Effects of amino resin-treated and heat-treated soybean meal on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and nitrogen partitioning in continuous culture.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of amino resin-treated soybean meal (SBM) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and N partitioning. The treatments were (1) untreated solvent-extracted SBM, (2) amino resin-treated SBM (AR-SBM), and (3) heat-treated SBM (HT-SBM). The experimental design was arranged as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 6 fermentors in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Treatments were randomly assigned to fermentors within a Latin square for each period. Each fermentor was fed 106 g/d of diet DM equally distributed in 2 feeding times daily at 0800 and 1800 h. Diets were formulated to contain 16% CP, 30% NDF, and 30% starch across treatments. The experiment consisted of 3 experimental periods, each lasting for 10 d. The first 7 d of each period were considered adaptation, and the last 3 d were used for sampling and data collection. On d 8 and 9, samples were collected for analysis of diurnal variation in concentrations of NH3-N, pH, and VFA during the first 8 h after feeding. On d 8, 9, and 10, samples were collected from the liquid and solid effluents accumulated over 24 h for analysis of daily averages of NH3-N and VFA pools, and true ruminal digestibility estimates. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. The model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of square, period, and fermentor within square, whereas time and interaction treatment × time were included for analyses of diurnal variation, with time as repeated measures. Compared with SBM, the cultured ruminal contents of AR-SBM and HT-SBM had lower NH3-N concentrations, indicating lower microbial fermentation of protein. Molar proportions of isovalerate and isobutyrate were greater in SBM than AR-SBM and HT-SBM, with greater molar proportion of isobutyrate for SBM, particularly during the first 2 h after feeding. The flow of NH3-N was greater for SBM compared with AR-SBM and HT-SBM, whereas NAN flow, bacterial N flow, and N efficiency were greater for AR-SBM and HT-SBM compared with SBM. Our results indicate that both the amino resin and heat treatments of SBM allow for similar decreases in microbial degradation of CP without limiting microbial protein synthesis in diets with 16% CP. Amino resin treatment may be effective in reducing microbial fermentation of protein in the rumen without adverse effects on digestibility or fermentation parameters as compared with SBM.

Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance.

Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance.(AU)

Intake, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis of steers fed with or without lipid addition / Consumo, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana de novilhos alimentados com ou sem adição de lipídios

This study investigated the influence of energy supplementation with or without the addition of lipids on microbial production, microbial synthesis efficiency and nitrogen balance. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. The concentrations of ammonia in the rumen were determined immediately at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after feeding. The diets with concentrate increased (P<0.05) the microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis and nitrogen balance without a difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Concentrated diets presented higher concentrations of urea nitrogen in the serum and urinary urea excretion (P<0.05), but there was no difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Energy supplementation, with or without lipid addition, can be used as a strategy to increase the synthesis of the microbial protein in the cattle fed corn silage.

Este estudo investigou a influência da suplementação energética com ou sem adição de lipídios na produção microbiana, eficiência de síntese microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio. Oito novilhos fistulados foram utilizados com rúmen acessível e mantidos em baias individuais. Suas dietas consistiram de silagem de milho; silagem de milho + concentrado; silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de óleo de soja; e silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de grãos de soja. Estimativas de síntese de proteína microbiana foram obtidas com base na excreção urinária de derivados de purina. As concentrações de amônia no rúmen foram determinadas imediatamente às 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após a alimentação. As dietas com concentrado aumentaram (P<0,05) a síntese de proteína microbiana e a eficiência da síntese e o balanço de nitrogênio sem diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). As dietas concentradas apresentaram maiores concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no soro e excreção urinária de uréia (P <0,05), mas não houve diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). A suplementação energética, com ou sem adição de lipídios, pode ser utilizada como estratégia para aumentar a síntese da proteína microbiana em bovinos alimentados com silagem de milho.

Protein-energy supplementation frequency on ruminal variables, intake and digestibility in steers receiving low quality hay / Frequência de suplementação proteico-energética sobre as variáveis ruminais, ingestão e digestibilidade em novilhos recebendo feno de baixa qualidade

The aim was evaluated the effect of reduce in protein-energy supplementation frequency on nutrients intake, forage digestibility and degradability, as well as, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in beef cattle receiving low-quality hay. A 4 x 4 Latin square design were used. Four steers were fed with low-quality hay and subjected to four treatments: no supplementation (control); protein-energy supplementation with 0.82% of body weight (BW) offered three times per week (3WK); 0.49% of BW offered five times a week (5 WK), and 0.35% of BW offered seven times per week (7 WK). The use of protein-energy supplementation increased intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and the digestibility coefficients of CP, EE, and NFC. However, no differences in DM and NDF degradation visit the website to get the how were observed between treatments in the evaluated hay. Supplementation did not alter ruminal pH, but the N-NH3 concentration was highest in treatment 7WK. Reduction in protein-energy supplementation frequency of daily to 3WK or 5WK does not negatively affect intake, digestibility and degradability of nutrients in beef cattle receiving low quality hay.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da redução na frequência de suplementação proteico-energética sobre o consumo de nutrientes, degradabilidade e digestibilidade da forragem, assim como o pH e concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) ruminal em bovinos de corte recebendo feno de baixa qualidade. Foi utilizado o delineamento quadrado latino de 4 x 4. Quatro bovinos foram alimentados com feno de baixa qualidade e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: sem suplementação (controle); suplementação com 0,82% do peso corporal (PC), três vezes por semana (3x); 0,49% do PC, cinco vezes por semana (5x); e 0,35% do PC sete vezes por semana (7x). O uso do suplemento proteico-energético aumentou a ingestão de matéria seca (MS), PB (proteína bruta), FDN (Fibra em detergente neutro), EE (extrato etéreo), CNF (carboidratos não fibrosos) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade da PB, EE e CNF. Entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças na degradação da MS e FDN do feno entre os tratamentos. A suplementação não alterou o pH ruminal, mas a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) foi maior no tratamento 7x. A redução na frequência de suplementação proteico-energética diária para 3x ou 5x não afetou negativamente o consumo, digestibilidade e degradabilidade dos nutrientes em bovinos de corte recebendo feno de baixa qualidade.(AU)

Protein-energy supplementation frequency on ruminal variables, intake and digestibility in steers receiving low quality hay / Frequência de suplementação proteico-energética sobre as variáveis ruminais, ingestão e digestibilidade em novilhos recebendo feno de baixa qualidade

The aim was evaluated the effect of reduce in protein-energy supplementation frequency on nutrients intake, forage digestibility and degradability, as well as, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in beef cattle receiving low-quality hay. A 4 x 4 Latin square design were used. Four steers were fed with low-quality hay and subjected to four treatments: no supplementation (control); protein-energy supplementation with 0.82% of body weight (BW) offered three times per week (3WK); 0.49% of BW offered five times a week (5 WK), and 0.35% of BW offered seven times per week (7 WK). The use of protein-energy supplementation increased intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and the digestibility coefficients of CP, EE, and NFC. However, no differences in DM and NDF degradation visit the website to get the how were observed between treatments in the evaluated hay. Supplementation did not alter ruminal pH, but the N-NH3 concentration was highest in treatment 7WK. Reduction in protein-energy supplementation frequency of daily to 3WK or 5WK does not negatively affect intake, digestibility and degradability of nutrients in beef cattle receiving low quality hay.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da redução na frequência de suplementação proteico-energética sobre o consumo de nutrientes, degradabilidade e digestibilidade da forragem, assim como o pH e concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) ruminal em bovinos de corte recebendo feno de baixa qualidade. Foi utilizado o delineamento quadrado latino de 4 x 4. Quatro bovinos foram alimentados com feno de baixa qualidade e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: sem suplementação (controle); suplementação com 0,82% do peso corporal (PC), três vezes por semana (3x); 0,49% do PC, cinco vezes por semana (5x); e 0,35% do PC sete vezes por semana (7x). O uso do suplemento proteico-energético aumentou a ingestão de matéria seca (MS), PB (proteína bruta), FDN (Fibra em detergente neutro), EE (extrato etéreo), CNF (carboidratos não fibrosos) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade da PB, EE e CNF. Entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças na degradação da MS e FDN do feno entre os tratamentos. A suplementação não alterou o pH ruminal, mas a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) foi maior no tratamento 7x. A redução na frequência de suplementação proteico-energética diária para 3x ou 5x não afetou negativamente o consumo, digestibilidade e degradabilidade dos nutrientes em bovinos de corte recebendo feno de baixa qualidade.

Ruminal and morphometric parameters of rumen and intestine in lambs fed guava (Psidium guajava L) agroindustrial waste

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW) on ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3, and microbial protein), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and morphometry of the rumen and intestine of sheep. A total of forty Santa Inês sheep (120 days old and 21.3±2.62 kg) were used. The animals were fed diets with 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% inclusion of GAW. The pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein, and VFA were evaluated in the ruminal fluid, alongside the morphometric characteristics of the rumen and intestine. The inclusion of GAW linearly increased fasting and postprandial pH, N-NH3 only showed a quadratic effect for fasting animal, whereas MP presented a quadratic effect for pre- and post-prandial animals. There was a quadratic effect for papilla width, with a maximum value of 393.33 µm at the level of 34.43% GAW in the diet. The papilla absorption area showed a linear effect, in which increasing levels of GAW in the diet had a smaller area of papillae absorption. The inclusion of GAW in the diet of Santa Inês sheep favored pH neutrality, reduced N-NH3 and ruminal MP concentrations, decreased the thickness of the rumen muscular layer, and increased the intestinal mucosa, favoring greater absorption of nutrients.(AU)

Inclusion of Opuntia stricta (Haw) in sheep diets affects nutrition and the physicochemical characteristics of the rumen content

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) in sheep diets on the feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, and physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5 kg body weight) were assigned in a Latin square design (5×5), with five diets and five experimental periods of 21 days each. The first 14 days were the adaptation period, and data were collected over the following seven days, making the total duration of the experiment 105 days. The diets included a control diet and four diets containing cactus at 121, 245, 371, and 500 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The diets had a forage:concentrate ratio of 65:35. The inclusion of cactus increased the DM intake and non-fiber carbohydrates, but reduced the neutral detergent fiber intake. It also increased the apparent digestibility of the DM, reduced the digesta density 4 h after feeding, and increased the production of ruminal fluid foam. The inclusion of cactus quadratically affected the DM rumen turnover, with the lowest value observed in the 336.5 g/kg cactus diet. The DM ruminal disappearance rate increased with the inclusion of cactus to the diets and quadratically affected the ruminal pH, with the highest value found in the 150 g/kg cactus diet. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased, but the acetate:propionate ratio decreased with the inclusion of cactus at 500 g/kg DM. Taken together, our findings indicate that the evaluated spineless cactus can be added to sheep diets up to the level of 500 g/kg DM. The inclusion of O. stricta (Haw.) improves feed intake, DM digestibility, and SCFA and modifies the physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta.(AU)

Do live or inactive yeasts improve cattle ruminal environment?

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of live and inactive sugarcane yeast on beef cattle voluntary intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations, and ruminal ammonia. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore heifers were distributed in a 5×5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods of 15 days, with seven days for adaptation to the additives and the remaining days for data records and sampling. Total mixed ration (TMR) was composed by corn silage (20%) and concentrate (80%) based on corn and soybean meal. Five treatments were evaluated: without additive use (negative control; NC); chemical buffer addition ­ 0.71% in concentrate DM of sodium bicarbonate and 0.18% of magnesium oxide (positive control, PC); 10 g/day live yeast (LY); 15 g/day of inactive yeast (IY15); and 30 g/day of inactive yeast (IY30). Sugarcane yeasts were directly infused in rumen immediately after morning and afternoon feed supply. Feed additives did not affect voluntary intake, nutrient digestibility, and sorting behavior of animals. However, heifers from all treatments presented preferential intake of fibrous fraction of diet, especially those from NC and IY15. Nitrogen balance, VFA concentrations, and blood parameters were not influenced as well. Sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide led to greater ruminal pH than yeast, and IY15 presented greater pH than IY30. Ruminal ammonia was increased by the use of additives. Active and inactive yeasts are not recommended as feed additives for bovines fed diets with 80% of concentrate since it allows animals to select fibrous particles from TMR, and no representative gain in ruminal parameters and digestibilities are guaranteed.(AU)

Does the level of forage neutral detergent fiber affect the ruminal fermentation, digestibility and feeding behavior of goats fed cactus pear?

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) levels on the voluntary feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and feeding behavior of goats fed diets with cactus pear. Five non-lactating ruminally cannulated goats fed ad libitum were randomly assigned to a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of levels of fNDF at 0, 109, 222, 339 and 463 g/kg of dry matter (DM) in cactus pear-based diets. The intakes of DM and NDF were quadratically affected (p â‰¦ .045) by fNDF levels. Voluntary water intake (VWI) increased linearly as the fNDF levels increased in the diet. The digestibility coefficients of organic matter, NDF and ether extract and total digestible nutrients concentration were quadratically affected (p â‰¦ .048) by fNDF levels. The ruminal pH linearly increased (p = .001) with fNDF levels, ranging from 5.44 to 5.81 for diets containing 0 and 463 g fNDF/kg DM, respectively. The fNDF levels promoted a linear increase (p = .006) in chewing time, linearly decreased (p = .007) resting time and quadratically affected (p = .033) rumination time. The inclusion of fNDF in the diets provided favorable conditions for ruminal function, digestibility and feeding behavior in goats fed diets containing cactus pear.

Parâmetros nutricionais de novilhas Nelore em pastejo de capim marandu recebendo suplemento energético, proteico e múltiplo no período de transição seca-águas / Nutritional parameters of Nellore heifers grazing in grass marandu receiving energy, protein and multiple supplement the dry-rainy transition period

O objetivo foi avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) no rúmen e nitrogênio ureico no soro (NUS) em novilhas Nelore recriadas em capim Marandu durante o período de transição seca-águas recebendo suplementos concentrados. Foram utilizadas quatro novilhas Nelore com peso corporal e idade inicial média de 189,5kg e 12 meses, respectivamente, distribuídas em quatro piquetes de 0,25 ha cada. O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino (quatro suplementos e quatro períodos de 14 dias). Os suplementos avaliados foram: suplemento energético (SE), proteico (SP) e múltiplo (SM), fornecidos na quantidade de 1 kg animal dia-¹, além do suplemento contendo mistura mineral comercial ad libitum (MM). A suplementação concentrada não influenciou os consumos de matéria seca, de matéria orgânica total e da forragem. O suplemento SP proporcionou maior (P<0,0001) consumo de proteína bruta (PB). Os suplementos SE e SP resultaram em maior consumo de extrato etéreo. A digestibilidade da PB foi maior (P<0,0001) para os animais suplementados com SP e SM. Imediatamente antes e quatro horas após o fornecimento da suplementação observaram-se maiores concentrações de N-NH3 ruminal para os suplementos SP e SM. Não verificou-se diferença quanto ao nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS). A utilização de suplemento proteico e múltipo proporcionaram melhor adequação do ambiente ruminal de novilhas no período de transição seca-águas alimentadas com capim Marandu.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate thein take and digestibility of nutrients, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the rumen and serum urea nitrogen (BUN) in Nellore heifers in grass Marandu recreated during the transition period dry energy supplement receiving waters, protein and multiple. We used four heifers with average body weight and initial age of 189.5 kg and 12 months respectively, distributed in four paddocks of 0.25 ha each. The design was a 4x4 Latin square (four supplements and four periods of 14 days). The supplements were: energy supplement (ES) protein (PS) and multiple (MS), provided the amount of 1 kg animal day-¹ in addition to supplement containing commercial mineral mixture ad libitum (MM). The concentrate supplementation did not increase intakes of dry matter, total organic matter and forage. The additional SP provided greater (P<0,0001) intake of crude protein (CP). The SE and SP supplement resulted ingreater ether extract intake. The CP was higher (P< 0.0001) in animals supplemented with SP and SM. Immediately before and four hours after supplementation higher concentrations of ruminal NH3-N were observed for the SM and SP supplements. There were no differences for ser um urea nitrogen (BUN). The use of protein supplement and multiple provided the best fit of the rumen of heifers during the transition period dry-rainy fed on grasses Marandu environment.(AU)

Parâmetros nutricionais de novilhas Nelore em pastejo de capim marandu recebendo suplemento energético, proteico e múltiplo no período de transição seca-águas / Nutritional parameters of Nellore heifers grazing in grass marandu receiving energy, protein and multiple supplement the dry-rainy transition period

O objetivo foi avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) no rúmen e nitrogênio ureico no soro (NUS) em novilhas Nelore recriadas em capim Marandu durante o período de transição seca-águas recebendo suplementos concentrados. Foram utilizadas quatro novilhas Nelore com peso corporal e idade inicial média de 189,5kg e 12 meses, respectivamente, distribuídas em quatro piquetes de 0,25 ha cada. O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino (quatro suplementos e quatro períodos de 14 dias). Os suplementos avaliados foram: suplemento energético (SE), proteico (SP) e múltiplo (SM), fornecidos na quantidade de 1 kg animal dia-¹, além do suplemento contendo mistura mineral comercial ad libitum (MM). A suplementação concentrada não influenciou os consumos de matéria seca, de matéria orgânica total e da forragem. O suplemento SP proporcionou maior (P<0,0001) consumo de proteína bruta (PB). Os suplementos SE e SP resultaram em maior consumo de extrato etéreo. A digestibilidade da PB foi maior (P<0,0001) para os animais suplementados com SP e SM. Imediatamente antes e quatro horas após o fornecimento da suplementação observaram-se maiores concentrações de N-NH3 ruminal para os suplementos SP e SM. Não verificou-se diferença quanto ao nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS). A utilização de suplemento proteico e múltipo proporcionaram melhor adequação do ambiente ruminal de novilhas no período de transição seca-águas alimentadas com capim Marandu.

The objective was to evaluate thein take and digestibility of nutrients, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the rumen and serum urea nitrogen (BUN) in Nellore heifers in grass Marandu recreated during the transition period dry energy supplement receiving waters, protein and multiple. We used four heifers with average body weight and initial age of 189.5 kg and 12 months respectively, distributed in four paddocks of 0.25 ha each. The design was a 4x4 Latin square (four supplements and four periods of 14 days). The supplements were: energy supplement (ES) protein (PS) and multiple (MS), provided the amount of 1 kg animal day-¹ in addition to supplement containing commercial mineral mixture ad libitum (MM). The concentrate supplementation did not increase intakes of dry matter, total organic matter and forage. The additional SP provided greater (P<0,0001) intake of crude protein (CP). The SE and SP supplement resulted ingreater ether extract intake. The CP was higher (P< 0.0001) in animals supplemented with SP and SM. Immediately before and four hours after supplementation higher concentrations of ruminal NH3-N were observed for the SM and SP supplements. There were no differences for ser um urea nitrogen (BUN). The use of protein supplement and multiple provided the best fit of the rumen of heifers during the transition period dry-rainy fed on grasses Marandu environment.

Concentrate levels on sheep diets: intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters / Níveis de concentrado na dieta de ovinos: consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros ruminais

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients, pH, ruminal ammonia concentration in sheep fed diets with increasing levels of concentrate: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% in the diet. Five sheep distributed in 5x5 Latin square design were used. The animals were kept in individual pens. Each experimental period lasted 17 days. Fecal excretion was estimated by use of indigestible neutral detergent fiber. On the 17th day, the pH of the rumen fluid and the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen were measured. Increased levels of concentrate did not affect dry matter intake, while the NDF intake was reduced by 0.0074 kg / animal / day for each 1% of concentrate added. The digestibility of DM was increased by 0.51% for each 1% concentrate. The pH of the rumen fluid was reduced by 0.006 units for each 1% concentrate. NAR for the estimated maximum value of 19.13 mg / dL of rumen fluid to the level of 38.67% concentrate.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pH, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal em ovinos submetidos a dietas com níveis crescentes de concentrado: 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75% na dieta. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5x5. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais. Cada período experimental teve duração de 17 dias. A excreção fecal foi estimada pelo uso da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível. No 17º dia, o pH do fluido ruminal e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foram mensuradas. O aumento dos níveis de concentrado não afetaram o consumo de matéria seca, enquanto o consumo de FDN foi reduzido em 0,0074 kg/animal/dia para cada 1% de concentrado adicionado. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS foi aumentado em 0,51% para cada 1% de concentrado. O pH do fluido ruminal foi reduzido em 0,006 unidades para cada 1% de concentrado. Para o NAR estimou-se valor máximo de 19,13 mg/dL de líquido ruminal para o nível de concentrado de 38,67%.(AU)

Concentrate levels on sheep diets: intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters / Níveis de concentrado na dieta de ovinos: consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros ruminais

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients, pH, ruminal ammonia concentration in sheep fed diets with increasing levels of concentrate: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% in the diet. Five sheep distributed in 5x5 Latin square design were used. The animals were kept in individual pens. Each experimental period lasted 17 days. Fecal excretion was estimated by use of indigestible neutral detergent fiber. On the 17th day, the pH of the rumen fluid and the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen were measured. Increased levels of concentrate did not affect dry matter intake, while the NDF intake was reduced by 0.0074 kg / animal / day for each 1% of concentrate added. The digestibility of DM was increased by 0.51% for each 1% concentrate. The pH of the rumen fluid was reduced by 0.006 units for each 1% concentrate. NAR for the estimated maximum value of 19.13 mg / dL of rumen fluid to the level of 38.67% concentrate.

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pH, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal em ovinos submetidos a dietas com níveis crescentes de concentrado: 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75% na dieta. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5x5. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais. Cada período experimental teve duração de 17 dias. A excreção fecal foi estimada pelo uso da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível. No 17º dia, o pH do fluido ruminal e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foram mensuradas. O aumento dos níveis de concentrado não afetaram o consumo de matéria seca, enquanto o consumo de FDN foi reduzido em 0,0074 kg/animal/dia para cada 1% de concentrado adicionado. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS foi aumentado em 0,51% para cada 1% de concentrado. O pH do fluido ruminal foi reduzido em 0,006 unidades para cada 1% de concentrado. Para o NAR estimou-se valor máximo de 19,13 mg/dL de líquido ruminal para o nível de concentrado de 38,67%.

Influência de subprodutos de oleaginosas sobre parâmetros ruminais e a degradação da matéria seca e da proteína bruta / Influence byproducts of oleaginous on ruminal parameters and degradation of dry matter and crude protein

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de subprodutos de oleaginosas na dieta de ovinos em substituição ao farelo de soja. Foram distribuídos quatro ovinos Santa Inês, com peso corporal de, aproximadamente, 40kg, canulados no rúmen, em quadrado latino (4x4), com quatro dietas e quatro períodos, analisados por regressão para a avaliação da degradação ruminal, dos valores de pH e das concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal in vivo. Os subprodutos foram as tortas de amendoim, girassol e soja, em dietas isonitrogenadas, com 70% de concentrado e 30% de volumoso (feno de tifton). Não foi observado efeito da interação tempo x dieta para os valores de pH e concentração ruminal de nitrogênio amoniacal (P>0,05). O pH apresentou valor médio de 6,2. As concentrações ruminais de nitrogênio amoniacal não foram afetadas, com valor médio de 29,9mg/dL. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) nas taxas de degradação da matéria seca e na degradabilidade potencial.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the introduction of oleaginous byproducts in sheep feeding as a replacement for soybean meal. Four sheep weighing 40kg, with cannulated rumen were selected in a Latin Square (4x4) design, with for diets and four periods analyzed by regression for ruminal degradability evaluate, pH values and ammonia nitrogen concentration in vivo. Byproducts were the following cakes: peanut, sunflower and soybean, in isonitrogenous diets with 70% concentrate and 30% roughage (tifton hay). There was no effect of diet x time interaction for pH and ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (P>0.05). The average pH value was 6.2. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen were not affected, and had an average value of 29.9mg/dL. There were no differences (P>0.05) in DM degradation and degradability rates. The use of high degradability protein sources, such as soybean cake and peanut cake, proved to be an interesting alternative to replace soybean meal.

Influência de subprodutos de oleaginosas sobre parâmetros ruminais e a degradação da matéria seca e da proteína bruta / Influence byproducts of oleaginous on ruminal parameters and degradation of dry matter and crude protein

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de subprodutos de oleaginosas na dieta de ovinos em substituição ao farelo de soja. Foram distribuídos quatro ovinos Santa Inês, com peso corporal de, aproximadamente, 40kg, canulados no rúmen, em quadrado latino (4x4), com quatro dietas e quatro períodos, analisados por regressão para a avaliação da degradação ruminal, dos valores de pH e das concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal in vivo. Os subprodutos foram as tortas de amendoim, girassol e soja, em dietas isonitrogenadas, com 70% de concentrado e 30% de volumoso (feno de tifton). Não foi observado efeito da interação tempo x dieta para os valores de pH e concentração ruminal de nitrogênio amoniacal (P>0,05). O pH apresentou valor médio de 6,2. As concentrações ruminais de nitrogênio amoniacal não foram afetadas, com valor médio de 29,9mg/dL. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) nas taxas de degradação da matéria seca e na degradabilidade potencial.(AU)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the introduction of oleaginous byproducts in sheep feeding as a replacement for soybean meal. Four sheep weighing 40kg, with cannulated rumen were selected in a Latin Square (4x4) design, with for diets and four periods analyzed by regression for ruminal degradability evaluate, pH values and ammonia nitrogen concentration in vivo. Byproducts were the following cakes: peanut, sunflower and soybean, in isonitrogenous diets with 70% concentrate and 30% roughage (tifton hay). There was no effect of diet x time interaction for pH and ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (P>0.05). The average pH value was 6.2. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen were not affected, and had an average value of 29.9mg/dL. There were no differences (P>0.05) in DM degradation and degradability rates. The use of high degradability protein sources, such as soybean cake and peanut cake, proved to be an interesting alternative to replace soybean meal.(AU)

Fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos no período de transição seca-águas: características nutricionais / Protein sources in supplements for bulls in the dry-rainy transition season: nutritional characteristics

Avaliaram-se fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., durante a transição seca-águas, sobre as características nutricionais. Utilizaram-se quatro animais Holandês x Zebu, não castrados, com média de peso de 300kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4. Avaliaram-se suplementos isoproteicos, balanceados para 38 por cento de proteína bruta (PB), sendo um tratamento controle mistura mineral (MM); e três suplementos à base de grãos de milho moído + ureia (MU); grãos de milho moído + farelo de soja (MFS) e farelo de algodão 38 por cento PB (FA), fornecidos na quantidade de 0,17 por cento do peso vivo (PV). O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro pelos animais do tratamento MU, de 12,1g/kg PV, foi maior em 19,9 por cento do que o observado para os dos tratamentos MM e MFS, 10,2g/kg PV, e semelhante ao observado para os do tratamento FA, 11,0g/kg PV. Foram observados valores mais altos de digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca (MS) para os tratamentos MU e MFS em relação aos demais. Os valores de pH ruminal, produção de nitrogênio microbiano e eficiência de síntese microbiana não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A suplementação com MU proporciona maior consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da MS em relação ao tratamento MM.(AU)

This study was conducted to evaluate protein sources in supplements for bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens Stap., in the dry-rainy transition season, regarding nutritional characteristics. Four Holstein x Zebu bulls (300kg of body weight - BW) fitted with esophageal, ruminal, and abomasal cannulas, allotted in a latin square experimental design 4x4. The treatments were protein supplements with 38 percent of crude protein (CP) based on grounded corn grain + urea (GCU); grounded corn grain + soybean meal (GCSB); and cotton seed meal (38 percent CP) (CSM), supplied at a level of 0.17 percent BW, and a mineral mix control treatment (MM). The animals fed diets of GCU treatment showed neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of 12.1g/kg of BW, 19.9 percent greater than the observed on animals fed diets of MM and GCSB, 10.2 g/kg of BW, and similar to the NDF intake found for animals fed CSM treatment, 11.0g/kg of BW. The dry matter (DM) total apparent digestibility (TAD) was higher for GCU and GCSB treatments. The ruminal pH, microbial nitrogen production (MNP), and microbial synthesis efficiency (MSE) were not influenced by the treatments. The supplementation with corn and urea provides greater DM intake and digestibility when compared to the mineral mix.(AU)

Fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos no período de transição seca-águas: características nutricionais / Protein sources in supplements for bulls in the dry-rainy transition season: nutritional characteristics

Avaliaram-se fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., durante a transição seca-águas, sobre as características nutricionais. Utilizaram-se quatro animais Holandês x Zebu, não castrados, com média de peso de 300kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4. Avaliaram-se suplementos isoproteicos, balanceados para 38 por cento de proteína bruta (PB), sendo um tratamento controle mistura mineral (MM); e três suplementos à base de grãos de milho moído + ureia (MU); grãos de milho moído + farelo de soja (MFS) e farelo de algodão 38 por cento PB (FA), fornecidos na quantidade de 0,17 por cento do peso vivo (PV). O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro pelos animais do tratamento MU, de 12,1g/kg PV, foi maior em 19,9 por cento do que o observado para os dos tratamentos MM e MFS, 10,2g/kg PV, e semelhante ao observado para os do tratamento FA, 11,0g/kg PV. Foram observados valores mais altos de digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca (MS) para os tratamentos MU e MFS em relação aos demais. Os valores de pH ruminal, produção de nitrogênio microbiano e eficiência de síntese microbiana não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A suplementação com MU proporciona maior consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da MS em relação ao tratamento MM.

This study was conducted to evaluate protein sources in supplements for bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens Stap., in the dry-rainy transition season, regarding nutritional characteristics. Four Holstein x Zebu bulls (300kg of body weight - BW) fitted with esophageal, ruminal, and abomasal cannulas, allotted in a latin square experimental design 4x4. The treatments were protein supplements with 38 percent of crude protein (CP) based on grounded corn grain + urea (GCU); grounded corn grain + soybean meal (GCSB); and cotton seed meal (38 percent CP) (CSM), supplied at a level of 0.17 percent BW, and a mineral mix control treatment (MM). The animals fed diets of GCU treatment showed neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of 12.1g/kg of BW, 19.9 percent greater than the observed on animals fed diets of MM and GCSB, 10.2 g/kg of BW, and similar to the NDF intake found for animals fed CSM treatment, 11.0g/kg of BW. The dry matter (DM) total apparent digestibility (TAD) was higher for GCU and GCSB treatments. The ruminal pH, microbial nitrogen production (MNP), and microbial synthesis efficiency (MSE) were not influenced by the treatments. The supplementation with corn and urea provides greater DM intake and digestibility when compared to the mineral mix.