The Impact Ground Phonolite Rock's Potassium Solubilization in Tropical Soil Depends on the Cultivated Forage Species.

Cover crops can be used to accelerate the solubilization process of low-solubility fertilizers; thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of grasses in solubilizing potassium from phonolite rock powder. With a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, two doses of phonolite rock powder, equivalent to 0 and 8 t ha-1, were combined with four grass species (Urochloa ruziziensis, U. decumbens, U. humidicola, and Andropogon gayanus), besides a control treatment without any cover crop. The dry matter production of the aerial parts of the plants was evaluated at days 40 and 70 post-emergence, and then the concentration of potassium in the plants and the soil was evaluated (exchangeable, non-exchangeable, structural, and total potassium contents). In the soil, the phonolitic rock powder increased the exchangeable, non-exchangeable, structural, and total K contents, favoring the absorption of K and the production of the dry mass of the three Urochloa, but U. decumbens stood out because it promoted greater availability of K in the system compared to the cultivation of other plant species. This research proposes the inclusion of U. decumbens in production systems that receive phonolitic rock, constituting a sustainable strategy to improve its agronomic efficiency.

Use of quarry waste basalt rock powder as a soil remineralizer to grow soybean and maize.

Production costs in Brazilian agriculture have increased with the rising prices of imported soluble fertilizers. To circumvent this import dependence, low-cost indigenous nutrient sources have been tested, including basalt rock powder (BRP). In this study, we assessed BRP and limestone effects on soil fertility, and soybean and maize dry mass (DM) accumulation. Four greenhouse pots experiments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design with two soils (Clay and Sandy Clay Loam) and four doses of each material (0, 33, 66, and 99 Mg ha-1 BRP and 0, 1, 2, and 4 Mg ha-1 limestone), evaluated in two species (soybean and maize). At the end of the experiments, DM, shoot P and K concentrations, and soil pH and P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were assessed as a function of BRP and limestone application. Applying BRP increased DM production and improved soil fertility parameters such as pH, and Ca and P concentrations, with leaf P content also increasing. Meanwhile, limestone only triggered significant changes in pH and soil Ca content.

Growth of black pepper plantlets under different substrates and irrigation levels

Optimization of the use of water and the possibility of using residues as substrate in the black pepper production chain can yield economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and physiological traits of black pepper plantlets (Piper nigrum L.), cv. Bragantina, at different irrigation levels and soilless substrates. Plantlets were grown for 120 days on three substrates [biosolid + crushed coconut fiber (3:1, by volume); biosolid + granitic rock powder (3:1, by volume); and biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder (2:1:1, by volume)] and at five irrigation levels [36 % (very low); 55 % (low); 85 % (moderate); 100 % (well-irrigated); and 126 % of the reference irrigation level (over-irrigated)]. The biometric traits evaluated increased as the irrigation levels increased, with the exception of root dry mass, which was not influenced by this factor, nor water use efficiency, which decreased as the irrigation levels increased. In general, plants grown with a mixture of the three wastes (biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder) exhibited higher values for biometric variables and chlorophyll content when they were moderately, well or over-irrigated, in comparison with the other two substrates. It was possible to achieve the plantlet commercial standard using this three waste mixture and the moderate irrigation level.

Growth of black pepper plantlets under different substrates and irrigation levels

ABSTRACT Optimization of the use of water and the possibility of using residues as substrate in the black pepper production chain can yield economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and physiological traits of black pepper plantlets (Piper nigrum L.), cv. Bragantina, at different irrigation levels and soilless substrates. Plantlets were grown for 120 days on three substrates [biosolid + crushed coconut fiber (3:1, by volume); biosolid + granitic rock powder (3:1, by volume); and biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder (2:1:1, by volume)] and at five irrigation levels [36 % (very low); 55 % (low); 85 % (moderate); 100 % (well-irrigated); and 126 % of the reference irrigation level (over-irrigated)]. The biometric traits evaluated increased as the irrigation levels increased, with the exception of root dry mass, which was not influenced by this factor, nor water use efficiency, which decreased as the irrigation levels increased. In general, plants grown with a mixture of the three wastes (biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder) exhibited higher values for biometric variables and chlorophyll content when they were moderately, well or over-irrigated, in comparison with the other two substrates. It was possible to achieve the plantlet commercial standard using this three waste mixture and the moderate irrigation level.

Growth of black pepper plantlets under different substrates and irrigation levels

Optimization of the use of water and the possibility of using residues as substrate in the black pepper production chain can yield economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and physiological traits of black pepper plantlets (Piper nigrum L.), cv. Bragantina, at different irrigation levels and soilless substrates. Plantlets were grown for 120 days on three substrates [biosolid + crushed coconut fiber (3:1, by volume); biosolid + granitic rock powder (3:1, by volume); and biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder (2:1:1, by volume)] and at five irrigation levels [36 % (very low); 55 % (low); 85 % (moderate); 100 % (well-irrigated); and 126 % of the reference irrigation level (over-irrigated)]. The biometric traits evaluated increased as the irrigation levels increased, with the exception of root dry mass, which was not influenced by this factor, nor water use efficiency, which decreased as the irrigation levels increased. In general, plants grown with a mixture of the three wastes (biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder) exhibited higher values for biometric variables and chlorophyll content when they were moderately, well or over-irrigated, in comparison with the other two substrates. It was possible to achieve the plantlet commercial standard using this three waste mixture and the moderate irrigation level.(AU)

Bacterial strains decrease solubility of potassium in the soil / Estirpes bacterianas reduzem potencial de solubilização de potássio no solo

This study aimed to verify whether inoculation with strains of diazotrophic bacteria, with proven ability to solubilize potassium (K) in vitro, contributes towards the release of K in the soil after fertilization with phonolite rock powder. The experiment was conducted in containers with 0.3 dm-3 of soil containing low potassium content. Fifteen treatments were used, namely, 12 inoculated with the bacterial strains, a control treatment (without phonolite and without inoculation), one containing phonolite without inoculation and one containing KCl, soluble fertilizer, without inoculation. In treatments with phonolite and KCl, the doses of these materials were applied to provide the soil with 195 mg dm-3 of K. A completely randomized design with four replications was used. The soil was incubated during 90 days at room temperature and humidity at about 70% retention capacity. After this period, the content of K+ (Mehlich and resin), pH value and potential acidity (H+Al) were evaluated. Phonolite, associated with inoculation with most bacterial strains, increased the availability of potassium in the soil, pH rate and reduced potential acidity. Among the strains tested, UNIFENAS 100-01, UNIFENAS 100-16, UNIFENAS 100-27, UNIFENAS 100-39 and UNIFENAS 100-93 were the most efficient for the solubilization of K+ of the phonolite. In spite of the observed results, K content released by the bacterial strains in the soil decreased when compared to in vitroconditions, thus justifying the need for studies on bio-solubilization of soil to select the most efficient strains in the process.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se a inoculação com estirpes de bactérias diazotróficas de comprovada capacidade de solubilizar potássio (K) in vitro, contribui para a liberação de K no solo, após adubação com o pó da rocha fonolito. O experimento foi conduzido em recipientes contendo 0,3 dm-3 de solo contendo baixo teor de potássio. Foram utilizados 15 tratamentos, sendo: 12 com fonolito inoculados com as estirpes bacterianas e 3 tratamentos controle, um sem fonolito e sem inoculação, um contendo fonolito sem inoculação e um contendo KCl, fertilizante solúvel, sem inoculação. Nos tratamentos contendo fonolito e KCl, foi aplicada doses desses materiais para fornecer ao solo 195 mg dm-3 de K. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O solo foi incubado por 90 dias, em temperatura ambiente e a umidade foi mantida a cerca de 70% da capacidade de retenção. Após esse período, foram avaliados o teor de K+ (Mehlich e resina), valor de pH e da acidez potencial (H+Al). A utilização do fonolito, associado a inoculação com a maioria das estirpes bacterianas contribuiu para aumentar a disponibilidade de potássio no solo, o valor de pH e reduzir a acidez potencial. Dentre as estirpes testadas, destacaram-se UNIFENAS 100-01, UNIFENAS 100-16, UNIFENAS 100-27, UNIFENAS 100-39 e UNIFENAS 100-93, que foram as mais eficientes para a solubilização do K+ do fonolito. Apesar dos resultados observados, verificou-se que o teor de K liberado pelas estirpes bacterianas no solo foi reduzido quando comparado às condições in vitro, justificando assim, a necessidade de estudos de biossolubilização no solo visando selecionar as estirpes mais eficientes para desempenhar o processo

Chemical attributes of a remineralized Oxisol / Atributos químicos de um Latossolo remineralizado

Remineralizers are comminuted rocks that are applied to soil, and their use as an agricultural amendment was regulated in Brazil in 2013. However, mechanisms of action of these materials must be better known to enable them to be best used in agricultural fields. Soil chemical attributes of an Oxisol were monitored after the application of a diabase remineralizer. The increase in exchangeable Na observed was associated with the dissolution of the border of the plagioclase crystals where this element is highly concentrated (albite). Therefore, it was inferred that the time since the application of the remineralizer (1 to 2 years depending on the treatment) was not sufficient to exhaust this crystal volume. Unfortunately, the presence of several sources of Ca-containing minerals in the remineralizer did not allow to infer if the calcic nuclei was dissolving. An increase in effective cation exchange capacity was observed without the concurrent increase in the pH of the soil. The two non-exclusive hypotheses proposed to explain this result were that an extra surface charge has originated on the surface of the newly precipitated oxidic phases and/or from the dissolution of the remineralizer grains. Rapid precipitation of amorphous solids (as measured by the increase in Alo and Feo) would also explain the lack of increase in exchangeable Fe and Al despite the large amount of Al2O3(11.90%) and Fe2O3 (14.45%) in the remineralizer.(AU)

O uso de remineralizadores como insumo agrícola foi regularizado em 2013, mas seus mecanismos de ação precisam ser melhor conhecidos para viabilizar o manejo nos campos agrícolas. Atributos químicos de um Latossolo foram monitorados após remineralização com diabásio. O aumento de Na trocável foi atribuído à dissolução das bordas dos plagioclásios (albita) onde a concentração deste elemento é maior. Infelizmente, não é possível especular se o tempo decorrido desde a aplicação (um a dois anos, dependendo do tratamento) foi suficiente para solubilizar o núcleo cálcico (anortita) destes cristais, já que o remineralizador possui outros minerais fonte de Ca. Houve aumento da capacidade de troca catiônica efetiva sem aumento do pH. As hipóteses propostas para explicar este fenômeno são a precipitação de fases oxídicas amorfas e o aparecimento de cargas elétricas na superfície dos grãos do remineralizador durante sua dissolução. Apesar da concentração de Al2O3 do remineralizador (11,90%) e Fe2O3 (14,45%), não houve aumento destes elementos no complexo de troca, possivelmente por sua rápida precipitação em formas amorfas (Alo e Feo no solo).(AU)

Chemical attributes of a remineralized Oxisol / Atributos químicos de um Latossolo remineralizado

ABSTRACT: Remineralizers are comminuted rocks that are applied to soil, and their use as an agricultural amendment was regulated in Brazil in 2013. However, mechanisms of action of these materials must be better known to enable them to be best used in agricultural fields. Soil chemical attributes of an Oxisol were monitored after the application of a diabase remineralizer. The increase in exchangeable Na observed was associated with the dissolution of the border of the plagioclase crystals where this element is highly concentrated (albite). Therefore, it was inferred that the time since the application of the remineralizer (1 to 2 years depending on the treatment) was not sufficient to exhaust this crystal volume. Unfortunately, the presence of several sources of Ca-containing minerals in the remineralizer did not allow to infer if the calcic nuclei was dissolving. An increase in effective cation exchange capacity was observed without the concurrent increase in the pH of the soil. The two non-exclusive hypotheses proposed to explain this result were that an extra surface charge has originated on the surface of the newly precipitated oxidic phases and/or from the dissolution of the remineralizer grains. Rapid precipitation of amorphous solids (as measured by the increase in Alo and Feo) would also explain the lack of increase in exchangeable Fe and Al despite the large amount of Al2O3 (11.90%) and Fe2O3 (14.45%) in the remineralizer.

RESUMO: O uso de remineralizadores como insumo agrícola foi regularizado em 2013, mas seus mecanismos de ação precisam ser melhor conhecidos para viabilizar o manejo nos campos agrícolas. Atributos químicos de um Latossolo foram monitorados após remineralização com diabásio. O aumento de Na trocável foi atribuído à dissolução das bordas dos plagioclásios (albita) onde a concentração deste elemento é maior. Infelizmente, não é possível especular se o tempo decorrido desde a aplicação (um a dois anos, dependendo do tratamento) foi suficiente para solubilizar o núcleo cálcico (anortita) destes cristais, já que o remineralizador possui outros minerais fonte de Ca. Houve aumento da capacidade de troca catiônica efetiva sem aumento do pH. As hipóteses propostas para explicar este fenômeno são a precipitação de fases oxídicas amorfas e o aparecimento de cargas elétricas na superfície dos grãos do remineralizador durante sua dissolução. Apesar da concentração de Al2O3 do remineralizador (11,90%) e Fe2O3 (14,45%), não houve aumento destes elementos no complexo de troca, possivelmente por sua rápida precipitação em formas amorfas (Alo e Feo no solo).

Potencial de olivina melilitito, granito e sienito na disponibilização de potássio em solos / Potential of olivine melilitite, granite and sienite in the availability of potassium in soils

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de pós de rochas na disponibilização de potássio em solos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando as rochas olivina melilitito, granito e sienito. Amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico e de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo foram coletadas, secas ao ar e peneiradas, corrigidas a pH 5,2 com calcário dolomítico e mantidas a 80% da capacidade de campo na incubação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois solos e cinco formas de K, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: sem adubação; KCl, pó de rocha de olivina melilitito e granito e sienito. Os pós de rocha foram acrescentados em quantidades equivalentes a 500 kg ha-1 de K2O, com base no teor total de K das rochas. Após o período de incubação de 180 dias, foram cultivados em sucessão feijão, trigo e trigo mourisco. A determinação do K no solo foi realizada após extração com solução de Mehlich-1 e resina trocadora de íons. O olivina melilitito não diferiu do KCl em relação à absorção de potássio pelas plantas e na disponibilização desse elemento no solo, exceto na extração pela resina no Argissolo após o cultivo de feijão, representando uma fonte potencial deste nutriente a ser melhor avaliada como fertilizante na agricultura. Os pós de rocha de granito e sienito não mostraram resposta quanto às variáveis testadas, evidenciando serem materiais de disponibilização mais lenta de potássio às plantas.(AU)

This study aimed to assess the potential of rock powders in the availability of potassium in soils. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using the rocks olivine melilitite, granite and sienite. Samples of a Humic Cambisol and a Red-Yellow Argisol were collected, air dried and sieved, adjusted to pH 5.2 with lime and incubated at 80% of water fi eld capacity. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design using a 2 x 5 factorial, with two soil types and fi ve forms of K, with four replicates. The treatment no fertilizers, KCl, olivine melilitite, and granite and sienite rock powders. Rock powders were added in amounts equivalent to 500 kg ha-1 K2O based on the total K content of the rocks. After an incubation period of 180 days, beans, wheat and buckwheat were grown in succession. The content of K in the soil was determined after extraction with Mehlich-1 and ion exchange resin. Olivine melilitite did not differ from KCl in relation to potassium uptake by plants and in the availability of K in the soil, except for resin extraction in Argisol after beans cultivation, so it represents a potential K source to be better evaluated as agricultural fertilizer.The granite and sienite powder did not respond to the variables tested, which points out that they are materials with slow K availability to plants.(AU)

Potencial de olivina melilitito, granito e sienito na disponibilização de potássio em solos / Potential of olivine melilitite, granite and sienite in the availability of potassium in soils

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de pós de rochas na disponibilização de potássio em solos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando as rochas olivina melilitito, granito e sienito. Amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico e de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo foram coletadas, secas ao ar e peneiradas, corrigidas a pH 5,2 com calcário dolomítico e mantidas a 80% da capacidade de campo na incubação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois solos e cinco formas de K, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: sem adubação; KCl, pó de rocha de olivina melilitito e granito e sienito. Os pós de rocha foram acrescentados em quantidades equivalentes a 500 kg ha-1 de K2O, com base no teor total de K das rochas. Após o período de incubação de 180 dias, foram cultivados em sucessão feijão, trigo e trigo mourisco. A determinação do K no solo foi realizada após extração com solução de Mehlich-1 e resina trocadora de íons. O olivina melilitito não diferiu do KCl em relação à absorção de potássio pelas plantas e na disponibilização desse elemento no solo, exceto na extração pela resina no Argissolo após o cultivo de feijão, representando uma fonte potencial deste nutriente a ser melhor avaliada como fertilizante na agricultura. Os pós de rocha de granito e sienito não mostraram resposta quanto às variáveis testadas, evidenciando serem materiais de disponibilização mais lenta de potássio às plantas.

This study aimed to assess the potential of rock powders in the availability of potassium in soils. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using the rocks olivine melilitite, granite and sienite. Samples of a Humic Cambisol and a Red-Yellow Argisol were collected, air dried and sieved, adjusted to pH 5.2 with lime and incubated at 80% of water fi eld capacity. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design using a 2 x 5 factorial, with two soil types and fi ve forms of K, with four replicates. The treatment no fertilizers, KCl, olivine melilitite, and granite and sienite rock powders. Rock powders were added in amounts equivalent to 500 kg ha-1 K2O based on the total K content of the rocks. After an incubation period of 180 days, beans, wheat and buckwheat were grown in succession. The content of K in the soil was determined after extraction with Mehlich-1 and ion exchange resin. Olivine melilitite did not differ from KCl in relation to potassium uptake by plants and in the availability of K in the soil, except for resin extraction in Argisol after beans cultivation, so it represents a potential K source to be better evaluated as agricultural fertilizer.The granite and sienite powder did not respond to the variables tested, which points out that they are materials with slow K availability to plants.

Fungicides and silicate clay on the control of antracnosis in yellow passionfruit / Fungicidas e argila silicatada no controle da antracnose do maracujá amarelo

The anthracnose, caused by Glomerella cingulata (anamorf Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), is the most important fungal disease for aerial parts of yellow passionfruit. However, few studies about anthracnose control in field conditions have been published. The objective of this research was to evaluate silicate clay and fungicides for anthracnose control. Treatments evaluated were: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), copper oxychloride (180g i.a./100L), silicate clay (15g /L) and control (untreated plants). The sanity of the plants was evaluated through area under disease progress curve (AUCPD), final severity (SEVF) and disease progress curves. Experimental design was completely randomized with five repetitions. Tebuconazole and silicate clay proportioned significant reduction for AUCPD and SEVF compared to control. Copper oxychloride reduced only SEVF. Treatment with tebuconazole reduced AUCPD and SEVF in 75% and 71%, and silicate clay in 82%, respectively. Copper oxychloride reduced SEVF in 76%. The disease progress curves confirmed results and showed lower growth of anthracnose for tebuconazole and silicate clay. Silicate clay and tebuconazole are efficient to control anthracnose in passionfruit.

A antracnose, causada por Glomerella cingulata (anamorfo Colletotrichum gloesporioides), é a principal doença fúngica de parte aérea do maracujazeiro amarelo. Todavia, poucos estudos de controle da doença a campo têm sido publicados, motivo pelo qual é importante avaliar diferentes fungicidas e substâncias alternativas para o manejo da antracnose. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), oxicloreto de cobre (180g i.a./100L), argila silicatada (15g /L) e testemunha. A partir da avaliação da severidade da doença, determinou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), severidade final (SEVF) e as curvas de progresso da doença. O delineamento adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Tebuconazole e argila silicatada proporcionaram os melhores resultados no controle da doença pela redução significativa da AACPD e SEVF em relação à testemunha. Oxicloreto de cobre diferiu da testemunha apenas para SEVF. Tratamento com tebuconazole reduziu AACPD e SEVF em 75% e 71%, e argila silicatada em 82% as variáveis, respectivamente. Oxicloreto de cobre reduziu SEVF em 76%. As curvas de progresso da doença corroboram os resultados pelo menor crescimento da antracnose para tebuconazole e da argila silicatada. O Tebuconazole e a argila silicatada são eficientes no controle da antracnose do maracujazeiro.

Fungicides and silicate clay on the control of antracnosis in yellow passionfruit / Fungicidas e argila silicatada no controle da antracnose do maracujá amarelo

The anthracnose, caused by Glomerella cingulata (anamorf Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), is the most important fungal disease for aerial parts of yellow passionfruit. However, few studies about anthracnose control in field conditions have been published. The objective of this research was to evaluate silicate clay and fungicides for anthracnose control. Treatments evaluated were: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), copper oxychloride (180g i.a./100L), silicate clay (15g /L) and control (untreated plants). The sanity of the plants was evaluated through area under disease progress curve (AUCPD), final severity (SEVF) and disease progress curves. Experimental design was completely randomized with five repetitions. Tebuconazole and silicate clay proportioned significant reduction for AUCPD and SEVF compared to control. Copper oxychloride reduced only SEVF. Treatment with tebuconazole reduced AUCPD and SEVF in 75% and 71%, and silicate clay in 82%, respectively. Copper oxychloride reduced SEVF in 76%. The disease progress curves confirmed results and showed lower growth of anthracnose for tebuconazole and silicate clay. Silicate clay and tebuconazole are efficient to control anthracnose in passionfruit.

A antracnose, causada por Glomerella cingulata (anamorfo Colletotrichum gloesporioides), é a principal doença fúngica de parte aérea do maracujazeiro amarelo. Todavia, poucos estudos de controle da doença a campo têm sido publicados, motivo pelo qual é importante avaliar diferentes fungicidas e substâncias alternativas para o manejo da antracnose. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), oxicloreto de cobre (180g i.a./100L), argila silicatada (15g /L) e testemunha. A partir da avaliação da severidade da doença, determinou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), severidade final (SEVF) e as curvas de progresso da doença. O delineamento adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Tebuconazole e argila silicatada proporcionaram os melhores resultados no controle da doença pela redução significativa da AACPD e SEVF em relação à testemunha. Oxicloreto de cobre diferiu da testemunha apenas para SEVF. Tratamento com tebuconazole reduziu AACPD e SEVF em 75% e 71%, e argila silicatada em 82% as variáveis, respectivamente. Oxicloreto de cobre reduziu SEVF em 76%. As curvas de progresso da doença corroboram os resultados pelo menor crescimento da antracnose para tebuconazole e da argila silicatada. O Tebuconazole e a argila silicatada são eficientes no controle da antracnose do maracujazeiro.