Clinical outcomes following atrophic alveolar ridge reconstruction using collagenated xenogeneic bone block or autogenous bone block: One-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical.

AIM: This investigation aimed to evaluate the 1-year survival of implants placed after staged lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using equine-derived collagenated xenogeneic bone blocks (CXBBs) or autogenous bone block (ABB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients who underwent lateral augmentation in a previous trial were included. The primary outcome measure was implant survival at the 1-year follow-up, and secondary outcomes included implant success, peri-implant clinical and volumetric parameters, pink aesthetic scores (PES) and patient-reported outcome measures. Data analysis involved Fisher's exact test, the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: In this study, no late implant failures were observed. The cumulative survival rates were 78.6% for the CXBB group and 90.9% for the ABB group, with no difference between the groups. Similarly, the success rates were 53.6% and 63.6%, respectively, showing no significant difference. Peri-implant clinical and volumetric parameters indicated the presence of healthy peri-implant tissues surrounding implants placed in both CXBB- and ABB-augmented sites. PES were 8.5 and 11.0 for implants placed in CXBB- and ABB-augmented sites, respectively. Furthermore, patient satisfaction rates were high and similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dental implants placed in both CXBB- and ABB-augmented ridges demonstrated no statistically significant differences in clinical, volumetric and aesthetic outcomes, along with high patient satisfaction rates.

Neo-osteogenesis using an intentionally exposed polypropylene membrane after tooth extraction versus guided bone regeneration technique: a single-blind randomized controlled trial / Neo-osteogénesis utilizando una membrana de polipropileno expuesta intencionalmente después de la extracción del diente versus técnica de regeneración ósea guiada: ensayo clínico aleatorizado ciego / Neo-osteogênese utilizando uma membrana de polipropileno exposta intencionalmente após extração dentária versus técnica de regeneração óssea guiada: ensaio clínico randomizado e cego

Introduction: The intentionally exposed polypropylene (PP) membrane has been proposed for guided bone regeneration (GBR) of the alveo lar bone after extraction; however, there are biological limitations to this proposal. This study aimed to describe the effects of the PP membrane on neo-osteogenesis after tooth extraction, comparing to intentionally ex posed and primary soft tissue coverage techniques. Methodology: This clinical trial followed the TIDieR checklist and guide. Clinical and histo logical parameters of alveolar repair were compared between groups: 1 (control group), without regenerative procedure; 2, GBR; and 3, inten tionally exposed membrane. Results: Group 3 showed slight effect on the quality of new bone, compared to the control group. Although the GBR was underestimated by the early exposure of the membrane, alveo lar repair and newly formed bone were superior to the other groups. Poly propylene membrane intentionally exposed compromised the volume density of the immature and mineralized bone matrix, the osteoblast and osteocyte count, and stimulated the granulation tissue formation and local inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusions: Despite the exposure of the PP membrane in GBR, this technique improved the quality of new bone and alveolar repair compared to the surgical technique of intentional exposure and alveolus only sutured.

RESUMEN Introducción: La membrana de polipropileno (PP) intencionalmente expuesta ha sido propuesta para la regeneración ósea guiada (GBR) del hueso alveolar después de la extracción; sin embargo, existen limitaciones biológicas a esta propuesta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los efectos de la membrana de PP en la neo-osteogénesis después de la extracción del diente, en comparación con las técnicas de cobertura de tejido blando primarias y expuestas intencionalmente. Metodología: Este ensayo clínico siguió la lista de verificación y la guía TIDieR. Se compararon los parámetros clínicos e histológicos de la reparación alveolar entre los grupos: 1 (grupo control), sin procedimiento regenerativo; 2, GBR; y 3, membrana expuesta intencionalmente. Resultados: el grupo 3 mostró un ligero efecto sobre la calidad del hueso nuevo, en comparación con el grupo de control. Aunque la GBR fue subestimada por la exposición temprana de la membrana, la reparación alveolar y el hueso neoformado fueron superiores a los otros grupos. La membrana de polipropileno expuesta intencionalmente comprometió la densidad de volumen de la matriz ósea inmadura y mineralizada, el recuento de osteoblastos y osteocitos, y estimuló la formación de tejido de granulación y el infiltrado inflamatorio local. Conclusiones: A pesar de la exposición de la membrana de PP en GBR, esta técnica mejoró la calidad del hueso nuevo y la reparación alveolar en comparación con la técnica quirúrgica de exposición intencional y alvéolo solo suturado.

Introdução: A membrana de polipropileno (PP) intencionalmente exposta tem sido proposta para regeneração óssea guiada (ROG) do osso alveolar após exodontia; no entanto, existem limitações biológicas a esta proposta. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever os efeitos da membrana de PP na neo-osteogênese após a extração dentária, comparando com as técnicas de exposição intencional e cobertura primária de tecidos moles. Metodologia: Este ensaio clínico seguiu a lista de verificação e o guia TIDieR. Parâmetros clínicos e histológicos do reparo alveolar foram comparados entre os grupos: 1 (grupo controle), sem procedimento regenerativo; 2, GBR; e 3, membrana intencionalmente exposta. Resultados: O Grupo 3 apresentou leve efeito na qualidade do novo osso, em comparação com o grupo controle. Embora o GBR tenha sido subestimado pela exposição precoce da membrana, o reparo alveolar e o osso neoformado foram superiores aos outros grupos. A exposição intencional da membrana de polipropileno comprometeu a densidade volumétrica da matriz óssea imatura e mineralizada, a contagem de osteoblastos e osteócitos e estimulou a formação de tecido de granulação e infiltrado inflamatório local. Conclusões: Apesar da exposição da membrana PP na ROG, esta técnica melhorou a qualidade do novo osso e da reparação alveolar em comparação com a técnica cirúrgica de exposição intencional e alvéolo apenas suturado.

Aumento do Rebordo Alveolar com Enxerto em Bloco Impresso Personalizado: Relato de Caso / Alveolar ridge augmentation with custom 3D-printed block graft: Case report

A utilização da tecnologia CAD/CAM (computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing) e 3D (tridimensional) para reconstruções alveolares na implantodontia permite o planejamento pré-operatório detalhado, o design do resultado desejado do enxerto e a avaliação virtual do resultado em relação à reconstrução protética. Este trabalho objetiva detalhar a técnica cirúrgica de enxerto ósseo sintético confeccionado por meio dessa tecnologia, seguido da instalação de implantes osseointegráveis e reabilitação protética em um defeito ósseo na mandíbula. Paciente masculino, 22 anos, compareceu à clínica por avulsão dos elementos 32, 31, 41 e 42 com significativa perda óssea vertical de rebordo alveolar. Devido à extensa perda óssea, realizou-se enxerto em bloco prototipado impresso. O escaneamento intraoral e os arquivos de imagem gerados foram enviados ao centro de planejamento virtual. Primeiramente, foi realizada a cirurgia para instalação do enxerto em bloco. Após o período de cicatrização, foi realizada cirurgia para instalação de dois implantes osseointegráveis. Esperado o período de três meses a partir da instalação dos implantes, foi realizada a confecção de próteses provisórias fixas sobre implantes a fim de realizar o condicionamento dos tecidos moles peri-implantares e o carregamento progressivo dos implantes. O aumento do rebordo alveolar através do uso de enxerto em bloco impresso personalizado apresentou-se como uma técnica com inúmeras vantagens, por não necessitar de sítio doador, reduzir tempo cirúrgico e apresentar perfeita adaptação do bloco ao defeito ósseo, resultando em menor morbidade pós-operatória. Essa técnica é uma indicação para casos de defeitos ósseos severos, visando a otimizar o resultado e a propiciar menor desconforto ao paciente.

The use of the technology CAD/CAM (computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing) and 3D (three dimensional) to alveolar reconstructions in implant dentistry allows detailed preoperative planning, the design of the desired grafting result, and the virtual evaluation of the result in relation to the prosthetic reconstruction. This paper aims to details the synthetic bone graft made through this technology, followed by the installation of osseointegrated implants and prosthetic rehabilitation in a bone imperfection in the jaw. A 22-year-old man attended the clinic due to a tooth avulsion of the four lower incisors with significant vertical bone loss of alveolar ridge. Because of the extensive bone loss, it was made a prototyped printed block graft. The intraoral scan and the generated image files were sent to the virtual planning center. First, it was necessary a surgery to install the block graft. After the healing process, it was made a surgery to put two osseointegrated implants. Three months later, temporary fixed prostheses on implants were made to conditioning the peri-implant soft tissues and the progressive loading of the implants. The increase of the alveolar ridge using personalized printed block graft was presented as a technique with numerous advantages, since it does not require a donor site, reduces the surgical time and presents perfect adaptation of the block to the bone imperfection, resulting in a less postoperative morbidity. This technique is indicated to cases of severe bone imperfections, aims to optimize results, and provide less discomfort to the patient.

Regeneração óssea guiada para aumento horizontal de rebordo utilizando fibrina rica em plaquetas associada a enxertos ósseos: revisão de literatura / Guided bone regenerationfor horizontal bone augmentation using platelet- rich fibrin associated with bone grafts: literature review

Objetivo: revisar a literatura sobre os diferentes tipos de derivados de plaquetas autólogas e o desempenho clínico do uso do sticky bone para aumento ósseo horizontal de rebordo. Materiais e métodos: Para realização dessa revisão foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Google Scholar e Web of Science, utilizando os seguintes descritores: "platelet-rich fibrin" AND "sticky bone" OR "alveolar bone grafting" AND "sticky bone" OR "guided bone regeneration" AND "sticky bone" AND "alveolar ridge augmentation" OR "Alveolar ridge augmentation" AND "sticky bone". Foram incluídos artigos publicados em inglês, que abordavam conceitos relacionados aos agregados plaquetários e a regeneração óssea guiada para aumento ósseo horizontal de rebordo utilizando fibrina rica em plaquetas associada à enxertos ósseos (sticky bone). Resultados: Após avaliação dos estudos encontrados foram selecionados 11 artigos sobre o uso do sticky bone para aumento horizontal de rebordo. Para compor este trabalho foram selecionados também 14 estudos de revisão e artigos associados ao tema. Por ser de fácil aplicação e obtenção, muitos autores têm estudado as aplicações cirúrgicas do sticky bone e os resultados demonstram que o aumento horizontal do rebordo utilizando essa técnica pode ser realizado de forma previsível. Conclusão: apesar de haver estudos promissores sobre o uso do sticky bone, falta evidência na literatura sobre seu sucesso clínico. Assim, para compreender o potencial regenerativo desta técnica são necessários um maior número de estudos randomizados, com diferentes materiais de enxerto e protocolos padronizados de obtenção do sticky bone.(AU)

Objective: to review the literature on the different types of autologous platelet derivatives and the clinical performance of using sticky bone for horizontal bone ridge augmentation. Materials and methods: In order to conduct this review, it was conducted searches in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases using the following descriptors: "platelet-rich fibrin" AND "sticky bone" OR "alveolar bone grafting" AND "sticky bone" OR "guided bone regeneration" AND "sticky bone" AND "alveolar ridge augmentation" OR "Alveolar ridge augmentation" AND "sticky bone". It included articles published in English that addressed concepts related to platelet aggregates and guided bone regeneration for horizontal bone augmentation using platelet-rich fibrin associated with bone grafts (sticky bone). Results: After evaluating the studies found, were selected 11 articles on the use of sticky bone for horizontal ridge augmentation. To compose this work, 14 review studies and articles associated with the topic were also selected. Due to its ease of application and availability, many authors have explored the surgical applications of sticky bone, and the results indicate that horizontal ridge augmentation using this technique can be predictably performed. Conclusion: while there are promising studies on the use of sticky bone, the literature lacks evidence regarding its clinical success. Therefore, to fully understand the regenerative potential of this technique, further randomized studies are needed, involving different graft materials and standardized protocols for obtaining sticky bone.(AU)

Radiographic outcomes of ridge reconstruction with autogenous bone block versus collagenated xenogeneic bone block: A randomized clinical trial.

AIM: To compare, at different levels from the alveolar crest, the radiographic outcomes of equine-derived collagenated xenogeneic bone blocks (CXBB) and autogenous bone blocks (ABB) used for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients with tooth gaps in atrophic alveolar ridges with ≤4 mm were randomly assigned to lateral augmentation using CXBB or ABB. The lateral bone thickness (LBT) was measured 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm below the alveolar crest using CBCT scans obtained before augmentation surgery and at 30 weeks, prior to implant placement. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro-Wilk, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Both CXBB and ABB resulted in significant total and buccal LBT gains at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm. LBT gains were similar between CXBB- and ABB-augmented sites, except for greater buccal LBT gains at 8 mm at CXBB-augmented sites. While ABB-augmented sites gained vertical bone height, CXBB-treated sites suffered vertical bone loss (CXBB: -0.16 mm; ABB: 0.38 mm, p < .0009). CONCLUSIONS: CXBB and ABB were both associated with significant and similar LBT gains at 30 weeks.

Preservação alveolar e instalação tardia de implante dentário: relato de caso / Alveolar preservation and late dental implant installation: case report / Preservación alveolar e instalación tardía de implante dental: reporte de caso

Introdução. Decorrente do trauma local, durante a exodontia, ou pela falta de estímulos mastigatórios, a ausência dentária promove respostas biológicas que desencadeiam um processo de reabsorção óssea. A preservação óssea alveolar propõe minimizar a reabsorção óssea alveolar, promovendo maior biodisponibilidade óssea para a reabilitação por implantes dentários. Os implantes dentários são uma modalidade terapêutica eficaz para a reabilitação de ausências dentárias. Objetivo. relatar um caso de reabilitação por implante em alvéolo cicatrizado, após preservação alveolar. Relato de caso. Paciente A.L.L., sexo masculino, 23 anos, compareceu à clínica odontológica da UNIBRA. Ao exame físico observou-se ampla destruição coronária do elemento 25 e, ao exame radiográfico notou-se tratamento endodôntico. O tratamento proposto foi a exodontia minimamente traumática, preservação alveolar com matriz de colágeno e instalação de implante dentário em alvéolo cicatrizado. Discussão. Em desdentados, a falta de estímulos mastigatórios, promove um desequilíbrio no turnover ósseo, desencadeando um processo de reabsorção. A preservação alveolar por matriz de colágeno visa minimizar a reabsorção e fornecer maior biodisponibilidade óssea para a reabilitação por implantes. Conclusão. A preservação alveolar com a matriz de colágeno cumpriu com seu objetivo e, a reabilitação por implante dentário em alvéolo cicatrizado é uma modalidade eficaz na reabilitação de pacientes desdentados... (AU)

Introduction. Due to local trauma, during tooth extraction, or the lack of masticatory stimuli, the absence of teeth promotes biological responses that trigger a process of bone resorption. Alveolar bone promotion minimizes alveolar bone resorption, promoting high bone bioavailability for rehabilitation with dental implants. Dental implants are a treatment modality to edentulous. Objective. Report a case of implant rehabilitation in a healed socket after alveolar preservation. Case report. Patient A.L.L., male, 23 years old, attended the UNIBRA dental clinic. On physical examination, a wide coronary destruction of element 25 was observed and, on radiographic examination, endodontic treatment was noted. The proposed treatment was a minimally traumatic tooth extraction, alveolar preservation with collagen matrix and implant placement in healed sockets. Discussion. In edentulous patients, the lack of masticatory stimuli promotes an imbalance in bone turnover, triggering a resorption process. Alveolar preservation by collagen matrix aims to minimize resorption and provide greater bone bioavailability for implant rehabilitation. Conclusion. Alveolar preservation with collagen matrix fulfilled its objective, and rehabilitation by dental implant in a healed socket is an effective modality in the rehabilitation of edentulous patients... (AU)

Introducción. Por traumatismo local, durante la extracción dentaria, o por falta de estímulos masticatorios, la ausencia de dientes promueve respuestas biológicas que desencadenan un proceso de reabsorción ósea. La preservación ósea alveolar propone minimizar la reabsorción ósea alveolar, promoviendo una mayor biodisponibilidad ósea para la rehabilitación mediante implantes dentales. Los implantes dentales son una modalidad terapéutica eficaz para la rehabilitación de dientes perdidos. Objetivo. reportar un caso de rehabilitación con implantes en un alvéolo cicatrizado después de preservación alveolar. Reporte de un caso. Paciente A.L.L., masculino, 23 años, acudió a la clínica odontológica de la UNIBRA. El examen físico reveló destrucción coronaria extensa del elemento 25 y el examen radiográfico reveló tratamiento endodóntico. El tratamiento propuesto fue extracción dental mínimamente traumática, preservación alveolar con matriz de colágeno y colocación de implante dental en alvéolo cicatrizado. Discusión. En pacientes edéntulos, la falta de estímulos masticatorios promueve un desequilibrio en el recambio óseo, desencadenando un proceso de reabsorción. La preservación alveolar mediante matriz de colágeno tiene como objetivo minimizar la reabsorción y proporcionar una mayor biodisponibilidad ósea para la rehabilitación con implantes. Conclusión. La preservación alveolar con matriz de colágeno cumplió su objetivo, y la rehabilitación mediante implante dental en un alvéolo cicatrizado es una modalidad eficaz en la rehabilitación de pacientes edéntulos... (AU)

Autogenous bone block versus collagenated xenogeneic bone block in the reconstruction of the atrophic alveolar ridge: A non-inferiority randomized clinical trial.

AIM: To compare the efficacy of equine-derived collagenated xenogeneic bone blocks (CXBB) and autogenous bone block (ABB) for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation and two-stage implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients with tooth gaps up to four teeth and atrophic alveolar ridges with ≤4 mm were randomly assigned to lateral augmentation using CXBB or ABB. Lateral bone thickness (LBT) was measured 2 mm below the alveolar crest at augmentation surgery and 30 weeks later at implant placement. Implant-related outcomes, adverse events, surgery duration, pain sensation, analgesic consumption, and oral health-related quality of life were also assessed. Data were analysed using Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: At 30 weeks, the median change in LBT amounted to 2.90 (CXBB) and 3.00 (ABB), respectively. Secondary endpoints demonstrated similar results for CXBB and ABB in terms of possibility to place an implant, need to perform a secondary bone augmentation at implant placement and rate of complications. Early implant failure was 20% for CXBB and 10% for ABB, with no difference between the groups. Pain scores and post-operative consumption of analgesics were significantly lower in the CXBB group than in the ABB group, especially during the first days post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: CXBB is non-inferior to ABB for horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation and two-stage implant placement.

Vertical bone augmentation with guided bone regeneration: a scoping review / Aumento óseo vertical con regeneración ósea guiada: scoping review

Introduction: There are multiple techniques for vertical bone augmentation. Guided bone regeneration is one of them; however, the literature is diverse and includes different study designs, which makes it difficult to synthesize results. Objective: To analyze the general technical characteristics, clinical results, and complications of vertical bone augmentation performed with guided bone regeneration in humans. Material and Methods: This scoping review was based on the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A search was performed in the Pubmed, Scielo, and Worldcat databases. Papers published from 1990 to April 2020 were included in the study. Research articles not conducted in humans or published in languages other than English and Spanish were excluded. Title and abstract were screened by two reviewers, then full studies were extracted, and data tabulated. Results: 89 studies were included. The highest percentage reported having obtained a vertical bone increase of less than 5 mm and having used non-resorbable membranes. The most frequent type of graft is autogenous and combinations of grafts, the most common being autogenous with xenograft. All studies that reported bone stability of implants in regenerated bone were favorable, as was implant survival, reporting values between 83.8% and 100%. Membrane exposure is the most frequently reported complication, followed by infection or abscesses, and tissue dehiscence. Conclusion: Vertical bone regeneration is a reliable technique, with high predictability and low incidence of complications compared to other vertical bone augmentation techniques.

Introducción: Existen múltiples técnicas para el aumento óseo vertical siendo una opción la regeneración ósea guiada, sin embargo, la literatura es diversa y con distintos diseños que dificultan la síntesis de resultados. Objetivo: Analizar las características generales técnicas, resultados clínicos y complicaciones del aumento óseo vertical realizado con regeneración ósea guiada en humanos. Material y Métodos: Esta revisión de alcance se basó en la guía PRISMA-ScR. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo y Worldcat. Fueron incluidos aquellos publicados desde el año 1990 hasta abril de 2020. Se excluyeron los estudios no realizados en humanos o publicados en idiomas distintos al inglés y español. Dos revisores examinaron título y resumen, luego los estudios completos se extrajeron y se ordenaron los datos en tablas. Resultados: 89 estudios fueron incluidos. El mayor porcentaje reportó haber obtenido un aumento óseo vertical menor a 5 mm y haber utilizado membranas no reabsorbibles. El tipo de injerto que más frecuente es el autógeno y las combinaciones de injertos, siendo el más común autógeno con xenoinjerto. Todos los estudios que reportaron estabilidad ósea de implantes en hueso regenerado fueron favorables, al igual que la supervivencia de implantes, reportando valores entre 83,8% y 100%. La exposición de membrana es la complicación que más se repite en los estudios, seguido por infección o abscesos y dehiscencia de tejidos. Conclusión: La regeneración ósea vertical es una técnica confiable, con alta predictibilidad y baja incidencia de complicaciones en comparación a otras técnicas de aumento óseo vertical.

Comparison of the efficacy of different techniques to seal the alveolus during alveolar ridge preservation: Meta-regression and network meta-analysis.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of different techniques to seal the alveolus (flap advancement [FA], open healing with barrier [OHB], and open healing without barrier [OHNB]) during alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) in terms of horizontal ridge width resorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized trials of at least 2 months duration comparing at least two techniques to seal the alveolus against each other or against spontaneous healing (SH) were eligible. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central. Conventional meta-analysis, meta-regression, and network meta-analysis (NMA) were conducted, with clinical and tomographic ridge width changes as outcomes. Predictive intervals (95% PI) were reported. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were included, accounting for 52 study arms. Meta-regression identified that the socket sealing technique and publication year explained the observed heterogeneity. NMA showed that FA and OHB led to significantly lower ridge resorption than SH, resulting in 1.18 mm (95% PI 0.21-2.13) and 1.10 mm (95% PI 0.49-1.69) wide alveolar ridges, respectively. No significant difference between OHNB and SH was found (0.46 mm, 95% PI -0.70 to 1.64). The treatment with the largest probability for ARP was FA (52.7%), followed by OHB (39.1%) and OHNB (8.2%). CONCLUSIONS: FA and OHB are efficacious techniques to seal the alveolus during ARP.

Tomographic evaluation of the effect of simvastatin topical use on alveolar bone microarchitecture, pain and swelling after mandibular third molar extraction: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of a collagen sponge containing simvastatin on socket healing in terms of bone microarchitecture through tomographic analysis, pain, and swelling after impacted third molar extraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this single-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial, 29 patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction were allocated into two groups: (i) test group, a collagen sponge containing simvastatin was inserted within the sockets; and (ii) control group, in which sockets retained the clot. Bone volume (BV), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp), and gray scale were evaluated using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquired immediately postoperative and 3 months after surgery. Pain, swelling, and wound healing were evaluated using the 10-point visual analogue scale, three extra-oral reference measurements, and the Landry index. RESULTS: In total, 22 participants remained in the study; no loss-to-follow-up was related to the intervention. BV and BV/TV were significantly higher at 3 months postoperatively in the test group compared with the control group and were correlated with greater bone trabeculation. Pain, edema, and the Landry index revealed a greater inflammatory response in the test group during early repair. Simvastatin contributed to bone healing, with no adverse effects or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The absorbable collagen sponge containing simvastatin improved BV, BV/TV, and trabecular bone, indicating the potential of this drug to induce the formation of autogenous bone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraosseous statins represent a promising, low-cost, and easy-to-use alternative for alveolar ridge preservation and bone regeneration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC), No. RBR-523N7R.

Socket seal surgery techniques in the esthetic zone: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The socket seal surgery (SSS) technique is a common alternative for the management of the post-extraction sockets that requires a primary closure of the wound to promote proper regeneration and ridge preservation. OBJECTIVE: To learn about the effect of different SSS techniques on alveolar ridge preservation MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two independent and calibrated reviewers conducted an electronic search in PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science for randomized clinical trials (RCT) published up to June 2020. The evaluation of the risk of bias in the included studies was carried out following the Cochrane manual for interventions of systematic reviews, version 5.1.0. A meta-analysis of ridge width changes at - 1, - 3, and - 5 mm cutoff points from bone crest was conducted using a random-effects model. The risk of types I and II errors against accrued data was appraised obtaining the required information size using a trial sequential analysis package (TSA). RESULTS: A total of 135 sockets located in the esthetic zone were evaluated with a minimum of a 3-month follow-up after tooth extraction in 6 RCTs. The evaluated SSS techniques were free gingival graft (FGG), collagen matrix (CM), collagen sponge (CS), acellular dermal matrix (ADM), and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (PTFEm). The FGG in sockets without bone filling showed significant results in preserving both buccal and lingual bone height (- 1.42 mm in the experimental group versus - 0.01 in the control group). The comparison of CM and FGG with bone filling did not show clinical differences in terms of dimensional bone changes. No clinical differences were found in either width or gingival thickness when comparing CM and CS. The meta-analyses of RW changes comparing CM versus FGG showed no significant differences, but a trend for lessening horizontal reduction at - 1, - 3, and - 5 mm in favor of FGG. The TSA showed that accrued data did not reach the required information size, and more evidence is required for clinical significance inferences. CONCLUSIONS: There are several predictable SSS techniques to improve clinical results in ridge preservation. More clinical studies in the form of clinical trials are required to demonstrate the superiority of one technique over another.

Guided bone regeneration in staged vertical and horizontal bone augmentation using platelet-rich fibrin associated with bone grafts: a retrospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: The use of guided bone regeneration (GBR) for vertical and horizontal bone gain is a predictable approach to correct the bone defects before implant installation; however, the use of different protocols is associated with different clinical results. It is suggested that platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) could improve the outcomes of regenerative procedures. Thus, this study aimed to describe the bone gain associated with GBR procedures combining membranes, bone grafts, and PRF for vertical and horizontal bone augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients who needed vertical or horizontal bone regeneration before installing dental implants were included in the study. The horizontal bone defects were treated with a GBR protocol that includes the use of a mixture of particulate autogenous and xenogenous grafts in the proportion of 1:1, injectable form of PRF (i-PRF) to agglutinate the graft, an absorbable collagen membrane covering the regenerated region, and leukocyte PRF (L-PRF) membrane covering the GBR membrane. The vertical bone defects were treated with the same grafted mixture protected by a titanium-reinforced non-resorbable high-density polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE-Ti) membrane and covered by L-PRF. The bone gain was measured using a cone-beam computed tomography at baseline and after a period of 7.5 (± 1.0) months. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgery to install implants after this regenerative protocol. The GBR produces an increase in bone thickness (p < 0.001) and height (p < 0.005) after treatment, with a bone gain of 5.9 ± 2.4 for horizontal defects and 5.6 ± 2.6 for vertical defects. In horizontal defects, the gain was higher in the maxilla than in mandible (p = 0.014) and in anterior than the posterior region (p = 0.033). No differences related to GBR location were observed in vertical defects (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: GBR associated with a mixture of particulate autogenous and xenogenous grafts and i-PRF is effective for vertical and horizontal bone augmentation in maxillary and mandibular regions, permitting sufficient bone gain to future implant placement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: REBEC, RBR-3CSG3J . Date of registration-19 July 2019, retrospectively registered. http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3csg3j/.

CoCrMo alloy as biomaterial for bone reconstruction in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a scoping review / Aleación de CoCrMo como biomaterial para la reconstrucción ósea en cirugía oral y maxilofacial: una revisión del alcance

Background: Osseointegration allowed for a breakthrough in biomaterials and techniques and it has contributed to increased application of dental implants. However, insufficient bone level is a frequent problem and it creates an anatomically less favourable base for implant placement. The first surgical procedure should comprise the reconstruction of the alveolar bone height. CoCrMo alloys are nowadays considered as highly corrosion resistant and biocompatible materials in dentistry, and therefore has been suggested as a suitable biomaterial for guided bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Aim: To determine the use of CoCrMo alloy for implantable devices in oral and maxillofacial surgery and to discuss the potential of this alloy for bone regeneration and repair through a scoping review. Material and methods: The search was done by using various databases including PubMed, Thomson Reuters and Scopus. We selected English literature related to studies reporting the CoCrMo properties and manufacturing processes and findings related to bone-forming techniques. Data was compared qualitatively. Results: 90 studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria. We reported different manufacturing techniques and their advantages related to mechanical, chemical and biocompatible properties. Conclusion: Improved tissue reactions of CoCrMo implant devices can be acquired by the application of novel techniques and surface modifications. Moreover, several processes have demonstrated to improve the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of the CoCrMo alloy to promote the attachment, proliferation and guided differentiation of seeding cells.

Antecedentes: La osteointegración ha permitido un gran avance en biomateriales y técnicas, y ha contribuido un mayor uso de implantes dentales. Sin embargo, la existencia de un nivel óseo insuficiente es un problema frecuente y crea una base anatómicamente menos favorable para la colocación de implantes. El primer procedimiento quirúrgico debe comprender la reconstrucción de la altura del hueso alveolar. Las aleaciones de CoCrMo se consideran hoy en día como materiales altamente resistentes a la corrosión y biocompatibles en odontología y, por lo tanto, se ha sugerido como un biomaterial adecuado para la regeneración ósea guiada y la ingeniería de tejidos. Objetivo: Determinar el uso de la aleación CoCrMo para dispositivos implantables en cirugía oral y maxilofacial y discutir sobre el potencial de esta aleación para la regeneración y reparación ósea a través de una revisión de alcance. Material y Métodos: La búsqueda se realizó utilizando varias bases de datos, incluidas PubMed, Thomson Reuters y Scopus. Se seleccionó literatura inglesa relacionada con estudios que informan sobre las propiedades de CoCrMo y los procesos de fabricación y los hallazgos relacionados con las técnicas de formación de huesos. Los datos se compararon cualitativamente. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 90 estudios según los criterios de inclusión. y se reportaron diferentes técnicas de fabricación y sus ventajas relacionadas con propiedades mecánicas, químicas y biocompatibles. Conclusión: Las reacciones tisulares mejoradas de los dispositivos de implante CoCrMo pueden adquirirse mediante la aplicación de nuevas técnicas y modificaciones de la superficie. Además, varios procesos han demostrado mejorar la biocompatibilidad in vitro e in vivo de la aleación CoCrMo para promover la unión, proliferación y diferenciación guiada de las células de siembra.

Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and cone-beam computed tomography for maxillary sinus graft assessment.

PURPOSE: Little is known regarding the accuracy of clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols with acceptable scan times in sinus graft assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between MRI and cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) measurements of maxillary sinus grafts using 2 different clinical MRI imaging protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 15 patients who underwent unilateral sinus lift surgery with biphasic calcium phosphate were included in this study. CBCT, T1-weighted MRI, and T2-weighted MRI scans were taken 6 months after sinus lift surgery. Linear measurements of the maximum height and buccolingual width in coronal images, as well as the maximum anteroposterior depth in sagittal images, were performed by 2 trained observers using CBCT and MRI Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine files. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was also performed to confirm the presence of bone tissue in the grafted area. Correlations between MRI and CBCT measurements were assessed with the Pearson test. RESULTS: Significant correlations between CBCT and MRI were found for sinus graft height (T1-weighted, r=0.711 and P<0.05; T2-weighted, r=0.713 and P<0.05), buccolingual width (T1-weighted, r=0.892 and P<0.05; T2-weighted, r=0.956 and P<0.05), and anteroposterior depth (T1-weighted, r=0.731 and P<0.05; T2-weighted, r=0.873 and P<0.05). The presence of bone tissue in the grafted areas was confirmed via micro-CT. CONCLUSION: Both MRI pulse sequences tested can be used for sinus graft measurements, as strong correlations with CBCT were found. However, correlations between T2-weighted MRI and CBCT were slightly higher than those between T1-weighted MRI and CBCT.

The positive effect of tenting screws for primary horizontal guided bone regeneration: A retrospective study based on cone-beam computed tomography data.

OBJECTIVES: To radiographically evaluate the effect of the adjunctive use of tenting screws (TS) for primary horizontal guided bone regeneration (GBR). MATERIALS & METHODS: Twenty-eight patients in need of staged bone augmentation were consecutively treated in a private practice. A xenogenic particulate bone substitute material (DBBM) and a resorbable collagen membrane were used in all patients. Subjects were divided into two groups: control (conventional GBR; n = 22) and test (tenting screws in conjunction with GBR - TS; n = 22). CBCT images were obtained before augmentation and after 6-8 months. CBCTs were superimposed, and linear horizontal measurements were performed. Alveolar ridge width (RW) and ridge width change (RWchange) were assessed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 mm below the bone crest. RESULTS: Forty-four sites in 28 patients were evaluated. No differences between the groups were detected for RW at baseline (TS: 5.87 ± 2.41; control: 5.36 ± 1.65). Regarding RWchange, TS promoted an additional effect at 1 and 3 mm below the crest compared to control (p < .05; RWchange-1 TS: 3.72 ± 2.46; control: 1.25 ± 3.05; RWchange-3 TS: 3.98 ± 2.53; control: 2.50 ± 2.02). The final RW was greater in group TS compared to the control group at the 1, 3, and 5 mm level (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of tenting screws exerted a positive effect on staged GBR with a greater final RW at the 3 mm level. In addition, GBR in conjunction with TS was able to provide consistent bone augmentation at lingual/palatal sites.

Anatomical variations of the maxillary sinus septa of an Iranian population using cone-beam computed tomography: a retrospective study / Variaciones anatómicas de los tabiques del seno maxilar de una población iraní mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico: estudio retrospectivo

This study sought to assess the internal anatomy of the maxillary sinuses and their septa using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in an Iranian population. Materials and Methods: Resorption of alveolar bone decreases the height of the maxillary alveolar ridge. This height reduction may be so severe that it warrants ridge augmentation by a sinus lift. Manipulation of the maxillary sinuses, as in sinus lift surgery, requires adequate knowledge about the sinus anatomy.Results: Maxillary sinus septum, as an anatomical variation, may complicate the surgical procedures and increase the risk of complications such as sinus membrane perforation. In this retrospective study, 366 sinuses, 190 from females and 176 from males, aged between 10 and 65 years old presenting to the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department of School of Dentistry at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences were evaluated by two oral radiologists. The extension of the maxillary sinuses, presence of septa, number of septa and their location were determined. Data were analyzed using the chi square test (level of significance p≤0.001). The coefficient of agreement between the two oral radiologists was calculated based on Cohen kappa. Septa were present in 40.5% of the maxillary sinuses, out of which, 31.6% had one, 7.9% had two and 1% had three or more septa; 38% of the septa were horizontal while 62% had an oblique orientation. In total, 184 septa were found in 183 patients; out of which, 91 septa were 2mm to 5mm long while 93 septa were longer than 5mm. Conclusions: Comprehensive knowledge about the three-dimensional internal anatomy of the maxillary sinuses acquired by CBCT priorto surgical procedures can greatly help to prevent postoperative complications.

Este estudio buscó evaluar la anatomía interna de los senos maxilares y sus septos mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) en una población Iraní. Materiales y Métodos: . La resorción del hueso alveolar disminuye la altura de la cresta alveolar maxilar. Esta reducción de altura puede ser tan severa que justifique el aumento de la cresta mediante una elevación de seno. La manipulación de los senos maxilares, como en la cirugía de elevación del seno, requiere un conocimiento adecuado sobre la anatomía del seno. Resultado: El tabique del seno maxilar, como una variación anatómica, puede complicar los procedimientos quirúrgicos y aumentar el riesgo de complicaciones como la perforación de la membrana sinusal. En este estudio retrospectivo, dos radiólogos orales evaluaron 366 senos, 190 de mujeres y 176 de hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 65 años que se presentaron en el Departamento de Radiología Oral y Maxilofacial de la Facultad de Odontología de Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Se determinó la extensión de los senos maxilares, la presencia de septos, el número de septos y su ubicación. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado (nivel de significación p?0.001). El coeficiente de concordancia entre los dos radiólogos orales se calculó en base a Cohen kappa. Los septos estaban presentes en el 40.5% de los senos maxilares, de los cuales, el 31.6% tenía uno, el 7.9% tenía dos y el 1% tenía tres o más septos; El 38% de los septos eran horizontales, mientras que el 62% tenía una orientación oblicua. En total, se encontraron 184 septos en 183 pacientes; de los cuales, 91 septos tenían de 2mm a 5mm de largo, mientras que 93 septos tenían más de 5mm. Conclusion: El conocimiento exhaustivo sobre la anatomía interna tridimensional de los senos maxilares adquiridos por CBCT antes de los procedimientos quirúrgicos puede ayudar en gran medida a prevenir complicaciones postoperatorias.

Cambios dimensionales de los tejidos peri-implantarios con injertos de tejido conectivo comparado con matrices xenogénicas / Dimensional changes of peri-implant tissues with connective tissue grafts vs. with xenogenic matrices

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar los cambios dimensionales de los tejidos peri-implantarios en la zona estética, después de la segunda etapa quirúrgica de injertos de tejido conectivo autógeno comparados con una matriz de colágeno xenogénica, después de 3 meses de cicatrización. Métodos: En una serie de casos de seis pacientes con defectos del reborde alveolar, se realizó un procedimiento de aumento de volumen de tejidos blandos, asignando al azar dos modalidades de tratamiento: injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial y matriz de colágeno dérmica acelular. Para evaluar los cambios dimensionales se tomaron impresiones antes del aumento y a los 90 días; estas fueron vaciadas para obtener modelos de yeso que fueron digitalizados; las dos imágenes fueron superpuestas; y tras la definición de tres puntos de interés, se calculó mediante un Software (D500 3D dental scanner - 3Shape, Copenhague, Dinamarca), los cambios dimensionales en milímetros. Se indagó por el dolor experimentado por los pacientes usando una escala visual análoga. Resultados: A los 90 días de realizada la cirugía, se observó un aumento en el grosor de los tejidos blandos peri-implantarios de 0,77 mm (rango 0,0-1,3) para el injerto de tejido conectivo, y 0,89 mm (rango 0,3-1,5) para la matriz dérmica acelular. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las dos modalidades de tratamiento, en ninguno de los tres puntos evaluados por paciente (p= 0,83; p= 0,83; p= 0,51). En cuanto al dolor experimentado entre el primer y séptimo días, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la zona receptora intergrupo (p= 0,07; p= 0,12); intragrupo, injerto (p= 0,11) y matriz (p= 0,32); ni en la zona donante del grupo del injerto (p= 0,11). Conclusiones: El aumento en el grosor de los tejidos peri-implantarios fue similar después de 90 días en los dos grupos del estudio(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Compare the dimensional changes of peri-implant tissues from the esthetic zone after the second surgical stage of autogenous connective tissue grafting vs. a xenogenic collagen matrix after three months' healing. Methods: A case-series of six patients with alveolar ridge defects underwent a soft tissue volume augmentation procedure, randomly assigning two treatment modes: subepithelial connective tissue graft and acellular dermal collagen matrix. Impressions were taken before augmentation and at 90 days to evaluate the dimensional changes. These were then emptied to obtain plaster models which were then digitalized. The two images were superimposed, and upon definition of three points of interest, the dimensional changes were estimated in millimeters with the software D500 3D dental scanner (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Inquiries were made about the pain experienced by patients using a visual analogue scale. Results: Ninety days after surgery, increase in thickness of peri-implant soft tissues was 0.77 mm (range 0.0-1.3) for the connective tissue graft and 0.89 mm (range 0.3-1.5) for the acellular dermal matrix. No statistically significant differences were found between the two treatment modes at any of the three points evaluated per patient (p= 0.83, p= 0.83, p= 0.51). With respect to the pain experienced between the first and the seventh days, no statistically significant differences were found in the recipient zone intergroup (p= 0.07, p= 0.12), the graft intragroup (p= 0.11) and the matrix (p= 0.32), or in the donor zone of the graft group (p= 0.11). Conclusions: Increase in the thickness of peri-implant tissues after 90 days was similar in the two study groups(AU)

Horizontal ridge augmentation using xenogenous bone graft-systematic review.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to perform a systematic review about the use of xenogenous bonegraft in horizontal ridge augmentation to answer the following question: In implant patients, treated with xenografts for horizontal ridge augmentation, what would be the outcomes in terms of bone gain, bone resorption, implant survival, and complication rates? METHODS: The main search was performed at PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases, and found 2610 articles. After selection and duplicate removal, 29 studies were included in the final review. The collected data were sample size, number and type of graft, site, horizontal gain, resorption rate, and complications. RESULTS: A total of 610 patients were submitted to 853 bone grafts, both in the maxilla and mandible. Most studies (n = 26) used particulate grafts, isolated or associated with autogenous bone, and covered by collagen membrane or titanium mesh. The mean of horizontal bone gain was 4.44 mm. In addition, the augmented ridges allowed placement of 1325 successful dental implants. The complication rate was 7.85%, and membrane exposure was the most reported complication. CONCLUSIONS: Although the autogenous bone graft remains as the gold standard for alveolar reconstruction, this review suggests that xenogenous bone graft is a feasible alternative for horizontal bone augmentation.

Manejo de la cresta maxilar atrófica con la técnica de Ridge Split / Management of the Athrofic Maxilar Crest with the Ridge Split Technique

Resumen 14. Introducción: la atrofia ósea del reborde maxilar siempre es una limitante para instalar implantes dentales. El procedimiento de Ridge Split demuestra ser una técnica exitosa para realizar el manejo de los defectos horizontales, aumentando las dimensiones del reborde atrófico para instalar de forma inmediata implantes dentales. Objetivo: describir el uso clínico de la técnica de Ridge Split como tratamiento del aumento óseo en sentido horizontal del maxilar atrófico. Presentación del caso: se presentó el caso de una paciente femenina de 61 años de edad, edéntula parcial, que busca recuperar sus dientes superiores. Al examen clínico presenta solo dos dientes y al examen radiográfico-tomográfico se observó reabsorción ósea severa y neumatización de los senos maxilares. Se planifica instalar dos implantes para realizar una sobre dentadura, utilizando la técnica de Ridge Split e instalación inmediata de los implantes. Cinco meses posteriores, se realiza un control tomográfico evidenciando aumento horizontal del reborde alveolar y se rehabilita con una sobredentadura, con lo que se logró la conformidad estética y funcional de la paciente. Conclusión: el caso presentado revela que esta técnica incrementa el reborde oseo en sentido horizontal y permite instalar en forma simultánea los implantes. Es un tratamiento predecible, seguro y cómodo, y acorta el tiempo de tratamiento, por lo que es una alternativa viable para el manejo de los defectos óseos alveolares.

Abstract 20. Introduction: the bony atrophy of the maxillary ridge is always a limitation to install dental implants. The Ridge Split procedure proves to be a successful technique to perform the management of horizontal defects, increasing the dimensions of the atrophic ridge to immediately install dental implants. Aim: to describe the clinical use of the Ridge Split technique as a treatment for bone augmentation in the horizontal direction of the atrophic maxilla. Case presentation: the case of a female patient of 61 years of age, partially edentulous, who seeks to recover her upper teeth was presented. The clinical examination shows only two teeth and the radiographic-tomographic examination showed severe bone resorption and pneumatization of the maxillary sinuses. It is planned to install two implants to make an over denture, using the Ridge Split technique and immediate installation of the implants. Five months later, a tomographic control was performed evidencing a horizontal increase of the alveolar ridge and it was rehabilitated with an overdenture, with which the patient's aesthetic and functional compliance was achieved. Conclusion: the presented case reveals that this technique increases the bone ridge in horizontal direction and allows to install the implants simultaneously. It is a predictable, safe and comfortable treatment, and shortens the treatment time, making it a viable alternative for the management of alveolar bone defects.

Composite Alloplastic Biomaterial vs. Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Ridge Preservation.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical and histological differences of using a combination of alloplastic beta triphasic calcium phosphate (ß-TCP) and a cross-linked collagen membrane versus autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF-L) in ridge preservation after dental extraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients were included in this observational case-series study. Dental extractions were performed, after which 25 patients were grafted with ß-TCP and 26 with PRF-L. After four months of healing, clinical, radiological, histomorphometric and histological evaluations were performed. RESULTS: A significantly higher percentage of mineralized tissue was observed in samples from the PRF-L grafted areas. Cellularity was higher in PRF-L grafted areas (osteocytes in newly formed bone per mm² = 123.25 (5.12) vs. 84.02 (26.53) for PRF-L and ß-TCP, respectively, p = 0.01). However, sockets grafted with PRF-L showed a higher reduction in the bucco-lingual dimension after four months of healing (2.19 (0.80) vs. 1.16 (0.55) mm, p < 0.001), as well as a higher alteration in the final position of the mid muco-gingival junction (1.73 (1.34) vs. 0.88 (0.88) mm, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: PRF-L concentrate accelerates wound healing in post-extraction sockets in terms of new mineralized tissue component. However, the use of ß-TCP biomaterial appears to be superior to maintain bucco-lingual volume and the final position of the muco-gingival junction.