Assessment of sustainable livelihoods and the application of community capitals: Case study of cattle families from El Doncello, Caquetá-Colombia / Evaluación de los medios de vida sostenibles y la aplicación de los capitales de la comunidad: estudio de caso de familias ganaderas de el doncello, caquetá-colombia

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Bovine cattle raising is the most important line of the economy of Caquetá department and El Doncello municipality, according to the figures given by the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen there is a herd of2,175,065 cattle heads in the region, many of the rural families depend on said economic activity to generate their income; To do this, the life analysis methodology examines the assets that communities have which are called community capital, and the approach they use to meet their fundamental human needs. Objective: To assess sustainable means and the application of community capital in cattle rancher families in the municipality of El Doncello, Caquetá (Colombia). Materials and methods: For the collection of information the producer families of the municipality of El Doncello were assessed; based on the sources of the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen, for this purposefamilies were surveyed and participatory workshops were carried out using the livelihood methodology framing the community capitals (human, natural, financial, physical and social) using 36 variables for the assessment of them, and the fundamental human needs (basic of the person, the environment and of action) that grouped 15 analysis variables; Subsequently, the interpretation and analysis of the data was made through aprincipal component analysis-PCA relating the typologies and each of the variables assessed in this study; all the data were run in the InfoStat Program. Results: It was found that 939 families base their economy on livestock production in the municipality of El Doncello, the human capital of these families was distributed in 72 men representing 15.55 %, 81 women (17.49 %), 143 boys (30.89 %)and 167 girls (36.07%), finding three types of families: Typology 1: families with <50 bovines on theirfarms; Typology 2: between 51 and 100 bovines, and Typology 3: >101 bovines, where financial capital is the one that represents the greatest contribution given its characteristics of income generation and well-beingfor families. The principal component analysis-ACP carried out for social capital divided according to the first principal component-PC1 with a contribution of 62.3 % to Family Typology 1 (families with <50 head of cattle) to the positive end of said component strongly associated with the variables greater participation in projects and organizations to which they belong, with the particularity of having a greater number of members at home; from Typology 3 to the negative end of said component associated with the variables greater number of shared spaces in which they participate and greater level of family participation. In the same way, for natural capital, a separation was observed between Family Typology 1, associated with the variables greater number of water sources, mainly due to the fact that a large part of these producers were in the mountain range zone, greater area in stubble, greater number of spaces used and more activities for consumption, such as plantations of plantain, cocoa, cassava and other subsistence crops and Family Typology 2 strongly associated with the variables greater number of trees in pastures and greater percentage of natural products. One of the most important capitals within the producers is the financial one, for which the following was observed: the first principal component-PC1, with a contribution of 43.7%, separates Typology 1 from the positive end of said component associated with the variable income from daily wages and income from subsidies, these families are the ones that generate the least amount of assets and through which they diversify their income that are not only dependent on livestockproduction as such, but also on other types of economic activities, of the Typology 2 to the negative extreme associated with the variables income from transfers, credits, income from formal employment and income from the sale ofprocessed products, such as cheese. The second main component-PC2, with a contribution of 24.4 %, groups Family Typology 3 strongly associated with the highest income from the sale of space-use products, These families, by owning a greater number of cattle heads, base a large part of their economy in said activity, but they diversify it with other types of income such as rubber crops, cocoa, pineapple, plantain, cassava, among others. Finally, the fundamental human needs-FHN can be defined as very similar for the three types of families studied, with slight adjustments in the basic needs for Typology 1, where food, health, shelter and security are classified as bad and regular. Although the situation does not vary much for Typology 2, but it does look better for Typology 3 in which satisfaction is good, except for security, everyone has the same perception, this is mainly due to the presence of certain illegal armed groups in the region. Regarding the needs of the person, the environment and action, there are no variations between the different types. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to observe a high cultural tie that cattle ranchers have for this economic activity that is evidenced in human capital, where we see the number of people who directly depend on livestock and its derivatives. Also, in terms of financial capital, it can be observed that there is a great diversification of the income of families that not only depend on livestock, but also on income from formal employment, daily wages, loans and sales of other crops such as plantain, cassava, rubber and cocoa; In terms of social and natural capital, a good sustainable appropriation of environmental care and the participation of rural communities are observed. Finally, a low contribution to the fundamental human needs of the producing communities is denoted, this mainly due to the social and economic conditions of the region; In this sense, this study has repercussions as a first diagnosis in the management of the livelihoods of rural cattle-raising communities in the department of Caquetá.

Navigating social-ecological changes: A mixed-method analysis of extensive livestock systems in southern Patagonian forests, Argentina.

Sustainable livestock management plays a crucial role in food production, climate change mitigation, and cultural preservation. Our study aimed to identify and analyse the diversity of social-ecological conditions that characterize extensive livestock systems in southern Patagonia. We integrated data collected from interviews and secondary sources and analysed data using hierarchical cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling to identify distinct ranching types. A qualitative analysis of key informant interviews identified key social-ecological changes for each type. The results emphasize the impact of administration, production, and biophysical factors on shaping different livestock ranching schemes. Further, we identified three significant social-ecological changes driving the dynamics of these systems, including shifts from (1) sheep to cattle ranching, (2) domestic to feral cattle ranching, and (3) landowners to tenant land managers. These findings have implications for policymakers seeking to develop strategies tailored to diverse realities, ensuring the sustainability of livestock systems in Tierra del Fuego.

Sustainable Development in Rural Territories within the Last Decade: A Review of the State of the Art.

Rural territories play an important role when progress is made toward a balanced regional development; thus, an analysis is required of the components and/or factors which have contributed to sustainable development. Therefore, the main subdimensions and variables identified represent the ecological, social and economic dimensions in rural areas. Rural area development is characterised by complex social phenomena, such as the lack of job opportunities, conditions of poverty, unequal development and health services coverage and quality, among others. Consequently, the dynamics and realities of rural territories pose great challenges to sustainable development, arising the following question: What components and/or factors represent sustainable development in rural territories? Therefore, this study aims to use SLR to identify a set of variables relevant to sustainable development in rural territories under the economic, social, and ecological dimensions of sustainability. Based on the foregoing discussion, the systematic literature review (SLR) method is applied. This procces consists of four phases: approach, search and selection, extraction, and information analysis. Then, five subdimensions and 59 variables are established in the Economic Dimension, seven subdimensions and 63 variables in the Social Dimension and five subdimensions and 42 variables in the Ecological Dimension. The results contribute to the comprehensive analysis of the object of study, the main subdimensions in which the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable development in rural territories are found. Likewise, it is intended to relate all these components found with some of the objectives of sustainable development so that, having a positive impact on these variables, the fulfilment of these objectives is reached to improve the well-being of rural regions.

Characterization of colonial cheese: appreciation a traditional product from southern Brazil / Caracterização do queijo colonial: valorização de um produto tradicional do Sul do Brasil

South Brazil produces colonial cheese based on Italian immigration recipes. This study characterized colonial cheese produced in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The sampling method was by conglomerate. A total of 293 rural producers were interviewed; they also provided cheeses for physicochemical and microbiologicanalyses. For the characterization of colonial cheese, parameters related to milk, processes, social aspects, physical aspects and ingredients were selected and cluster analysis was performed. Results showed that the colonial cheese is made with whole milk, rennet and salt, with a round shape, weighing an average of 1.22 kg, with an average maturation of 9.4 days, high moisture, fat, using raw or pasteurized milk. The recipe is familiar, passed down through generations and the sale is made directly to the consumer.

O Sul do Brasil produz queijo colonial com base nas receitas da imigração italiana. O objetivo deste estudo foi promover a valorização do queijo colonial produzido no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de sua caracterização. O método de amostragem foi por conglomerado. Foram entrevistados 293 produtores rurais; também forneceram queijos para análises físico-químicas. Para a caracterização do queijo colonial, foram selecionados parâmetros relacionados ao leite, processos, aspectos sociais, aspectos físicos e ingredientes e realizada análise de agrupamento. Os resultados mostram que o queijo colonial é feito com leite integral, coalho e sal, de formato redondo, pesando em média 1,22 kg, com maturação média de 9,4 dias, de alta umidade, gordo, utilizando leite cru ou pasteurizado. A receita é familiar, passada de geração em geração e a venda é feita diretamente ao consumidor.

Ethno-zootechnics from the perspective of dairy farmers in the brazilian cerrado / Etnozootecnia na perspectiva de produtores de leite no Brasil, biomaCerrado

Considering the valuable environmental and cultural heritage existing in the world in the context of agribusiness, it is possible to highlight the role of ethno-zootechnics as an important new tool for understanding these values, the rescue and generational transmission of livestock knowledge are relevant. Given this, the objective was to understand the perception of milk producers from the Ethno-zootechnical perspective. Through a semi-structured script, questionnaires were carried out with 41 interviewees and representatives of dairy farms to registerthe relevance of basic cultural knowledge associating them with social, economic and social environmental development. Cluster analysis was carried out using the hierarchical method. It was concluded that part of the dairy farmers located in the Northwestregion of Minas Gerais state, the man/animal relationship is important, with traits of affection and utility. The transmission of traditional knowledge of the dairy activity is important, and that they believe that scientific and traditional knowledge canbe beneficial in rural activity.(AU)

Considerando o valioso patrimônio ambiental e cultural existente no mundo no contexto do agronegócio, é possível destacar o papel da etnozootecnia como uma nova ferramenta importante para a compreensão desses valores, o resgate e a transmissão geracional do conhecimento pecuário são relevantes. Diante disso, objetivou-se compreender a percepção dos produtores de leite na perspectiva Etnozootécnica. Foram aplicados questionários, por meio de um roteiro semiestruturado, com 41 entrevistados, representantes de fazendas leiteiras para registrar a relevância dos conhecimentos culturais básicos associando-os ao desenvolvimento social, econômico e socioambiental. A partir dos dados coletados procedeu-se com análise de cluster foi realizada pelo método hierárquico. Concluiu-se que para parte dos produtores de leite localizados na região Noroeste de Minas, a relação homem/animal é importante, com traços de afeto e utilidade. A transmissão do conhecimento tradicional da atividade leiteira é importante, e que eles acreditam que o conhecimento científico e tradicional pode ser benéfico na atividade rural.(AU)

The Contribution of Mycological Tourism to Well-Being, the Economy and Sustainable Development.

This article analyses the scientific production related to tourism and mushrooms. The method used was a bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review. The main results show that it is a recent area of study that predominates in Spain but that will expand and gain relevance over time. The thematic analysis has made it possible to structure the information according to the economic contribution of this tourist niche, the well-being it brings to residents and tourists, the importance of a sustainable development of the activity, and the promotion and marketing of this new tourism. Supporting mycological tourism will help the development of rural areas and bring physical, mental, social, educational, and nutritional benefits to residents and tourists. This study has allowed us to develop a future research agenda, highlighting the importance of further research to harness the benefits of mycological tourism while at the same time transferring that knowledge to stakeholders, which will be necessary.

Medios de vida rurales de familias porcicultoras del municipio de La Montañita, Caquetá, Colombia / Rural livelihoods of swine families in the municipality of La Montañita, Caquetá, Colombia / Realisou-se uma análise dos meios de subsistência rurais das famílias suinocultoras no município de La Montañita, Caquetá, Colombia

Resumen Se efectuó un análisis de medios de vida rurales de familias porcicultoras del municipio de La Montañita, Caquetá; usando la metodología de medios de vida a partir del diagnóstico de los capitales de la comunidad social, financiero y ambiental, y el estudio de las necesidades humanas fundamentales, en la cual se encontró en las cuatro inspecciones evaluadas y las 16 veredas un total de 132 familias productoras de cerdos y cerca de 1.444 individuos producidos por estas familias, lo que hace ver el potencial importante que genera la actividad para la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades rurales y por ende a suplir las necesidades básicas fundamentales de las familias. Por lo tanto, este estudio repercute como un primer diagnóstico productivo y de aplicación de medios de vida rurales a comunidades productoras del municipio de La Montañita, Caquetá.

Abstract An analysis was carried out on the rural livelihoods of pig farming families in the municipality of La Montañita, Caquetá; using the methodology of living standards based on the diagnosis of the capitals of the social, financial and environmental community, and the study of fundamental human needs, in which the four inspections evaluated and the 16 paths were found, a total of 132 families producing pigs and around 1,444 individuals produced by these families, what can be seen is the important potential that generates the activity for the food security of rural communities and therefore meets the basic fundamental needs of the families. Therefore, this study has repercussions as a productive diagnostic primer and application of rural livelihoods to producing communities in the municipality of La Montañita, Caquetá.

Resumo Foi utilizada a metodologia de meios de subsistência baseada no diagnóstico de capitais sociais, financeiros e ambientais da comunidade e tambem o estudo das necessidades humanas fundamentais, onde foram encontrados um total de 132 familias criadoras de suínos nas 16 aldeias e nas quatro fiscalizações avaliadas, aproximadamente 1.444 indivíduos criados por essas famílias, o que mostra o grande potencial que a atividade gera para a segurança alimentar das comunidades rurais e, portanto, para o atendimento das necessidades básicas fundamentais das famílias. Portanto, este estudo tem repercussão como o primeiro diagnóstico produtivo e aplicação de meios de subsistência rural para comunidades criadoras de suinos no município de La Montañita, Caquetá.

Prioridades de atención en zonas rurales en escenarios posconflicto: un análisis de minería de texto / Attention priorities in rural areas in post-conflict scenarios: a text mining analysis

RESUMEN Las herramientas automatizadas de análisis de texto resumen grandes volúmenes de información y permiten generar, de forma eficiente, conocimiento a partir de datos desestructurados, como las opiniones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar prioridades en comunidades afectadas por el conflicto armado, utilizando ejercicios participativos de 13 municipios de Antioquia, Colombia. Se analizaron 15.534 opiniones, de 9.765 personas; tras una limpieza de texto, se describió el uso, la asociación, la diferenciación y la importancia de los términos, según los enfoques temáticos y tipos de opinión expresados, utilizando minería de texto en R. Se encontró que las prioridades giraban en torno a la disponibilidad de infraestructuras, dotación e insumos, ya que eran las problemáticas más mencionadas por las comunidades y correspondía con la realidad territorial; por otra parte, las oportunidades estaban representadas, principalmente, por los recursos naturales y humanos. El análisis de minería de texto del ejercicio participativo permitió identificar las prioridades de las comunidades, a nivel socioeconómico, de forma satisfactoria; sin embargo, la preparación de la información requiere mucho trabajo y los resultados se deben revisar cuidadosamente, para asegurar su coherencia. Que la información pueda ser analizada por agentes externos a la colección de datos, representa otra ventaja de esta herramienta.

ABSTRACT Automated text analysis tools summarize large volumes of information and allow efficient generation of insights from unstructured data such as opinions. The objective of this work was to identify priorities in communities affected by the armed conflict using participatory exercises in 13 municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia. 15,534 opinions from 9,765 people were analyzed. After a text cleaning, the use, association, differentiation and importance of the terms were described according to the thematic approaches and types of opinion expressed using text mining in R. It was found that the priorities revolved around the availability of infrastructures, endowment and inputs, since they were the most mentioned problems by the communities, and that this corresponded to the territorial reality. On the other hand, the opportunities were mainly represented by natural and human resources. The text mining analysis of the participatory exercise allowed to identify the priorities of the communities at the socio-economic level in a satisfactory way. However, the preparation of the information is labor intensive and the results must be carefully reviewed to ensure consistency. Another advantage of this tool is that the information can be analyzed by external agents to the data collection.

Forest frontiers out of control: The long-term effects of discourses, policies, and markets on conservation and development of the Brazilian Amazon.

With the Brazilian military governments of the 1960s, systematic economic development of the Amazon began. Social and environmental concerns have entered Amazonian discourses and policies only since the 1990s. Since then, reports of threats to forests and indigenous people have alternated with reports of socio-economic progress and environmental achievements. These contradictions often arise from limited thematic, sectoral, temporal, or spatial perspectives, and lead to misinterpretation. Our paper offers a comprehensive picture of discourses, policies, and socio-environmental dynamics for the entire region over the last five decades. We distinguish eight historical policy phases, each of which had little effect on near-linear dynamics of demographic growth and land-use expansion, although some policies showed the potential to change the course of development. To prevent local, national, and international actors from continuing to assert harmful interests in the region, a coherent long-term commitment and change in the collective mindset are needed.

Agricultores Tradicionales Produciendo para el Mercado Agroexportador: Causas y Consecuencias de Dicho Cambio Productivo / Traditional Farmers Producing for the Agro-Export Market: Causes and Consequences of Such Productive Change / Agricultores Tradicionais Produzindo para o Mercado Agroexportador: Causas e Consequências De Dita Mudança Produtiva

Resumen Introducción. En el municipio de El Peñol, Antioquia, la incursión de pequeños y medianos productores al mercado agroexportador de la gulupa (Passifflora edulis Sims) es hoy una realidad reconocida, que, asumida como caso de estudio, permite aportar a la comprensión de un fenómeno particular: el tránsito de agricultores tradicionales-locales hacia la producción para el mercado internacional, asunto sobre del que versa el presente estudio. Objetivo. Identificar y analizar las causas y consecuencias de la incursión de pequeños y medianos productores de El Peñol, Antioquia, al mercado agroexportador de la gulupa. Materiales y métodos. La investigación, de índole cualitativa, se centró en analizar las múltiples narrativas expuestas por los propios actores localmente asociados al cultivo de gulupa sobre las causas y consecuencias del fenómeno estudiado. La información se recolectó mediante entrevistas a profundidad, posteriormente analizadas en su contenido. Resultados. Entre las causas de la incursión al mercado global destacan las ventajas ofrecidas por el cultivo ante la inestabilidad de los precios de los productos tradicionales, el conocimiento previo de la especie y la oportunidad de tránsito hacia una agricultura más limpia. Entre las consecuencias, el mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas familiares, la reafirmación de la vocación agrícola de pequeños y medianos productores y la alta dependencia de la intermediación realizada por las empresas agroexportadoras. Conclusiones. Las causas y consecuencias del cambio productivo presentan un carácter multidimensional y ambivalente, situación que induce a explorar el fenómeno más allá de su dimensión económica, dando cuenta, simultáneamente, de sus bondades y riesgos.

Abstract Introduction. In the municipality of El Peñol, Antioquia, the incursion of small and medium producers to the agricultural export market of gulupa (Passifflora edulis Sims) is currently a recognized reality. Subject which, assumed as a case study, contributes to the understanding of a particular phenomenon: the movement of traditional-local farmers towards production for the international market, an issue addressed by this research. Objective. Identify and analyze the causes and consequences of the incursion of small and medium producers from El Peñol, Antioquia, to the agricultural export market of the gulupa. Materials and methods. The research was qualitative and focused on analyzing the multiple narratives presented by the local actors, associated with the gulupa crops about the causes and consequences of the phenomenon studied. The information was collected through in-depth interviews, subsequently analyzing its content. Results. Among the causes of the global market incursion, the advantages offered by the crop are highlighted due to the instability of the prices of traditional products, the prior knowledge of the gulupa and the opportunity to move towards a cleaner agriculture. Among the consequences are the improvement of family socioeconomic conditions, the reaffirmation of the agricultural vocation of small and medium producers and the high dependence on intermediation carried out by agro-exporting companies. Conclusions. The causes and consequences of productive change have a multidimensional and ambivalent character, a situation that leads to explore the phenomenon beyond its economic dimension, while simultaneously presenting simultaneously its benefits and risks.

Resumo Introdução. No município de El Peñol, Antioquia, a incursão de pequenos e médios produtores no mercado agrícola de exportação da gulupa (Passifflora edulis Sims) é uma realidade hoje reconhecida, que, assumida como estudo de caso, permite contribuir para a compreensão de um fenômeno particular: o trânsito de agricultores tradicionais locais para a produção para o mercado internacional, assunto sobre o qual o estudo trata. Objetivo. Identificar e analisar as causas e consequências da incursão de pequenos e médios produtores de El Peñol, Antioquia, no mercado de exportação agrícola da gulupa. Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa, de ordem qualitativa, teve como objetivo analisar as múltiplas narrativas apresentadas pelos próprios atores associados ao cultivo da gulupa sobre as causas e consequências do fenômeno estudado. As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, posteriormente analisadas em seu conteúdo. Resultados. Entre as causas da incursão no mercado global, destacam-se as vantagens oferecidas pela gulupa, dada a instabilidade dos preços dos produtos tradicionais, o conhecimento prévio da espécie e a oportunidade de avançar para uma agricultura mais limpa. Entre as consequências, estão a melhoria das condições socioeconômicas da família, a reafirmação da vocação agrícola dos pequenos e médios produtores e a alta dependência de intermediação realizada pelas empresas agroexportadoras. Conclusões. As causas e consequências da mudança produtiva têm um caráter multidimensional e ambivalente, situação que leva a explorar o fenômeno além de sua dimensão econômica, percebido, ao mesmo tempo, seus benefícios e riscos.

On-farm assessment of the sustainability of small-scale dairy systems with three methods based on indicators.

Small-scale dairy systems are important contributors to national milk supplies in many areas of the world, and an option to ameliorate rural poverty in developing countries. In Mexico, they comprise over 78% of dairy farms. These systems must be sustainable in order to persist in the future. By applying several methods to assess the sustainability of farms, valuable information is collected on the practical, operational, and systemic requirements, as well as an insight into the difficulties in the use of each tool in practice. The objective was to assess the sustainability of small-scale dairy systems during the rainy season. Three methods were compared (IDEA, RISE, and SAFA) to evaluate their ability to deal with such systems in the Mexican context. Ten small-scale dairy farms were assessed from June to November 2018. Monthly semi-structured interviews were applied to collect economic, social, and environmental information. The three methods met criteria for on-farm assessments, with no large differences among them. The IDEA method was more applicable in the context of small-scale dairy systems because its indicators may be collected on-farm and were easy to measure. RISE requires more specialized technical information not always available at the small-scale farm level, and SAFA covered the largest number of indicators but is better suited for large-scale systems. The IDEA and RISE methods are adequate tools to assess the sustainability of small-scale dairy systems. The mean overall sustainability score over the three methods for the 10 assessed farms was 55.3±5.7 over 100. This medium level of sustainability indicates areas of opportunity to enhance the sustainability of small-scale dairy systems.

Agave pulquero (Agave salmiana), socio-economic and agro-ecological importance and its development perspectives: a literature review / Agave pulquero (Agave salmiana), importância socioeconômica e agroecológica e suas perspectivas de desenvolvimento: uma revisão da literatura

Historically, the agave pulquero (Agave spp.) has played an important ecological, economic, social, and cultural role in Mexico. Based on a systematic exploratory review of 125 scientific documents, four areas of knowledge associated with the study of agave pulquero were identified: i) biochemistry (46,4%), ii) socioeconomics (20%), iii) cultural studies (11,2%), and iv) agroecology (22,4%). Research converges on the need to value and preserve agaves since they can play an important role in rural development actions and the life quality of future societies, depending on the diversity of food, industrial, agro-ecological and cultural uses they provide. However, there is a fragmentary construction of the research problems that prevent a comprehensive vision of the producing territories as subjects of development. It is concluded that it is necessary to generate interdisciplinary perspectives for the valorization of the agave pulquero as an asset of rural development, based on inclusive innovation strategies, adapted to the specific needs of producers and consumers.(AU)

Historicamente, o agave pulquero (Agave spp.) tem desempenhado um importante papel ecológico, econômico, social e cultural no México. Com base em uma revisão exploratória sistemática de 125 documentos científicos, quatro áreas de conhecimento associadas ao estudo do agave pulquero foram identificadas: i) bioquímica (46,4%), ii) socioeconomia (20%), iii) estudos culturais (11, 2%) e iv) agroecologia (22,4%). A pesquisa converge para a necessidade de valorizar e preservar as agaves, uma vez que podem desempenhar um papel importante nas ações de desenvolvimento rural e na qualidade de vida das sociedades futuras, dependendo da diversidade de usos alimentícios, industriais, agroecológicos e culturais que proporcionam. No entanto, há uma construção fragmentária dos problemas de pesquisa que impedem uma visão abrangente dos territórios produtores como sujeitos de desenvolvimento Conclui-se que é necessário gerar perspectivas interdisciplinares para a valorização do agave pulquero como um ativo de desenvolvimento rural, baseado em estratégias de inovação inclusivas, adaptadas às necessidades específicas de produtores e consumidores.(AU)

Agave pulquero (Agave salmiana), socio-economic and agro-ecological importance and its development perspectives: a literature review / Agave pulquero (Agave salmiana), importância socioeconômica e agroecológica e suas perspectivas de desenvolvimento: uma revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT: Historically, the agave pulquero (Agave spp.) has played an important ecological, economic, social, and cultural role in Mexico. Based on a systematic exploratory review of 125 scientific documents, four areas of knowledge associated with the study of agave pulquero were identified: i) biochemistry (46,4%), ii) socioeconomics (20%), iii) cultural studies (11,2%), and iv) agroecology (22,4%). Research converges on the need to value and preserve agaves since they can play an important role in rural development actions and the life quality of future societies, depending on the diversity of food, industrial, agro-ecological and cultural uses they provide. However, there is a fragmentary construction of the research problems that prevent a comprehensive vision of the producing territories as subjects of development. It is concluded that it is necessary to generate interdisciplinary perspectives for the valorization of the agave pulquero as an asset of rural development, based on inclusive innovation strategies, adapted to the specific needs of producers and consumers.

RESUMO: Historicamente, o agave pulquero (Agave spp.) tem desempenhado um importante papel ecológico, econômico, social e cultural no México. Com base em uma revisão exploratória sistemática de 125 documentos científicos, quatro áreas de conhecimento associadas ao estudo do agave pulquero foram identificadas: i) bioquímica (46,4%), ii) socioeconomia (20%), iii) estudos culturais (11, 2%) e iv) agroecologia (22,4%). A pesquisa converge para a necessidade de valorizar e preservar as agaves, uma vez que podem desempenhar um papel importante nas ações de desenvolvimento rural e na qualidade de vida das sociedades futuras, dependendo da diversidade de usos alimentícios, industriais, agroecológicos e culturais que proporcionam. No entanto, há uma construção fragmentária dos problemas de pesquisa que impedem uma visão abrangente dos territórios produtores como sujeitos de desenvolvimento Conclui-se que é necessário gerar perspectivas interdisciplinares para a valorização do agave pulquero como um ativo de desenvolvimento rural, baseado em estratégias de inovação inclusivas, adaptadas às necessidades específicas de produtores e consumidores.

Diversificación de ingresos de los productores como estrategias de desarrollo rural / Diversification of income of producers as rural development strategies / Diversification of income of producers as rural development strategies

RESUMEN Como respuesta a la crisis económica que se vive en las diferentes comunidades del país, los productores de la comunidad de Tanhuato Michoacán, México, diversifican las actividades productivas como estrategias de reproducción para lograr un desarrollo rural. La investigación que se llevó a cabo fue de tipo exploratoria descriptiva, se hicieron 40 encuestas de las cuales 10 fueron a manera de entrevista; se determinó que las actividades económicas que realizan las unidades familiares consisten principalmente en la siembra de alfalfa, maíz y trigo; asimismo, combinan diferentes cultivos y en menor participación, el trabajo asalariado. Con ello los productores buscan mejorar los ingresos desde sus propias capacidades, recursos y conocimientos. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL Q01, Q12, Q18

ABSTRACT In response to the economic crisis experienced in different communities of the country, producers in the community of Tanhuato Michoacán, Mexico, are diversifying their productive activities as reproductive strategies to achieve rural development. The research that was carried out was of an exploratory descriptive type. 40 surveys were done of which 10 were interviews; it was determined that the economic activities that the family units carry out consist mainly of the sowing of alfalfa, corn and wheat; likewise, they combine different crops and, in less participation, the salaried work. With this the producers seek to improve their income through their own capacities, resources and knowledge. JEL CLASSIFICATION Q01, Q12, Q18

RESUMO Como resposta à crise económica nas diferentes comunidades do país, os produtores da comunidade de Tanhuato Michoacán, México, estão a diversificar as suas actividades produtivas como estratégias reprodutivas para alcançar o desenvolvimento rural. A investigação realizada foi de tipo exploratório e descritivo, foram realizados 40 inquéritos, 10 dos quais através de entrevistas; foi determinado que as actividades económicas que as unidades familiares realizam consistem principalmente na sementeira de alfafa, milho e trigo; do mesmo modo, combinam diferentes culturas e, em menor participação, trabalho assalariado. Com isto, os produtores procuram melhorar os seus rendimentos a partir das suas próprias capacidades, recursos e conhecimentos. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL Q01, Q12, Q18

Frontera dinámica: contraste urbano rural en el Borde oriental de Medellín Colombia / Dynamic Border: Rural Urban Contrast on the Eastern Edge in Medellin, Colombia

Resumen El límite de expansión urbana oriental de Medellín, Colombia, está dado por las zonas de protección ambiental y la frontera con el corregimiento de Santa Elena; sin embargo, esta delimitación es ambigua entre lo que se ha planteado en el Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial vigente y lo que se encuentra en la realidad: el barrio El Pacífico, último asentamiento de este borde se ha comenzado a expandir incluso, a la zona de protección y a los suelos de uso rural. Existe una clara distancia entre lo planteado y sentado en los instrumentos de planificación, con lo interpretado o percibido por la comunidad que habita el territorio en cuestión. Existe un contraste urbano rural dado por la dinámica que plantean los actores fronterizos.

Abstract The eastern urban expansion edge of Medellin, Colombia, is given by environmental protection zones and the border with the Santa Elena Village. However, this delimitation is ambiguous between what has been raised in the current Territorial Ordering Plan and what is in reality: The El Pacífico neighborhood. The last settlement of this border has even begun to expand to the protection zone and to rural-use soils. The re exists a clear distance between what is raised and what is seated in the planning instruments, with what is interpreted or perceived by the community, who inhabits the territory in question. There is a rural urban contrast given by the dynamics posed by bordering actors.

Assessing multidimensional sustainability: Lessons from Brazil's social protection programs.

Examining linkages among multiple sustainable development outcomes is key for understanding sustainability transitions. Yet rigorous evidence on social and environmental outcomes of sustainable development policies remains scarce. We conduct a national-level analysis of Brazil's flagship social protection program, Zero Hunger (ZH), which aims to reduce food insecurity and poverty. Using data from rural municipalities across Brazil and quasi-experimental causal inference techniques, we assess relationships between social protection investment and outcomes related to sustainable development goals (SDGs): "no poverty" (SDG 1), "zero hunger" (SDG 2), and "health and well being" (SDG 3). We also assess potential perverse outcomes arising from agricultural development impacting "climate action" (SDG 13) and "life on land" (SDG 15) via clearance of natural vegetation. Despite increasing daily per capita protein and kilocalorie production, summed ZH investment did not alleviate child malnutrition or infant mortality and negligibly influenced multidimensional poverty. Higher investment increased natural vegetation cover in some biomes but increased losses in the Cerrado and especially the Pampa. Effects varied substantially across subprograms. Conditional cash transfer (Bolsa Familia [BF]) was mainly associated with nonbeneficial impacts but increased protein production and improved educational participation in some states. The National Program to Strengthen Family Farming (PRONAF) was typically associated with increased food production (protein and calories), multidimensional poverty alleviation, and changes in natural vegetation. Our results inform policy development by highlighting successful elements of Brazil's ZH program, variable outcomes across divergent food security dimensions, and synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development goals, including environmental protection.

Indicadores de sustentabilidade socioambiental de pisciculturas familiares em área de Mata Atlântica, no Vale do Ribeira - SP / Social and Environmental Indicators of Family Fish Farms in the Atlantic Forest area in the Ribeira Valley - SP

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu na aplicação de indicadores socioambientais em pisciculturas familiares localizadas na região do Vale do Ribeira, em área de Mata Atlântica, no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo. Para isso, foram identificadas 84 propriedades. Dessas, 40 foram selecionadas como unidades amostrais. Entre as principais características identificadas, 32% possuem lâmina d'água inferior a cinco hectares, com viveiros escavados em sistema semi-intensivo, 58% utilizam mão de obra familiar e 23% apontam a ausência de assistência técnica especializada como o principal problema enfrentado. A tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) representa 57% das espécies produzidas em sistemas de monocultivo ou policultivo. Contudo, as pisciculturas familiares são classificadas como sistemas produtivos de pequeno porte, com destaque para a necessidade de adequação de recursos naturais, da capacidade de gestão e da eficiência das práticas de produção. Os indicadores sociais variaram de 0,75 a 1,00 para equidade salarial, proporção de autoemprego, uso de mão de obra local, inclusão de gênero e inclusão etária, demonstrando a capacidade que a aquicultura tem para auxiliar no desenvolvimento social local, por meio da geração de emprego e renda.(AU)

The objective of this work was to apply socioenvironmental indicators in family fish farms located in the Ribeira Valley region, Atlantic Forest area, southwest of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thus, we identified 84 production units. Of these, we selected 40 as sample units. Among the main characteristics identified, 32% have water depth of less than five hectares with excavated ponds in semi-intensive system, 58% use family labor and 23% report the lack of specialized technical assistance as the main problem faced. The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) represents 57% of the species produced in monoculture or polyculture systems. Therefore, family fish farms are classified as small production systems with emphasis on the need to adapt natural resources, management capacity and efficiency of production practices. Social indicators ranged from 0.75 to 1.00 for salary equity, proportion of self-employment, use of local labor, gender inclusion and age inclusion, demonstrating the ability of aquaculture to assist local social development through job and income generation.(AU)

Aportes de la práctica pedagógica en las comunidades rurales del municipio de Restrepo, Departamento del Meta (Colombia) / Pedagogical practice contribution in the rural communities of the municipality of Restrepo, Meta (Colombia) / Aportes da prática pedagógica nas comunidades rurais do município de Restrepo, Estado do Meta (Colômbia)

Resumen Las instituciones de educación superior dentro de su responsabilidad están llamadas a confrontar la acción social de sus estudiantes y egresados con la pertinencia de los programas que ofrece. El objetivo del estudio logró establecer los aportes educativos, productivos y comunitarios de estudiantes del programa "Licenciatura en Producción Agropecuaria" de la Universidad de los Llanos en comunidades rurales intervenidas en el municipio de Restrepo, durante el periodo 2012- 2014 a partir de procesos de formación en seguridad alimentaria y educación ambiental orientados desde los cursos de Educación y Extensión Comunitaria, y la Práctica Profesional Docente. Como ruta de investigación se optó por la cualitativa vinculando elementos propios de la complementariedad, se priorizaron técnicas como la observación participante, la interacción con la población objeto de estudio, el diseño y aplicación de fichas de caracterización, entrevistas en profundidad, grupos focales y la construcción de una matriz DOFA para el análisis reflexivo de la información obtenida. Los resultados de la investigación ratifican algunas de las fortalezas del programa de Licenciatura en Producción Agropecuaria: la formación pedagógica y humanista de los futuros docentes es útil para afrontar procesos de formación en educación no formal, para contribuir al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las comunidades participantes, quienes implementaron procesos de producción limpia de alimentos, escenarios de conservación de ecosistemas naturales y el fortalecimiento de los lazos comunitarios en pro de su desarrollo. El estudio concluyó que cuando la práctica pedagógica es contextualizada se consolidan soluciones para la diversa población rural atendida, que se hizo evidente con la implementación técnica y sustentable de huertas caseras, la adecuación de senderos ecológicos para la promoción del manejo ambiental, la implementación de proyectos sostenibles de avicultura, cunicultura, producción de abonos orgánicos, la agroindustrialización de productos y la implementación per se de procesos de seguridad alimentaria.

Abstract Higher education institutions (HEI) are called on to determine their students and graduates' social action regarding the relevance of the programmes being offered. This study's objective was to ascertain Universidad de Los Llanos' "BSc Agricultural Production" programme students' educational, productive and community-based contributions to rural communities in the municipality of Restrepo, 2012-2014, regarding food safety- and environmental education-orientated training; such students were studying community education and/or involved in extension courses and teaching practice. A qualitative research route was chosen, linking elements of complementarity, techniques such as participant observation, interaction with the population being studied, designing and using characterisation sheets, in-depth interviews, focus groups and constructing a DOFA matrix for reflective analysis of the data. The research results ratified some of the BSc Agricultural Production programme's strengths; future teachers' pedagogical and humanistic training is useful for non-formal education training and contributing towards improving the participating communities' quality of life (QoL) as they become involved in clean food production, conservation scenarios for natural ecosystems and strengthening development-based community ties. The study concluded that when pedagogical practice became contextualised then solutions became consolidated for the diverse rural population being served. This was born out by home vegetable gardens being technically and sustainably set up, adapting/improving ecological trails for promoting environmental management, introducing projects aimed at sustainable poultry production, rabbit breeding, producing organic fertilisers, agro industrialisation of products and the introduction per se of food security.

Resumo As instituições de educação superior dentro de sua responsabilidade estão chamadas a encarar ações social dos estudantes e graduados com a relevância dos cursos que oferece. O objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer os aportes educativos, produtivos e comunitários de estudantes do curso "Licenciatura em Produção Agropecuária" da Universidad de los Llanos em comunidades rurais intervindas no município de Restrepo, durante o período 2012 - 2014 a partir dos processos de formação em seguridade alimentar e educação ambiental orientados pelas disciplinas de Educação e Extensão comunitária, e o estágio docente. Como rota de pesquisa optou-se pela qualitativa inserindo elementos próprios da complementariedade, priorizando técnicas como a observação participante, interação com a população objeto de estudo, o desenho e aplicação de fichas de caracterização, entrevistas aprofundadas, grupos focais e construção de uma matriz DOFA para o analises refletivo da informação obtida. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmam algumas das fortalezas do curso de Licenciatura em Produção Agropecuária: de tal maneira que a formação pedagógica e humanista dos futuros docentes é útil para encarar processos de formação na educação no formal para contribuir na melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades participantes, as quais implementaram processos de produção limpa de alimentos, cenários de conservação de ecossistemas naturais e o fortalecimento dos laços comunitários em pro do desenvolvimento. O estudo concluiu que quando a pratica pedagógica é contextualizada são consolidadas soluções para a diversa população rural assistida, que foi evidente com a implementação técnica e sustentável das hortas caseiras, a adequação de trilhas ecológicas para a promoção da gestão ambiental, assim como a implementação de projetos sustentáveis de avicultura, cunicultura, produção de fertilizantes orgânicos, a agro industrialização de produtos e da implementação per se dos processos da seguridade alimentar.

Indicadores de sustentabilidade socioambiental de pisciculturas familiares em área de Mata Atlântica, no Vale do Ribeira - SP / Social and Environmental Indicators of Family Fish Farms in the Atlantic Forest area in the Ribeira Valley - SP

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu na aplicação de indicadores socioambientais em pisciculturas familiares localizadas na região do Vale do Ribeira, em área de Mata Atlântica, no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo. Para isso, foram identificadas 84 propriedades. Dessas, 40 foram selecionadas como unidades amostrais. Entre as principais características identificadas, 32% possuem lâmina d'água inferior a cinco hectares, com viveiros escavados em sistema semi-intensivo, 58% utilizam mão de obra familiar e 23% apontam a ausência de assistência técnica especializada como o principal problema enfrentado. A tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) representa 57% das espécies produzidas em sistemas de monocultivo ou policultivo. Contudo, as pisciculturas familiares são classificadas como sistemas produtivos de pequeno porte, com destaque para a necessidade de adequação de recursos naturais, da capacidade de gestão e da eficiência das práticas de produção. Os indicadores sociais variaram de 0,75 a 1,00 para equidade salarial, proporção de autoemprego, uso de mão de obra local, inclusão de gênero e inclusão etária, demonstrando a capacidade que a aquicultura tem para auxiliar no desenvolvimento social local, por meio da geração de emprego e renda.(AU)

The objective of this work was to apply socioenvironmental indicators in family fish farms located in the Ribeira Valley region, Atlantic Forest area, southwest of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thus, we identified 84 production units. Of these, we selected 40 as sample units. Among the main characteristics identified, 32% have water depth of less than five hectares with excavated ponds in semi-intensive system, 58% use family labor and 23% report the lack of specialized technical assistance as the main problem faced. The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) represents 57% of the species produced in monoculture or polyculture systems. Therefore, family fish farms are classified as small production systems with emphasis on the need to adapt natural resources, management capacity and efficiency of production practices. Social indicators ranged from 0.75 to 1.00 for salary equity, proportion of self-employment, use of local labor, gender inclusion and age inclusion, demonstrating the ability of aquaculture to assist local social development through job and income generation.(AU)

Rural development and shifts in household dietary practices from 1999 to 2010 in the Tapajós River region, Brazilian Amazon: empirical evidence from dietary surveys.

BACKGROUND: Research on changing dietary practices is rare in lower and middle income countries, and understanding the impact of global economic processes on population health and nutrition is important, especially of rural communities. We analyzed the diet of 22 families in Brasília Legal, a riverside community in the Tapajós River region of the Brazilian Amazon, using nonparametric tests to compare dietary surveys taken in 1999 and 2010. RESULTS: Data from the two surveys show that food obtained through commercial supply chains became more frequent in household diets, corresponding to significant increases in daily consumption of food items rich in energy, protein, and sugar. At the same time, there was a decline in traditional Amazonian food intake. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing these results with household socio-economic characteristics and drawing on open-ended interviews, we consider the multiple influences that economic development processes may have had on local diets. The introduction of new income sources and employment opportunities, infrastructural and transportation expansion, as well as environmental change appear to have influenced the observed dietary shifts. Such shifts are likely to have important implications for the nutritional status of communities in the Amazon, highlighting concerning trade-offs between current development trajectories and human health. Public policies and health education programs must urgently consider the interactions between sustainable development priorities in order to address emerging health risks in this rapidly changing region.