de las dificultades de regulación emocional entre el afecto negativo y la dependencia del ejercicio. Mejorar las habilidades de regulación emocional podría prevenir la aparición de la dependencia del ejercicio.(AU)

The copious and uncontrolled practice of exercise can generate psychologicaldependence and mood changes. Emotional regulation and negative affectivity arerelevant processes for the development of addictive patterns. This study analysedthe differences in negative affectivity and emotional regulation based on thepractice profile of exercise; the relationship between exercise dependence,emotional regulation, and negative affectivity; and the mediating role of emotionalregulation in such relationship. 375 endurance sports practitioners participated.The differences in the physical exercise practice profiles were significant in all thestudy variables. Exercise dependence correlated positively and significantly withemotional regulation difficulties and with negative affectivity. Emotional regulationdifficulties were predictors of exercise dependence. There was a mediating effectof emotional regulation difficulties between negative affect and exercisedependence. Improving emotional regulation skills could prevent the onset ofexercise dependence.(AU)

Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos en los servicios de urgencias españoles: Estudio PROA-URG / Antibiotic stewardship programs in the Spanish emergency services: PROA-URG Study

Introducción: Los programas de optimización de antimicrobianos (PROA) son herramientas clave en la adecuación de estos fármacos. La información disponible sobre la aplicación e indicadores para monitorizar estos programas en urgencias es limitada. El objetivo del estudio es conocer el grado de implantación de programas PROA en los servicios de urgencias, así como el uso de antimicrobianos en estas unidades. Material y métodos. Estudio multicéntrico retrospectivo. Se envió una invitación a todos los participantes del grupo de trabajo de farmacéuticos de urgencias REDFASTER-SEFH. Se utilizó un cuestionario de 21 ítems, contestado por un equipo formado por especialistas en los servicios de farmacia hospitalaria, urgencias, enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología. Resultados. 18 hospitales completaron la encuesta. Catorce (77,8%) disponían de un responsable PROA en la unidad. El valor de DDD por 1000 ingresos osciló entre 36,5 y 400,5 (mediana 100,4 [RIQ:57,2-157,3]). El grupo de carbapenémicos y macrólidos presentó una amplia variabilidad. Únicamente seis (33,3%) hospitales disponían de informe anual de resistencias específico para urocultivos y hemocultivos en urgencias. El porcentaje de multirresistentes en urocultivos fue del 12,5% y en hemocultivos del 12,2%. El porcentaje de adecuación en bacteremia de acuerdo con el resultado del hemocultivo fue del 81,0% (RIQ:74,6-85,0%), y en infección urinaria del 78,0% (RIQ:71,5-88,0%). Conclusiones. Pese a la existencia de responsables PROA, actividades formativas y guías de tratamiento en urgencias, la información sobre el uso de antimicrobianos y el perfil de resistencias en estas unidades es limitado. Futuras actividades han de ir encaminadas a mejorar la información sobre los resultados PROA propios para estas unidades. (AU)

Introduction: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) have become a key tool in the adaptation of these drugs to the health system. The information available on the application and indicators used in these programs in emergency departments is scarce. The objective of this study is to know theextent of ASP implementation in the emergency departments, as well as the use of antimicrobials in these units. Material and methods. Multicenter retrospective study. An invitation was sent to all participants of the REDFASTER-SEFH emergency pharmacist working group. A questionnaire was used consisting of 21 items, answered by a team made up of a pharmacist, emergency room specialist, infectious disease specialist and microbiologist. Results. Eighteen hospitals completed the survey. Fourteen (77.8%) had an ASP manager. The DDD value per 1000 admissions ranged between 36.5 and 400.5 (median: 100.4 [IQR:57.2-157.3]). Both carbapenem and macrolide group presented wide variability in use. Six (33.3%) hospitals had an annual report on the specific resistance profile for urine and blood cultures. The percentage of multi-drug resistant strains in urine cultures was 12.5% and in blood cultures 12.2%. The percentage of adequacy in the bacteremia treatment was 81.0% (IQR:74.6-85.0%), while in urinary tract infections was 78.0% (IQR:71.5-88.0). Conclusions: Despite the existence of ASP members in emergency services, as well as the training activity and local guidelines is common. knowledge of the use of antimicrobials and resistances is limited. Future activities must be aimed at improving information about the ASP results in these units. (AU)

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de infección por Staphylococcus aureus resistente ameticilina en niños / Prevalence and risk factors for methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in children

Introducción. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron conocer la prevalencia de infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) en la población pediátrica de nuestro departamento de salud, describir los factores de riesgo para infección por SARM frente a las producidas por S. aureus sensible a meticilina (SASM) y conocer el perfil de sensibilidad antibiótica de los aislados de SARM y SASM. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo y analítico de las infecciones producidas por SARM frente a las producidas por SASM durante los años 2014 al 2018. Se estudiaron las variables predictoras de SARM mediante un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados. Se identificaron 162 pacientes con infecciones por S. aureus, 15,4% resistentes a meticilina. Los porcentajes mayores de infección por SARM se dieron entre los niños que precisaron ingreso hospitalario (23,4%). En el análisis univariante alcanzaron significación estadística la necesidad de ingreso hospitalario, el antecedente de haber recibido tratamiento antibiótico en los 3 meses previos, el tipo de infección y el antecedente de infección o colonización previa por SARM. En el modelo de regresión logística la necesidad de ingreso hospitalario y el tratamiento antibiótico reciente mantuvieron significación estadística. Solo recibieron tratamiento antibiótico correcto el 26,7% de los niños que ingresaron con infección por SARM. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados sugieren la necesidad de revisar las pautas de tratamiento empírico usando fármacos activos frente a SARM en las infecciones de probable origen estafilocócico que ingresen en el hospital en niños sobre todo si han recibido tratamiento antibiótico reciente. (AU)

Introduction. The objectives of this work were to know the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections in the paediatric population of our health department, to describe the risk factors for infection by MRSA compared to those produced by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and to know the antibiotic sensitivity profile of MRSA and MSSA isolates. Material and methods. A retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of infections produced by MRSA versus those produced by MSSA was carried out during the years 2014 to 2018. Risk factors for MRSA infection were studied using a binary logistic regression model. Results, 162 patients with S. aureus infections were identified. Of these, 25 (15.4%) were MRSA. The highest percentages of MRSA infection occurred among children who required hospital admission (23.4%). In the univariate analysis the need of hospital admission, antibiotic treatment in the last 3 months, the kind of infection and past MRSA infection or colonisation reached statistical significance. However, only the need of hospital admission and antibiotic treatment in the last 3 months maintained statistical significance in the binary logistic regression model. Correct antibiotic treatment was only prescribed in 26.7% of the MRSA infection cases admitted to the hospital. Conclusions. Our results suggest the need to review empirical local treatment regimen using drugs active against MRSA in infections of probable staphylococcal origin admitted to the hospital, especially if they have received antibiotic treatment in the last 3 months. (AU)

Impact of hypochloremia as a prognostic factor in patients with heart failure, a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: some studies suggest that hypochloremia is a risk factor in the prognosis of heart failure (HF) in patients with recent decompensation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: retrospective cohort study of patients discharged due to HF decompensation who began follow-up in a specialized clinic. Two groups are defined: patients with hypochloremia (chloride < 98 mmol/L) and normochloremic patients (chloride > 98 mmol/L) in the initial assessment within the first month after discharge. The rate of intravenous diuretic rescue, emergency department visits, readmission for HF and cardiovascular (CV) death are compared using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: 165 patients were included (59% women, mean age 85 years), with 60 (36%) having hypochloremia. Both groups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics, except for female sex, presence of peripheral artery disease, moderate-to-severe liver disease (more prevalent in the hypochloremia group), PROFUND index, and baseline furosemide dose (higher in patients with hypochloremia). The incidence of the primary event was higher in subjects with hypochloremia than in normochloremic subjects (HR: 1.59, 95% CI 0.97-2.62), mainly due to the need for intravenous diuretic rescue (HR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.07-3.24). CONCLUSIONS: hypochloremia following admission for HF decompensation is associated with a greater need for intravenous diuretic rescue therapy and probably worse overall prognosis across the spectrum of the disease, regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).